Black fly species and their association with Brazilian biomes
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Jul 15, 2023
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Abstract
The family Simuliidae occurs widely around the globe, except in the Antarctic region, deserts, and islands that lack water streams. Because fresh stream water environments are breeding grounds for their immature forms. This study sought to relate and compare Brazilian biomes based on their simuliid faunas. After gathering information on the distribution patterns of Simuliid species included in the most recent global taxonomic review, a table on their presence in the Brazilian territory was prepared, indicating the regions in which the different species were present in each biome. Subsequently, correspondence and cluster analyses were performed to determine the biomes with which the species were most associated and the similarities of the simuliid faunas among those biomes, respectively. The correspondence analysis showed that most species were predominantly associated with three biomes: The Amazon, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest, while the cluster analysis showed that the simuliid faunas of the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest are similar and that when taken together, these two biomes are similar to the Amazon biome.
Keywords
Black fly, brazilian biomes, distribution, similarity
References
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[2] Figueiró R, Gil-Azevedo LH. The role of neotropical blackflies (diptera: simuliidae) as vectors on the onchocerciasis: a short overview of the ecology behind the disease. Oecologia Australis, 14: 745-755, 2010.
doi: 10.4257/oeco.2010.1403.10
[3] Eaton DP, Diaz LA, Hans-Filho G, Dos Santos V, Aoki V, Friedman H, Rivitti RA, Sampaio SAP, Gottlieb MS, Giudice GJ, Lopez A, Cupp EW. Comparison of black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) on an amerindian reservation with a high prevalence of fogo selvagem to neighboring diseasefree sites in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, 35: 120-131, 1998.
doi: 10.1093/jmedent/35.2.120
[4] Currie DC, Adler PH. Global diversity of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595: 469–475, 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s10750-007-9114-1
[5] Coscarón S, Coscarón-Arias CL. Neotropical Simuliidae (Diptera: Insecta). In Adis J, Arias JR, Rueda-Delgado G, Wantzen KM (Eds.), Aquatic Biodiversity in Latin America. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, pp. 685, 2007
[6] Grillet ME, Barrera R. Spatial and temporal abundance, substrate partitioning and species co-occurrence in a guild of Neotropical blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Hydrobiologia 345:197-208, 1997.
[7] McCreadie JW, Hamada N, Grillet ME. Spatial-temporal distribution of preimaginal black flies in Neotropical streams. Hydrobiologia 513: 183-196, 2004.
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[9] Cuadrado LA, Moncada LI, Pinilla GA, Larrañaga A, Sotelo AI, Adler PH. Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Assemblages of High Andean Rivers Respond to Environmental and Pollution Gradients. Environ. Entomol. 48, 815-825, 2019
[10] Ciadamidaro S, Mancini L, Rivosecchi L. Black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) as ecological indicators of stream ecosystem health in an urbanizing area (Rome, Italy). Ann Ist Super Sanita. Apr-Jun;52(2):269-76, 2016.
doi: 10.4415/ANN_16_02_20
[11] Docile TN, Figueiro R, Gil-Azevedo LH, Nessimian JL. Water pollution and distribution of the blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 63: 683–693, 2015.
doi: 10.15517/rbt.v63i3.1619
[12] Malmqvist B, Adler PH, Kuusela K, Merritt RW, Wotton RS. Black flies in the boreal biome, key organisms in both terrestrial and aquatic environments: a review. Écoscience. 11: 187-200, 2004.
doi: 10.1080/11956860.2004.11682824
[13] Figueiró R, Santos SS, Docile TN, Costa TR, Ferreira CA, Gil-Azevedo LH. Preliminary observations on the patterns of co-occurrence of Black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae and some of their potential macroinvertebrate predators. Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 64:
e20200046, 2020.
doi: 10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2020-0046
[14] Carvalho BMC, Wainfas RL, Rodrigues T, Berbert LC, Franklin T, Lima-de-Sousa IK, Figueiró R. Black fly (Diptera:Simuliidae) larvae body size variation along an altitude gradient in the Itatiaia National Park, Brazil. Acta Ambiental Catarinense, 13: 1-7, 2016.
