Abstract
This study examined the relevance of the menopause and social support in gender differences in health. A cross-sectional survey of a general population sample comprising 710 women and 606 men, aged between 20 and 65 was carried out. No health differences were found between younger men and women. However, perimenopausal women reported more insomnia and vasomotor symptoms, as well as they reported more pain than men through the postmenopause. Perceived social support was associated with better health, especially in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
Avis, N. E., Brockwell, S., & Colvin, A. (2005). A universal menopausal syndrome? The American Journal of Medicine, 118(12), 37S-47S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.057
Avis, N. E., Stellato, R., Crawford, S., Bromberger, J., Ganz, P., Cain, V., & Kagawa-Singer, M. (2001). Is there a menopausal syndrome? Menopausal status and symptoms across racial/ethnic groups. Social Science and Medicine, 52(3), 345-356. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330770
Bowen, K. S., Birmingham, W., Uchino, B. N., Carlisle, M., Smith, T. W., & Light, K. C. (2013). Specific dimensions of perceived support and ambulatory blood pressure: Which support functions appear most beneficial and for whom? International Journal of Psychophisiology, 88(3), 317-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.03.004
Calvaresi, E., & Bryan, J. (2003). Symptom experience in Australian men and women in midlife. Maturitas, 44(3), 225-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5122(03)00037-9
Cuadros, J. L., Fernández-Alonso, A. M., Cuadros-Celorrio, A. M., Fernández-Luzón, N., Guadix-Peinado, M. J., Cid-Martín, N.,… Pérez-López, F. R. (2012). Perceived stress, insomnia and related factors in women around the menopause. Maturitas, 72(4), 367-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.05.012
Dhanoya, T., Sievert, L. L., Muttukrishna, S., Begum, K., Sharmeen, T., Kasim, A., … Bentley, G. R. (2016). Hot flushes and reproductive hormone levels during the menopausal transition. Maturitas, 89, 43-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.03.017
Duffy, O. K., Iversen, L., & Hannaford, P. C. (2013). Factors associated with reporting classic menopausal symptoms differ. Climateric, 16(2), 240-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2012.697227
Extremera, N., Rey, L., & Pena, M. (2010). La docencia perjudica seriamente la salud. Boletín de Psicología, 100, 43-54. Recuperado de http://www.uv.es/seoane/boletin/previos/N100-3.pdf
Emslie, C., Hunt, K., & Macintyre, S. (1999). Gender differences in minor morbidity among full time employees of a British university. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 53(8), 465-475. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1756947/
García-Astudillo, E., Pinto-García, M. P., & Laguna-Sáez, J (2015). Incontinencia urinaria: frecuencia y factores asociados. Fisioterapia, 37(4), 145-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ft.2014.09.002
Herrera, V., & Guarino, L. (2008). Sensibilidad emocional, estrés y salud percibida en cadetes navales venezolanos. Universitas Psychologica, 7(2), 185-198. Recuperado de http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/revPsycho/article/viewFile/208/225
Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (1998). Gender differences in reporting of physical and somatoform symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(2), 150-155. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9560862
Mansikkamäki, K., Nygårdc, C., Raitanena, J., Kukkonen-Harjulaa, K., Tomás, E. Rutanenc, R., & Luoto, R. (2016). Hot flushes among aging women: A 4-year follow-up study to a randomised controlled exercise trial. Maturitas, 88, 84-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.03.010
Marcus-Newhall, A., Thompson, S., & Thomas, C. (2001). Examining a gender stereotype: menopausal women. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(4), 698-719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb01409.x
Martínez-Garduño, M. D., González-Arratia, N. I., van Barneveld, H. O., & Domínguez-Espinosa, A. C. (2012). Satisfacción con la vida asociada al apoyo familiar en la perimenopausia y postmenopausia. Salud Mental, 35(2), 91-98.
Martínez-Pérez, J. A., Chavida, F., Palacios, S., & Pérez, M. (2008). Epidemiology of risk factors and symptoms associated with menopause in Spanish women. Matutitas, 62(1), 30-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.10.003
Matud, M. P. (1998). Investigación del estrés y su impacto en la salud de la mujer en Canarias. Memoria de investigación. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Instituto Canario de la Mujer.
Matud, M. P., Ibáñez, I., Bethencourt, J. M., Marrero, R., & Carballeira, M. (2003). Structural gender differences in perceived social support. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8), 1919-1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00041-2
McDonough, P., & Walters, V. (2001). Gender and health: Reassessing patterns and explanations. Social Science & Medicine, 52(4), 547-559. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11206652
Meadows, M. (1989). Personality, stress, and health. (Tesis doctoral no publicada). Universidad de York, UK.
