Keywords
macroinvertebrates
rivers
water quality
black flies
How to Cite
Abstract
Black flies are abundant benthic organisms in well-oxygenated running water and are considered effective bioindicators of water quality. Information on the ecology of these organisms at the species level is important, since up to now information has mainly been available on a family level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of black flies and their relationships to a group of physical and chemical factors in four small rivers of the Eastern Hills around Bogotá, Colombia. These headwaters are protected by the Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá. Black fly larvae and pupae were collected during four sampling periods during the dry season to the early rainy season of 2012. Multivariate methods were used to determine the presence of each species in relation to dissolved oxygen, nitrates, pH, temperature, and water velocity. PCA ordination revealed a physicochemical environment with a tendency towards a certain homogeneity in the fourrivers studied. The DCA ordination confirmed that in La Vieja River the G. ortizi complex dominated while S. muiscorum was dominant in the other three rivers. Similarly, according to the NMDS, the composition of black flies in Arzobispo and Chorro de Padilla rivers was similar, while that of El Delirio and La Vieja rivers were different, especially in this last river. The rivers hadlow species richness (four species and one species complex). Simulium muiscorum was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen, temperature and current velocity while S. ignescens was associated with slightly more oxygenated waters and S. furcilatum with fastercurrents.The low species diversity and richness for the four rivers is consistent with previous report sof low Neotropical diversity of black flies. Results showed that simuliid species could possibly be good indicators of the environmental conditions of Eastern Hills rivers around Bogotá.
Adler PH, Cheke RA, Post RJ, Evolution, epidemiology, and population genetics of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 10: 846-865, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2010.07.003
Adler PH, Crosskey RW. World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision on the taxonomic and geographical inventory, Clemson University, Clemson, USA. 131 p. 2017. Retrieved from: http://www.clemson.edu/cafls/biomia/pdfs/blackflyinventory.pdf
Adler PH, Currie DC, Wood DM. The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America, Cornell University Press, New York. 941 p. 2004.
Allan JD, Flecker AS, Segnini S, Taphorn DC, Sokal E, Kling GW. Limnology of Andean piedmont rivers of Venezuela, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25: 66-81, 2006. doi: 10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[66:LOAPRO]2.0.CO;2
Bueno M, Moncada L, Muñoz P. Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera) de Colombia I-Nueva especie de Simulium (Hemicnetha), Caldasia, 12: 581-594, 1979.
Carle DM, Adler PH, Robson MG. Pollution tolerance values for predicting the spread of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in New Jersey, with implications for control, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 21: 2273-2291, 2015. doi:10.1080/10807039.2015.1052960
Colwell RK, Elsensohn JE. EstimateS turns 20: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples, with non-parametric extrapolation, Ecography, 7: 609-613, 2014. doi:10.1111/ecog.00814
Conflitti IM, Shields GF, Murphy RW, Currie DC. The speciation continuum: ecological and chromosomal divergence in the Simulium arcticum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae), Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 115: 13–27, 2015. doi:10.1111/bij.12480
Coscarón S, Coscarón-Arias CL. Distribution of Neotropical Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) and its areas of endemism, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 19: 717-732, 1995.
Coscarón S, Coscarón-Arias CL. Neotropical Simuliidae (Diptera: Insecta). Aquatic Biodiversity in Latin America. 3, Pensoft, Sofia, UDA 685 p. 2007.
Couceiro SR, Hamada N, Sagot LB, Pepinelli M. Black-fly assemblage distribution patterns in streams in disturbed areas in southern Brazil, Acta Tropica, 140: 26-33, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.07.018
Currie DC, Adler PH. Global diversity of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in freshwater, Hydrobiologia, 595: 469-475, 2008. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9114-1
Docile TN, Figueiró R, Gil-Azevedo LH, Nessimian JL. Water pollution and distribution of the black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil, Revista de Biología Tropical, 63: 683-693, 2015. doi: 10.15517/rbt.v63i3.16195
Donato RC (ed). Ecología de un río de montaña de los Andes Colombianos (Río Tota, Boyacá), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Bogotá, Colombia. 231 p. 2008.
