Antimicrobial Effect of Chlorinated Solutions in Tanks and Water Lines of Dental Office Units in Barranquilla, Colombia
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Dec 26, 2023
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Abstract
Background: The characteristics of the water lines of dental units (LAUD) allow the creation of biofilm that can cause cross infections between patients and health personnel. The use of chlorinated antimicrobial solutions added to the water tank for other purposes has been recommended. Purpose: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorinated solutions in tanks and LAUD of Dental offices in Barranquilla (Colombia). Methods: Descriptive study, conducted in 13 Dental units where the presence of microorganisms and the effect of the chlorinated solution on the microorganisms found after 14 days of use of the solution were observed from a first sample. Results: In the first sample, mesophilic growth greater than 200 CFU was observed in 66.6 %, total coliforms greater than 2 CFU in 58 %, E. Coli in 16 %, Pseudomonas in 33 % and fungal growth in syringe spray in 66.6 %. In the second sample, 25 % mesophilic growth was observed in the triple syringe. In the sprayer syringe 8.3 % and in the high part 8.3 %, no growth of total coliforms or coliforms was observed. E. coli, growth of pseudomonas was observed in 16 % in triple syringe and of fungi in 8.3 %. Conclusions: The chlorinated solution had an antimicrobial effect in the water tanks of the dental units included in this study. The microorganisms isolated in the present study are of clinical importance because they are associated with cross infections and different types of infections in humans.
Keywords
acido hipocloroso, agua, Barranquilla, Colombia, bioseguridad, consultorio odontológico, contaminación microbiana, odontologíaBarranquilla, Colombia, biosecurity, dental office, dentistry, hypochlorous acid, microbial contamination, wateracido hipocloroso, água, Barranquilla, Colômbia, biossegurança, consultório odontológico, contaminação microbiana, odontologia
References
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19. Patel M, Desai J, Owen PC. The efficacy of disinfectants in the decontamination of dental unit water lines: an in vitro laboratory study. BDJ Open. 2016 Feb 26; 2: 16003. https://doi.org/10.1038/bdjopen.2016.3
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21. Adams M, Moss M, Society R. Food microbiology. 2da edition. Royal Society Of Chemistry; 2004.
22. Watanabe M, Iyobe S, Inoue M, Mitsuhashi S. Transferable imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Jan; 35(1): 147-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.35.1.147
23. Milleri CH. Los microbios en el agua de las unidades dentales. Rev Cubana Estomatol. 1996 Dic; 33(3): 140-147
24. Bergogne-Bérézin E, Towner KJ. Acinetobacter spp. as nosocomial pathogens: microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological features. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996 Apr; 9(2): 148-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.9.2.148
25. An SQ, Berg G. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Trends Microbiol. 2018 Jul; 26(7): 637-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.04.006
26. Paz-Zarza VM, Mangwani-Mordani S, Martínez-Maldonado A, Álvarez-Hernández D, Solano-Gálvez SG, Vázquez-López R. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: patogenicidad y resistencia antimicrobiana en la infección urinaria [Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infection]. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2019 Apr; 36(2): 180-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182019000200180
27. Cruz AT, Cazacu AC, Allen CH. Pantoea agglomerans, a plant pathogen causing human disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jun; 45(6): 1989-1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00632-07
28. Sánchez S, Martínez R, Alonso JM, Rey J. Aspectos clínicos y patogénicos de las infecciones por Escherichia coli O157:H7 y otros E. coli. 2010; 28(6): 370-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2009.06.009
29. Damasceno JL, Dos Santos RA, Barbosa AH, Casemiro LA, Pires RH, Martins CHG. Risk of Fungal Infection to Dental Patients. Sci World J. 2017; 2017: 2982478. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2982478
30. Ahmad S, Khan ZU, Theyyathel AM. Development of a nested PCR assay for the detection of Fusarium solani DNA and its evaluation in the diagnosis of invasive fusariosis using an experimental mouse model. Mycoses. 2010 Jan; 53(1): 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01657.x
31. Amitani R, Taylor G, Elezis EN, Llewellyn-Jones C, Mitchell J, Kuze F, Cole PJ, Wilson R. Purification and characterization of factors produced by Aspergillus fumigatus which affect human ciliated respiratory epithelium. Infect Immun. 1995 Sep; 63(9): 3266-3271. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.63.9.3266-3271
32. Richardson M, Koukila-Kähkölä P, Shankland G. Rhizopus R. Absidia y otros agentes de Zigomicosis sistémica y subcutánea. In: Manual de Microbiología Clínica. 9th ed. Washington. ASM Press. 2007; 1839–1856
33. Arias León G, Garzón Herazo J. Zigomicosis. Infect. 2010; 14 (2)
34. Celis Camargo AM, Jay Romero J A, Pizarro Nieto GA, Reyes Lobo A, Comincini Cantillo E. COVID-19 y rinosinusitis invasiva aguda secundaria a mucormicosis: a propósito de 2 casos en Colombia. Rev Reper Med Cirg, 2022; 31, 67–73. https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.01217372.1359
35. Pontón J, Moragues M, Gené P, Guarro J, Quindós G. B. Hongos y actinomicetos alergénicos. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Bilbao. 2002.
