black fly, labral fans, anal disk, water current

[1] Currie DC, Adler PH. Global diversity of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595: 469–475, 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s10750-007-9114-1

[2] Araújo-Coutinho CJPC, Nascimento ES, Figueiró R, Becnel JJ. Seasonality and prevalence rates of microsporidia in Simulium pertinax (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae in the region of Serra dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 85: 188–191, 2004.
doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2004.02.003

[3] Nascimento ES, Figueiró R, Becnel, JJ, Araújo-Coutinho CJPC. Influence of temperature on microsporidia infections in a natural population of Simulium pertinax Kollar, 1832 (Diptera; Simuliidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 67: 519–526, 2007.
doi: 10.1590/S1519-69842007000300017

[4] Figueiró R., Araújo-Coutinho CJPC., Gil-Azevedo LH, Nascimento ES, Monteiro RF. Spatial and temporal distribution of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Itatiaia National Park, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 35: 542–550, 2006.
doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2006000400018

[5] Figueiró R, Maia-Herzog M, Gil-Azevedo LH, Monteiro RF. Seasonal variation in black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) taxocenoses from the Brazilian Savannah (Tocantins, Brasil). Journal of Vector Ecology, 39: 321–327, 2014.
doi: 10.1111/jvec.12107

[6] Docile TN, Figueiro R, Gil-Azevedo LH, Nessimian JL. Water pollution and distribution of the blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 63: 683–693, 2015.
doi: 10.15517/rbt.v63i3.16195

[7] Ciborowski JJH, Craig DA, Fry KM. Dissolved organic matter as a food for black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 16: 771–780, 1997.
doi: 10.2307/1468170

[8] Malmqvist B, Adler PH, Kuusela K, Merritt RW, Wotton RS. Black flies in the boreal biome, key organisms in both terrestrial and aquatic environments: a review. Écoscience, 11: 187–200, 2004.
doi: 10.1080/11956860.2004.11682824

[9] Figueiró R, Gil-Azevedo LH. The role of the Neotropical blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) as vectors of the onchocerciasis: a short overview of the ecology behind the disease. Oecologia Australis, 14: 745–755, 2010.
doi: 10.4257/oeco.2010.1403.10

[10] Figueiró R, Nascimento ES, Gil-Azevedo LH, Maia-Herzog M, Monteiro RF. Local distribution of blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae in two adjacent streams: the role of water current velocity in the diversity of blackfly larvae. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52: 452–454, 2008.
doi: 10.1590/S0085-56262008000300020

[11] Figueiró R, Gil-Azevedo LH, Maia-Herzog M, Monteiro RF. Diversity and microdistribution of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) assemblages in the tropical savanna streams of the Brazilian cerrado. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 107: 362–369, 2012.
doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762012000300011

[12] Levine JM, HilleRisLambers J. The importance of niches for the maintenance of species diversity. Nature, 25: 205–225, 2009.
doi: 10.1038/nature08251

[13] Craig DA, Chance MM. Filter feeding in larvae of Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha): aspects of functional morphology and hydrodynamics. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60: 712–724, 1982.
doi: 10.1139/z82-100

[14] Chance MM, Craig DA. Hydrodynamics and behaviour of Simuliidae larvae (Diptera)Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64: 1295–1309, 1986.
doi: 10.1139/z86-193

[15] Zhang Y, Malmqvist B. Relationships between labral fan morphology, body size and habitat in North Swedish blackfly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 59: 261–280, 1996.
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01466.x

[16] Zhang Y, Malmqvist B. Phenotypic plasticity in a suspension-feeding insect, Simulium lundstromi (Diptera: Simuliidae), in response to current velocity. Oikos, 78: 503–510, 1997.
doi: 10.2307/3545611

[17] Figueiró R, Calvet A, Gil-Azevedo LH, Docile TN, Monteiro RF, Maia-Herzog M. Evidence of phenotypic plasticity of larvae of Simulium subpallidum Lutz in different streams from the Brazilian Cerrado. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 59: 30–33, 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.rbe.2015.02.003

[18] Eaton DP, Diaz LA, Hans-Filho G, Dos Santos V, Aoki V, Friedman H, Rivitti RA, Sampaio SAP, Gottlieb MS, Giudice GJ, Lopez A, Cupp EW. Comparison of black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) on an amerindian reservation with a high prevalence of fogo selvagem to neighboring disease free sites in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Journal of
Medical Entomology, 35: 120–131, 1998.
doi: 10.1093/jmedent/35.2.120

[19] Vernal S, Pepinelli M, Casanova C, Goulart TM , Kima O, De Paula NA, Pinto MC, Sá-Nunes A, Roselino AM. Insights into the epidemiological link between biting flies and pemphigus foliaceus in southeastern Brazil. Acta Tropica, 176: 455–462, 2017.
doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.015

[20] Coscarón S, Coscarón-Arias CL. Neotropical Simuliidae (Diptera: Insecta)/ Simuliidae Neotropicales (Diptera: Insecta). In: Adis, J., Arias, J. R., Rueda-Delgado, G., Wantzen, K.M. (eds.). Aquatic Biodiversity in Latin America/ Biodiversidad Acuática en América Latina. Vol. 3. Pensoft, Sofia. pp. 1–685, 2007.

[21] Hamada N, Adler PH. Bionomia e chave para imaturos e adultos de Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) na Amazônia Central, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 31: 109–132, 2001.
doi: 10.1590/1809-43922001311132

[22] Liu X, Xu X, Li H. CMEIAS(r): A computer-aided system for the image analysis of bacterial morphotyphes in microbial communities. Microbial Ecology, 41: 173–194, 2001.
doi: 10.1007/s002480000004

[23] Wilm HG, Storey HC. Velocity head-rod calibrated for measuring streamflow. Civil Engineer, 14: 475–476, 1944.

[24] Lucas P, Hunter FF. Phenotypic plasticity in the labral fan of simuliid larvae (Diptera): effect of seston load on primary-ray number. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77: 1843–1849, 1999.
doi: 10.1139/cjz-77-12-1843

Vol. 26 No. 2 (2021)