Dos Santos RB, Lopes J, Dos Santos BK. Distribuição espacial e variação temporal da composição de espécies de borrachudos (Diptera: Simuliidae) em uma microbacia situada no norte do Paraná, Neotropical Entomology, 39: 289–298, 2010. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2010000200022
Eymann M. Dispersion patterns exhibited by larvae of the black flies Cnephia dacotensis and Simulium rostratum (Diptera: Simuliidae), Aquatic Insects, 13: 99–106, 1991. doi: 10.1080/01650429109361429
Figueiró R, Araújo-Coutinho CJ, Gil-Azevedo LH, Nascimento ES, Monteiro RF. Spatial and temporal distribution of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Itatiaia National Park, Brazil, Neotropical Entomology, 35: 542-550, 2006. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2006000400018
Figueiró R, Nascimento ES, Gil-Azevedo LH, Maia-Herzog M, Monteiro RF. Local distribution of blackfly (Diptera, Simuliidae) larvae in two adjacent streams: the role of water current velocity in the diversity of blackfly larvae, Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52: 452-454, 2008. doi: 10.1590/S0085-56262008000300020
Figueiró R, Gil-Azevedo LE, Maia-Herzog M, Monteiro RF. Diversity and microdistribution of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) assemblages in the tropical savanna streams of the Brazilian cerrado, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 107: 362-369, 2012. doi:10.1590/S0074-02762012000300011
Grillet ME, Barrera R. Spatial and temporal abundance substrate partitioning and species co-occurrence in a guild of Neotropical blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae), Hydrobiologia, 345: 197-208, 1997. doi:10.1023/A:1002901612957
Hamada N, Grillet ME. Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Gran Sabana (Venezuela) and Pacaraima region (Brazil): distributional and identification keys for larvae and pupae, Entomotropica, 16: 29-49, 2001.
Hamada N, McCreadie JW. Environmental factors associated with the distribution of Simulium perflavum (Diptera: Simuliidae) among streams in Brazilian Amazonia, Hydrobiologia, 397: 71-78, 1999. doi:10.1023/A:1003642430681
Hamada N, McCreadie JW, Adler PH. Species richness and spatial distribution of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in streams of central Amazonia, Brazil, Freshwater Biology, 47: 31-40, 2002. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00778.x
Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis, Paleontologia Electronica, 4:1-9, 2001. Retrieved from http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm
Hauer FR, Lamberti GA. Methods in stream ecology, 2nd ed, Academic Press, Burlington, USA. 877 p. 2007.
Landeiro VL, Pepinelli M, Hamada N. Species richness and distribution of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Chapada Diamantina region, Bahia, Brazil, Neotropical Entomology, 38: 332-339, 2009. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2009000300006
Lewis DJ, Lee-Potter J. Simuliidae (Diptera) from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Annals and Magazine of Natural Sistory, Series 13, 7: 95-100, 1964. doi:10.1080/00222936408651444
Malmqvist B, Adler PH, Kuusela K, Merritt RW, Wotton RS. Black flies in the boreal biome, key organisms in both terrestrial and aquatic environments: a review, Ecoscience, 11: 187-200, 2004. doi: 10.1080/11956860.2004.11682824
Mantilla JS, Moncada LI, Matta NE, Adler PH. Oviposition behavior and microstructure of the eggs of Simulium dinellii (Joan) (Diptera: Simuliidae), Acta Biológica Colombiana, 20: 217-220, 2015. doi:10.15446/abc.v20n1.43149
Martínez RE, Portillo M. Estudio faunístico y ecológico de los simúlidos (Diptera, Simuliidae) del río Cidacos a su paso por la Rioja, Zubía Monográfico, 11: 61-80, 1999.