36. Torales M, Martínez F, Bagattini, JC. Aspergiloma pulmonar bilateral. Arch. Med Int 2010; 32(2-3): 53-56
37. Irshad M, Nasir N, Hashmi UH, Farooqi J, Mahmood SF. Invasive pulmonary infection by Syncephalastrum species: Two case reports and review of literature. IDCases. 2020 Jul 25; 21: e00913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00913
38. Rodríguez J. Miranda J. Morejón H, Santana J Candidiasis de la mucosa bucal. Revisión bibliográfica. Rev Cubana Estomatol. 2002; 39(2): 187-233.
2. Redondo de Mena M, Perea B, Labajo Gonzalez E. Dental Unit Waterlines en Odontología. Gaceta Dental. 2013; 250: 2-14.
3. Kumar S, Choudhary AS, Gupta D, Goutham B, Duraiswamy, Kulkarni S. Microbial contamination in dental unit water lines (DUWL) in private dental clinics of Udaipur City, India. International Journal of Infection Control. 2009; 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3396/ijic.v5i1.3368
4. Szymańska J. Microbiological risk factors in dentistry. Current status of knowledge. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2005; 12(2): 1571-63
5. Porter SR. Prions and dentistry. J R Soc Med. 2002 Apr; 95(4): 178-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/014107680209500404
6. Artini M, Scoarughi GL, Papa R, Dolci G, De Luca M, Orsini G, Pappalardo S, Costerton JW, Selan L. Specific anti cross-infection measures may help to prevent viral contamination of dental unit waterlines: a pilot study. Infection. 2008 Oct; 36(5): 467-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-008-7246-5
7. Ávila de Navia S, Estupiñán Torres SM, Estupiñán Torres DM. Calidad del agua de unidades odontológicas. NOVA, Publ Cient en Cienc Bioméd. 2012; 10(17). https://doi.org/10.22490/24629448.520
8. Ávila de Navia SL, Estupiñán Torres SM, Alba García MCM. Calidad microbiológica del agua de unidades odontológicas de una clínica universitaria de Bogotá, D.C. Nova. 2013 11(20): 83-86. https://doi.org/10.22490/24629448.1025
9. Block MS, Rowan BG. Hypochlorous Acid: A Review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Sep;78(9):1461-1466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2020.06.029
10. Lafaurie GI, Calderón JL, Zaror C, Millán LV, Castillo DM. Ácido Hipocloroso: una Nueva Alternativa como Agente Antimicrobiano y para la Proliferación Celular para Uso en Odontología. Int. J. Odontostomat. 2015 Dic; 9(3): 475-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-381X2015000300019
11. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Manual de instrucciones para la toma, preservación y transporte de muestras de agua de consumo humano para análisis de laboratorio. Bogotá: INS; 2011.
12. Icontec. Normas oficiales para la calidad del agua. Colombia.; 2013.
13. Arcos Pulido MP, Ávila de Navia SL, Estupiñán Torres S M, Gómez Prieto A.C. Indicadores microbiológicos de contaminación de las fuentes de agua. Nova, 2005; 3(4): 69-79. https://doi.org/10.22490/24629448.338
14. Göksay D, Cotuk A, Zeybek Z. Microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines in Istanbul, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess. 2008 Dec; 147(1-3): 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0118-0
15. Muñoz EJJ, Hernández DDR, Moreno GMA. Análisis bacteriológico comparativo del agua de las clínicas urbana CLIMUZAC y rural CLITACO de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas. Rev ADM. 2006; 63(1): 23-31.
16. Paz G. Muñoz M. López L. Hoyos M. Evaluación microbiológica de bacterias coliformes, Candida albicans y estafilococos presentes en el agua emitida por las Unidades dentales de la clínica odontológica de la universidad Santiago de Cali. [Tesis grado en bacteriología]. Cali: Universidad Santiago de Cali; 2006.