doi: 10.24021/raac.v13i1.3314
[15] Buitrago-Guacaneme A, Sotelo-Londoño A, Pinilla-Agudelo GA, García-García A, Moncada LI, Adler PH. Abundance and diversity of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in rivers of the Andean Eastern Hills of Bogotá (Colombia), and its relationship with water stream physicochemical variables. Universitas Scientiarum, 23: 291-317.
doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC23-2.aado
[16] Marinho WRC, Santos RG, Cruz LS, Borges ICV, Medeiros BM, Silva RA, Araújo AK, Feitosa NM, Menezes JS, Figueiró R, Fonseca RN. Simulídeos (Simuliidae: Diptera) como objeto de estudo no Brasil e no mundo. Nature and Conservation, 14: 12-23, 2021.
doi: 10.6008/CBPC2318-2881.2021.001.0002
[17] Hamada N, McCreadie JW, Adler PH. Species richness and spatial distribution of black flies (Diptera:Simuliidae) in streams of central Amazonia, Brazil. Freshw Biol, 47: 31-40, 2002.
[18] McCreadie J, Adler PH, Hamada N. Patterns of species richness for blackflies (Diptera:Simuliidae) in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Ecol Entomol 30: 201-212, 2005.
[19] Holland MM, Risser, P G. The Role of Landscape Boundaries in the Management and Restoration of Changing Environments: Introduction. Ecotones, 1–7, 1991
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9686-8_1
[20] Oliveira-Filho AT, Fontes M.AL. Patterns of Floristic Differentiation among Atlantic Forests in Southeastern Brazil and the Influence of Climate1. Biotropica, 32(4b), 793–810, 2000.
doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00619.x
[21] Löbler CA, Sccoti AAV, Werlang MK. Contribution to the delineation of Pampa and Atlantic Forest biomes in Santa Maria, RS. Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental, 19(2), 1250-1257, 2015.
doi: 105902/2236117016038
[22] Filho JM. 2006. O livro de ouro da Amazônia. Ed. Ediouro, 442 p.
[23] Ackerly DD, Thomas WW, Ferreira CAC. The forest-cerrado transition zone in southern Amazonia: Results of the 1985 Projeto Flora Amazônica expedition to Mato Grosso. Brittonia. 41, 113–128, 1989.
doi: 10.2307/2807515
[24] Marques EQ, Marimon-Junior BH., Marimon BS, Matricardi EAT, Mews HA, Colli GR. Redefining the Cerrado–Amazonia transition: implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s10531-019-01720-z
[25] Furley PA. Edaphic changes at the forest-savanna bondary with particular reference to the neotropics. In: Nature and Dynamics of Forest–Savanna Boundaries (P.A. Furley, J. Proctor, J.A. Ratter, eds.). Chapman e Hall, London. pp.91-115,1992.
[26] Ratter JA, Askew GP, Montgomery RF, Gifford DR. Observations on forests of some mesotrophic soils in central Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica, São Paulo, v. 1, n. 1, p. 47-58, 1978.
[27] Ratter JA. Transitions between cerrado and forest vegetation in Brazil. In: Furley, P.A.; Proctor, J.; Ratter, J. A. (Eds.) Nature and dynamics of forestsavanna boundaries. London:Chapman & Hall. p. 51-76, 1992.
[28] Prado DE, Gibbs PE. Patterns of Species Distributions in the dry seasonal forests of SouthAmerica. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 902-927, 1993.
[29] Marimon BS, Lima ES, Duarte TG, Chieregatto lC, Ratter JA. Observations on the vegetation of northeastern Mato Grosso, Brazil. An analysis of the Cerrado-Amazonian Forest ecotone. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, Edinburgh, v. 63, n. 23, p. 323-341, 2006.
[30] Ab’sáber AN. O caráter diferencial das diretrizes para uso e preservação da natureza, a nível regional no Brasil. Geografia e Planejamento, São Paulo, n. 30, p. 9-26, 1977.
[31] Ab’sáber AN. No domínio da Amazônia brasileira / Brazil: the Amazonian domain. In: Mellofilho, L. E.; Monteiro, S. (Coord.). Amazonia: flora e fauna. Rio de Janeiro: Alumbramento,
1993, p. 43-51/ p. 53-61. Republicado em Ab’sáber, A. N. Domínios de natureza no Brasil:potencialidades paisagísticas. São Paulo: Ateliê Editorial, 2003.