Melián, E. M. (2015). Útero, psiquis y climaterio: un acercamiento desde la endocrinología antropológica. Investigaciones Feministas, 6, 196-208. Recuperado de http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/INFE/article/view/51500
Mendoza, N., Sánchez-Borrego, R., Cancelo, M. J., Calvo, A., Checa, M. A., Cortés, J., Elorriaga, M. A., … De la Viuda, E. (2013). Position of the Spanish menopause society regarding the management of perimenopause. Maturitas, 74(3), 283-290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.12.010
Mishra, G. D., & Kuh, D. (2012). Health symptoms during midlife in relation to menopausal transition: British prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal, 344, e402. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e402
Moral-de la Rubia, J., Valdez-Medina, J. L., González-Arratia López-Fuentes, N. I., González-Escobar, S., Alvarado- Bravo, B. G., & Gaona-Valle, L. S. (2010). Emociones y síntomas físicos medicamente no explicados en mujeres y hombres adultos. Medicina Universitaria, 12(47), 96-105.
Organización Mundial de la salud [OMS]. (1996). Research on the menopause in the 1990s. Geneva, Switzerland; World Health Organization. WHO Technical Report Series, 866. Recuperado de http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_866_spa.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Salud (1981). Investigaciones sobre la Menopausia. Ginebra: OMS, Serie de informes técnicos: 670. Recuperado de http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/41316/1/WHO_TRS_670_spa.pdf
Pimenta, F., Leal, I., Maroco, J., & Ramos, C. (2012). Menopausal symptoms: Do life events predict severity of symptoms in peri- and post-menopause? Maturitas, 72(4), 324-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.04.006
Rincón, L. B., & Guarino, L. R. (2008) estrés laboral, afrontamiento, sensibilidad Estrés laboral, afrontamiento, sensibilidad en médicos venezolanos. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 17, 43-58. Recuperado de http://www.revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/psicologia/article/view/1188
Romero-Pérez, I. M., Monterrosa-Castro, & Paternina-Caicedo, A. (2010). Menopausia y etnias/razas: ¿hay diferencias en la representación de los síntomas? Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología, 61(4), 319-328. Recuperado de http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rcog/v61n4/v61n4a05.pdf
Saiz-González, D., Rodríguez, M., García, C., Prieto, R., & Saiz-Ruiz, J. (2009). Diferencias de sexo en el trastorno depresivo mayor: síntomas somáticos y calidad de vida. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 2(3), 119-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1888-9891(09)72402-4
Sánchez, O., & Ledesma, R. D. (2009). Análisis Psicométrico del Inventario de Síntomas Revisado (scl-90-r) en Población Clínica. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 18(3), 265-274.
Słopień R., Wichniak, A., Pawlak, M , Słopień, A. , Warenik-Szymankiewicz, A., & Sajdak, S. (2015). Disturbances of sleep continuity in women during the menopausal transition. Psychiatria Polska, 49(3), 615-623. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/PP/33442
Spetz, A. C., Fredriksson, M. G., & Hammar, M. L. (2003). Hot flushes in a male population aged 55, 65, and 75 years, living in the community of Linkoping, Sweden. Menopause, 10(1), 81-87. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12544681
Sturdee, D. W., & Villiers, T. J. (2011). Menopause redefined. Climateric, 14(1), 3-4.
Van Hall, E., Verdel, M., & van der Velden, J. (2009). “Perimenopausal” complaints in women and men: a comparative study. Journal of Women´Health, 3(1), 45-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2011.542102
Walters, V., McDonough, P., & Strohschein, L. (2002). The influence of work, household structure, and social, personal and material resources on gender differences in health: an analysis of the 1994 Canadian National Population Health Survey. Social Science & Medicine, 54(5), 677-692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00117-4
Woods, N. F., & Mitchell, E. S. (2005). Symptoms during the perimenopause: prevalence, severity, trajectory, and significance in women's lives. The American Journal of Medicine, 118(12), 14-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.031
This journal is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. Thus, this work may be reproduced, distributed, and publicly shared in digital format, as long as the names of the authors and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana are acknowledged. Others are allowed to quote, adapt, transform, auto-archive, republish, and create based on this material, for any purpose (even commercial ones), provided the authorship is duly acknowledged, a link to the original work is provided, and it is specified if changes have been made. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana does not hold the rights of published works and the authors are solely responsible for the contents of their works; they keep the moral, intellectual, privacy, and publicity rights. Approving the intervention of the work (review, copy-editing, translation, layout) and the following outreach, are granted through an use license and not through an assignment of rights. This means the journal and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana cannot be held responsible for any ethical malpractice by the authors. As a consequence of the protection granted by the use license, the journal is not required to publish recantations or modify information already published, unless the errata stems from the editorial management process. Publishing contents in this journal does not generate royalties for contributors.