McCreadie JW, Adler PH. Spatial distributions of rare species in lotic habitats, Insect Conservation and Diversity, 1: 127-134, 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2008. 00017.x
McCreadie JW, Colbo MH. Larval and pupal microhabitat selection by Simulium truncatum Lundström, S. rostratum Lundström, and S. verecundum AA (Diptera: Simuliidae), Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71: 358-367, 1993. doi:10.1139/z93-050
McCreadie JW, Adler PH, Burger JF. Species assemblages of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae): random or predictable?, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 16: 760-770, 1997. doi: 10.2307/1468169
McCreadie JW, Adler PH, Hamada N. Patterns of species richness for blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, Ecological Entomology, 30: 201-209, 2005. doi:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00681.x
Morin A, Harper P, Peters RH. Microhabitat-preference curves of blackfly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comparison of three estimation methods, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 43: 1235-1241, 1986.
Muñoz P, Bueno M, Moncada L. Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera) de Colombia. IV-Clave gráfica para la identificación de los simúlidos de la región de La Calera, Cundinamarca, Biomedica, 4: 14-24, 1984. doi:10.7705/biomedica.v4i1.1877
Muñoz P, Miranda-Esquivel DR. Simúlidos (Diptera: Simuliidae) presentes entre las vertientes magdalenense y orinocense, en un sector al centro de Colombia, Caldasia, 19: 297-310, 1997.
Muñoz P, Coscarón S. Claves para la identificación de simúlidos (Diptera: Simuliidae) presentes entre las vertientes magdalenense y orinocense, en un sector al centro de Colombia, Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 23: 181-214, 1999.
Orth DJ, Maughan OE. Microhabitat preferences of benthic fauna in a woodland stream, Hydrobiologia, 106: 157-168, 1983. doi:10.1007/BF00006748
Prat N, Ríos B, Acosta R, Rieradevall M. Los macroinvertebrados como indicadores de calidad de las aguas, p. 631-654. In: E. Domínguez and H.R. Fernández (eds), Macroinvertebrados bentónicos sudamericanos. Sistemática y biología, Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. 2009.
Restrepo M, Rincón CM. Aproximación a la caracterización ecológica de la quebrada Fucha en la Reserva Forestal de los Cerros Orientales en la localidad de San Cristóbal. (Bogotá, Colombia), Bio-grafia: Escritos sobre la Biología y su Enseñanza, 2: 1-18, 2009.
Roldán G, Ramírez J. Fundamentos de limnología neotropical, 2nd ed, Universidad de Antioquia, Universidad Católica de Oriente, ACCEFYN, Medellín, Colombia. 440 p. 2008.
Shelley AJ, Hernández LM, Davies JB. Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Southern Guyana with keys for the identification of adults and pupae - a review, Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99: 443-470, 2004. doi:10.1590/S0074-02762004000500001
Srisuka W, Takaoka H, Otsuka Y, Fukuda M, Thongsahuan S, Taai K, Choochote W, Saeung A. Seasonal biodiversity of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and evaluation of ecological factors influencing species distribution at Doi Pha Hom Pok National Park, Thailand, Acta Tropica, 149: 212-219, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.024
Welch EB, Tindell T. Ecological effects of waste water: applied limnology and pollutant effects, 2nd ed, E & F N Spon, London. 425 p. 1992.
Ya’cob Z, Takaoka H, Pramual P, Low VL, Sofian-Azirun M. Distribution pattern of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) assemblages along an altitudinal gradient in Peninsular Malaysia, Parasites & Vectors, 9: 219, 2016. doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1492-7
Univ. Sci. is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. Thus, this work may be reproduced, distributed, and publicly shared in digital format, as long as the names of the authors and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana are acknowledged. Others are allowed to quote, adapt, transform, auto-archive, republish, and create based on this material, for any purpose (even commercial ones), provided the authorship is duly acknowledged, a link to the original work is provided, and it is specified if changes have been made. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana does not hold the rights of published works and the authors are solely responsible for the contents of their works; they keep the moral, intellectual, privacy, and publicity rights. Approving the intervention of the work (review, copy-editing, translation, layout) and the following outreach, are granted through an use license and not through an assignment of rights. This means the journal and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana cannot be held responsible for any ethical malpractice by the authors. As a consequence of the protection granted by the use license, the journal is not required to publish recantations or modify information already published, unless the errata stems from the editorial management process. Publishing contents in this journal does not generate royalties for contributors.