[2] Figueiró R, Gil-Azevedo LH. The role of neotropical blackflies (diptera: simuliidae) as vectors on the onchocerciasis: a short overview of the ecology behind the disease. Oecologia Australis, 14: 745-755, 2010.
doi: 10.4257/oeco.2010.1403.10
[3] Eaton DP, Diaz LA, Hans-Filho G, Dos Santos V, Aoki V, Friedman H, Rivitti RA, Sampaio SAP, Gottlieb MS, Giudice GJ, Lopez A, Cupp EW. Comparison of black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) on an amerindian reservation with a high prevalence of fogo selvagem to neighboring diseasefree sites in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, 35: 120-131, 1998.
doi: 10.1093/jmedent/35.2.120
[4] Currie DC, Adler PH. Global diversity of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595: 469–475, 2008.
doi: 10.1007/s10750-007-9114-1
[5] Coscarón S, Coscarón-Arias CL. Neotropical Simuliidae (Diptera: Insecta). In Adis J, Arias JR, Rueda-Delgado G, Wantzen KM (Eds.), Aquatic Biodiversity in Latin America. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, pp. 685, 2007
[6] Grillet ME, Barrera R. Spatial and temporal abundance, substrate partitioning and species co-occurrence in a guild of Neotropical blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Hydrobiologia 345:197-208, 1997.
[7] McCreadie JW, Hamada N, Grillet ME. Spatial-temporal distribution of preimaginal black flies in Neotropical streams. Hydrobiologia 513: 183-196, 2004.
[8] Hamada N, Adler PH. Bionomia e chave para imaturos e adultos de Simulium (Diptera:Simuliidae) na Amazônia central, Brasil. Acta Amaz 31: 109-132, 2001.
[9] Cuadrado LA, Moncada LI, Pinilla GA, Larrañaga A, Sotelo AI, Adler PH. Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Assemblages of High Andean Rivers Respond to Environmental and Pollution Gradients. Environ. Entomol. 48, 815-825, 2019
[10] Ciadamidaro S, Mancini L, Rivosecchi L. Black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) as ecological indicators of stream ecosystem health in an urbanizing area (Rome, Italy). Ann Ist Super Sanita. Apr-Jun;52(2):269-76, 2016.
doi: 10.4415/ANN_16_02_20
[11] Docile TN, Figueiro R, Gil-Azevedo LH, Nessimian JL. Water pollution and distribution of the blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 63: 683–693, 2015.
doi: 10.15517/rbt.v63i3.1619
[12] Malmqvist B, Adler PH, Kuusela K, Merritt RW, Wotton RS. Black flies in the boreal biome, key organisms in both terrestrial and aquatic environments: a review. Écoscience. 11: 187-200, 2004.
doi: 10.1080/11956860.2004.11682824
[13] Figueiró R, Santos SS, Docile TN, Costa TR, Ferreira CA, Gil-Azevedo LH. Preliminary observations on the patterns of co-occurrence of Black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae and some of their potential macroinvertebrate predators. Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 64:
e20200046, 2020.
doi: 10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2020-0046
[14] Carvalho BMC, Wainfas RL, Rodrigues T, Berbert LC, Franklin T, Lima-de-Sousa IK, Figueiró R. Black fly (Diptera:Simuliidae) larvae body size variation along an altitude gradient in the Itatiaia National Park, Brazil. Acta Ambiental Catarinense, 13: 1-7, 2016.
doi: 10.24021/raac.v13i1.3314
[15] Buitrago-Guacaneme A, Sotelo-Londoño A, Pinilla-Agudelo GA, García-García A, Moncada LI, Adler PH. Abundance and diversity of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in rivers of the Andean Eastern Hills of Bogotá (Colombia), and its relationship with water stream physicochemical variables. Universitas Scientiarum, 23: 291-317.
doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC23-2.aado
[16] Marinho WRC, Santos RG, Cruz LS, Borges ICV, Medeiros BM, Silva RA, Araújo AK, Feitosa NM, Menezes JS, Figueiró R, Fonseca RN. Simulídeos (Simuliidae: Diptera) como objeto de estudo no Brasil e no mundo. Nature and Conservation, 14: 12-23, 2021.
doi: 10.6008/CBPC2318-2881.2021.001.0002
[17] Hamada N, McCreadie JW, Adler PH. Species richness and spatial distribution of black flies (Diptera:Simuliidae) in streams of central Amazonia, Brazil. Freshw Biol, 47: 31-40, 2002.