17. Garcia F, Murray PE, Garcia-Godoy F, Namerow KN. Effect of Aquatine Endodontic Cleanser on smear layer removal in the root canals of ex vivo human teeth. J Appl Oral Sci. 2010 Jul-Aug; 18(4): 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572010000400014
18. Martin MV, Gallagher MA. An investigation of the efficacy of super-oxidised (Optident/Sterilox) water for the disinfection of dental unit water lines. Br Dent J. 2005 Mar 26; 198(6): 353-354; discussion 347. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4812174
19. Patel M, Desai J, Owen PC. The efficacy of disinfectants in the decontamination of dental unit water lines: an in vitro laboratory study. BDJ Open. 2016 Feb 26; 2: 16003. https://doi.org/10.1038/bdjopen.2016.3
20. Rivera C. Los Aerosoles Dentales a Propósito de la Pandemia por COVID-19. Int. J. Odontostomat. 2020; 14(4): 519-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-381X2020000400519
21. Adams M, Moss M, Society R. Food microbiology. 2da edition. Royal Society Of Chemistry; 2004.
22. Watanabe M, Iyobe S, Inoue M, Mitsuhashi S. Transferable imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Jan; 35(1): 147-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.35.1.147
23. Milleri CH. Los microbios en el agua de las unidades dentales. Rev Cubana Estomatol. 1996 Dic; 33(3): 140-147
24. Bergogne-Bérézin E, Towner KJ. Acinetobacter spp. as nosocomial pathogens: microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological features. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996 Apr; 9(2): 148-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.9.2.148
25. An SQ, Berg G. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Trends Microbiol. 2018 Jul; 26(7): 637-638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.04.006
26. Paz-Zarza VM, Mangwani-Mordani S, Martínez-Maldonado A, Álvarez-Hernández D, Solano-Gálvez SG, Vázquez-López R. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: patogenicidad y resistencia antimicrobiana en la infección urinaria [Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infection]. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2019 Apr; 36(2): 180-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-10182019000200180
27. Cruz AT, Cazacu AC, Allen CH. Pantoea agglomerans, a plant pathogen causing human disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jun; 45(6): 1989-1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00632-07
28. Sánchez S, Martínez R, Alonso JM, Rey J. Aspectos clínicos y patogénicos de las infecciones por Escherichia coli O157:H7 y otros E. coli. 2010; 28(6): 370-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2009.06.009
29. Damasceno JL, Dos Santos RA, Barbosa AH, Casemiro LA, Pires RH, Martins CHG. Risk of Fungal Infection to Dental Patients. Sci World J. 2017; 2017: 2982478. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2982478
30. Ahmad S, Khan ZU, Theyyathel AM. Development of a nested PCR assay for the detection of Fusarium solani DNA and its evaluation in the diagnosis of invasive fusariosis using an experimental mouse model. Mycoses. 2010 Jan; 53(1): 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01657.x
31. Amitani R, Taylor G, Elezis EN, Llewellyn-Jones C, Mitchell J, Kuze F, Cole PJ, Wilson R. Purification and characterization of factors produced by Aspergillus fumigatus which affect human ciliated respiratory epithelium. Infect Immun. 1995 Sep; 63(9): 3266-3271. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.63.9.3266-3271
32. Richardson M, Koukila-Kähkölä P, Shankland G. Rhizopus R. Absidia y otros agentes de Zigomicosis sistémica y subcutánea. In: Manual de Microbiología Clínica. 9th ed. Washington. ASM Press. 2007; 1839–1856
33. Arias León G, Garzón Herazo J. Zigomicosis. Infect. 2010; 14 (2)
34. Celis Camargo AM, Jay Romero J A, Pizarro Nieto GA, Reyes Lobo A, Comincini Cantillo E. COVID-19 y rinosinusitis invasiva aguda secundaria a mucormicosis: a propósito de 2 casos en Colombia. Rev Reper Med Cirg, 2022; 31, 67–73. https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.01217372.1359
35. Pontón J, Moragues M, Gené P, Guarro J, Quindós G. B. Hongos y actinomicetos alergénicos. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. Bilbao. 2002.
36. Torales M, Martínez F, Bagattini, JC. Aspergiloma pulmonar bilateral. Arch. Med Int 2010; 32(2-3): 53-56
37. Irshad M, Nasir N, Hashmi UH, Farooqi J, Mahmood SF. Invasive pulmonary infection by Syncephalastrum species: Two case reports and review of literature. IDCases. 2020 Jul 25; 21: e00913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00913
38. Rodríguez J. Miranda J. Morejón H, Santana J Candidiasis de la mucosa bucal. Revisión bibliográfica. Rev Cubana Estomatol. 2002; 39(2): 187-233.
How to Cite
Mejía Fernández, P. P., Sánchez Molina, M., Posso Mendoza, H., León Peña, M. C., Salcedo Doria, C. A., Delgado Nadjar, M. E., Noriega Suárez, C. A., & Márquez Medina, A. T. (2023). Antimicrobial Effect of Chlorinated Solutions in Tanks and Water Lines of Dental Office Units in Barranquilla, Colombia. Universitas Odontologica, 42. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.uo42.aecs
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Dossier: Research Incubators in Dentistry
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