[18] McCreadie J, Adler PH, Hamada N. Patterns of species richness for blackflies (Diptera:Simuliidae) in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Ecol Entomol 30: 201-212, 2005.
[19] Holland MM, Risser, P G. The Role of Landscape Boundaries in the Management and Restoration of Changing Environments: Introduction. Ecotones, 1–7, 1991
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9686-8_1
[20] Oliveira-Filho AT, Fontes M.AL. Patterns of Floristic Differentiation among Atlantic Forests in Southeastern Brazil and the Influence of Climate1. Biotropica, 32(4b), 793–810, 2000.
doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00619.x
[21] Löbler CA, Sccoti AAV, Werlang MK. Contribution to the delineation of Pampa and Atlantic Forest biomes in Santa Maria, RS. Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental, 19(2), 1250-1257, 2015.
doi: 105902/2236117016038
[22] Filho JM. 2006. O livro de ouro da Amazônia. Ed. Ediouro, 442 p.
[23] Ackerly DD, Thomas WW, Ferreira CAC. The forest-cerrado transition zone in southern Amazonia: Results of the 1985 Projeto Flora Amazônica expedition to Mato Grosso. Brittonia. 41, 113–128, 1989.
doi: 10.2307/2807515
[24] Marques EQ, Marimon-Junior BH., Marimon BS, Matricardi EAT, Mews HA, Colli GR. Redefining the Cerrado–Amazonia transition: implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2019.
doi: 10.1007/s10531-019-01720-z
[25] Furley PA. Edaphic changes at the forest-savanna bondary with particular reference to the neotropics. In: Nature and Dynamics of Forest–Savanna Boundaries (P.A. Furley, J. Proctor, J.A. Ratter, eds.). Chapman e Hall, London. pp.91-115,1992.
[26] Ratter JA, Askew GP, Montgomery RF, Gifford DR. Observations on forests of some mesotrophic soils in central Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica, São Paulo, v. 1, n. 1, p. 47-58, 1978.
[27] Ratter JA. Transitions between cerrado and forest vegetation in Brazil. In: Furley, P.A.; Proctor, J.; Ratter, J. A. (Eds.) Nature and dynamics of forestsavanna boundaries. London:Chapman & Hall. p. 51-76, 1992.
[28] Prado DE, Gibbs PE. Patterns of Species Distributions in the dry seasonal forests of SouthAmerica. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 902-927, 1993.
[29] Marimon BS, Lima ES, Duarte TG, Chieregatto lC, Ratter JA. Observations on the vegetation of northeastern Mato Grosso, Brazil. An analysis of the Cerrado-Amazonian Forest ecotone. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, Edinburgh, v. 63, n. 23, p. 323-341, 2006.
[30] Ab’sáber AN. O caráter diferencial das diretrizes para uso e preservação da natureza, a nível regional no Brasil. Geografia e Planejamento, São Paulo, n. 30, p. 9-26, 1977.
[31] Ab’sáber AN. No domínio da Amazônia brasileira / Brazil: the Amazonian domain. In: Mellofilho, L. E.; Monteiro, S. (Coord.). Amazonia: flora e fauna. Rio de Janeiro: Alumbramento,
1993, p. 43-51/ p. 53-61. Republicado em Ab’sáber, A. N. Domínios de natureza no Brasil:potencialidades paisagísticas. São Paulo: Ateliê Editorial, 2003.
How to Cite
da Silva Ferreira Roque, V., Lima-de-Sousa, I. K., Miranda Souza, T. M., Brown Bezerra Nabuco, A. J., Rodrigues da Costa, T., & Figueiró, R. (2023). Black fly species and their association with Brazilian biomes. Universitas Scientiarum, 28(2), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.SC282.bfsa
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Ecology
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