Cinco preguntas para analizar tendencias de regulación de comercio internacional: entre multilateralidad, regionalismo y proteccionismo
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jun 6, 2022
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Resumen
Este artículo es el resultado de una investigación sobre las tendencias actuales de la regulación del comercio internacional. La investigación se basó en un método interdisciplinario en el que se utilizaron enfoques de economía política y relaciones internacionales para analizar los principales desafíos de la regulación del comercio multilateral en la Organización Mundial del Comercio. El efecto China, la falta de apoyo político de Estados Unidos durante la administración del expresidente Donald Trump, así como las fallas internas del sistema son consideradas como posibles causas de la actual crisis de la Organización Mundial del Comercio. No obstante, el choque del sistema capitalista estatal chino con el sistema multilateral de comercio basado en economías de mercado se considera un factor importante de la crisis actual. La guerra comercial es una manifestación de esta crisis. La actual regionalización del comercio es otra fuerza motriz peligrosa presente en el sistema de comercio mundial. Se propone una solución basada en las perspectivas del derecho transnacional para evitar el desarrollo de una globalización fragmentada.
Keywords
Crisis of World Trade Organization, Regional Trade Agreements, Trade War, Chinese State Capitalism, Multilateral Trading System based on Market Economiescrisis de la Organización Mundial del Comercio, acuerdos comerciales regionales, guerra comercial, capitalismo estatal de China, Sistema Multilateral de Comercio basado en Economías de Mercado
References
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Chad P. Bown, The 2018 US-China Trade Conflict After 40 Years of Special Protection (PIIE 2019). https://piie.com/publications/working-papers/2018-us-china-trade-conflict-after-40-years-special-protection
Chad P. Bown, Trump’s Steel and Aluminum Tariffs Are Counterproductive. Here Are 5 More Things You Need to Know (PIIE, 2018). https://piie.com/blogs/trade-investment-policy-watch/trumps-steel-and-aluminum-tariffs-are-counterproductive-here-are?utm_source=update-newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=2018-03-12
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Chad P. Bown, Melina Kolb, Trump’s Trade War Timeline: An Up-to-Date Guide, PIIE 2021, https://www.piie.com/sites/default/files/documents/trump-trade-war-timeline.pdf
Chad P. Bown, Soumaya Keynes, Why did Trump end the WTO’s Appellate Body? Tariffs (PIIE, 2020a) https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/why-did-trump-end-wtos-appellate-body-tariffs
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Jagdish Bhagwati, Pravin Krishna & Arvind Panagariya, Trading Blocs: Alternative Approaches to Analyzing Preferential Trade Agreements (Columbia University, 1999). https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/193
Julia Magntorn, Most Favoured Nation clauses in EU trade agreements: one more hurdle for UK negotiators, Briefing Paper 25 November Uktpo (2018). https://blogs.sussex.ac.uk/uktpo/publications/most-favoured-nation-clauses-in-eu-trade-agreements-one-more-hurdle-for-uk-negotiators/
Mary E. Lovely & Jeffrey J. Schott, The USMCA: New, Modestly Improved, but Still Costly (PIIE, 2019). https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/usmca-new-modestly-improved-still-costly
Panagiotis Delimatsis, The Evolution of the EU External Trade Policy in Services – CETA, TTIP, and TiSA after Brexit, Journal of International Economic Law 20 583-625 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgx024
Peter Van den Bossche & Werner Zdouc, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials (4.th ed.) (Cambridge University Press, 2017). doi:10.1017/9781316662496
PowerShift, CCPA et al., Making Sense of CETA (Powershift, 2016). https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/making-sense-of-ceta-2018.pdf
Richard Baldwin, Chad P. Bown, Jonathan Fried, Anabel González, Andre Sapir & Tetsuja Watanabe, Getting America back in the game: the multilateral perspective, Geneva Trade Platform (Geneva Trade Platform, 2020). https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/sites/internet/files/2020-12/Getting%20America%20back%20in%20the%20game_A%20Multilateral%20perspective.pdf
Tetyana Payosova, Gary Clyde Hufbauer & Jeffrey J. Schott, The Dispute Settlement Crisis in the World Trade Organization: Causes and Cures (PIIE, 2018). https://piie.com/system/files/documents/pb18-5.pdf
Uri Dadush, André Sapir, Is the European Union’s investment agreement with China underrated?, Policy Contribution Issue 09/21 Bruegel (2021), https://www.bruegel.org/2021/04/is-the-european-unions-investment-agreement-with-china-underrated/
US Department of Commerce, Fact Sheet - Section 232 Investigations: The Effect of Imports on the National Security (US Department of Commerce, 2017). https://www.commerce.gov/news/fact-sheets/2017/04/fact-sheet-section-232-investigations-effect-imports-national-security
US Department of Commerce, Secretary Ross Releases Steel and Aluminum 232 Reports in Coordination with White House (US Department of Commerce, 2018). https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2018/02/secretary-ross-releases-steel-and-aluminum-232-reports-coordination
William Alan Reinsch, Jack Caporal, The WTO’s First Ruling on National Security: What Does It Mean for the United States? (Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2019). https://www.csis.org/analysis/wtos-first-ruling-national-security-what-does-it-mean-united-states
WTO, Panels established to review US steel and aluminum tariffs, countermeasures on US imports (WTO, 2019). https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news18_e/dsb_19nov18_e.htm
Chad P. Bown, How the United States marched the semiconductor industry into its trade war with China (PIIE, 2020b). https://www.piie.com/publications/working-papers/how-united-states-marched-semiconductor-industry-its-trade-war-china
Chad P. Bown, Unappreciated hazards of the US-China phase one deal (PIIE, 2020c). https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/unappreciated-hazards-us-china-phase-one-deal
Chad P. Bown, The 2018 US-China Trade Conflict After 40 Years of Special Protection (PIIE 2019). https://piie.com/publications/working-papers/2018-us-china-trade-conflict-after-40-years-special-protection
Chad P. Bown, Trump’s Steel and Aluminum Tariffs Are Counterproductive. Here Are 5 More Things You Need to Know (PIIE, 2018). https://piie.com/blogs/trade-investment-policy-watch/trumps-steel-and-aluminum-tariffs-are-counterproductive-here-are?utm_source=update-newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=2018-03-12
Chad P. Bown & Eva (Yiwen) Zhang, First Tariffs, Then Subsidies: Soybeans Illustrate Trump’s Wrongfooted Approach on Trade (PIIE, 2018). https://piie.com/blogs/trade-investment-policy-watch/first-tariffs-then-subsidies-soybeans-illustrate-trumps
Chad P. Bown, Melina Kolb, Trump’s Trade War Timeline: An Up-to-Date Guide, PIIE 2021, https://www.piie.com/sites/default/files/documents/trump-trade-war-timeline.pdf
Chad P. Bown, Soumaya Keynes, Why did Trump end the WTO’s Appellate Body? Tariffs (PIIE, 2020a) https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/why-did-trump-end-wtos-appellate-body-tariffs
David. A. Gantz, The USMCA: Updating NAFTA by Drawing on the Trans-Pacific Partnership, Rice University Baker Institute Report (02/21/20) (2020). https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/files/8c6c8de7/bi-report-061620-mex-usmca-10.pdf
David. A. Gantz, The U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement: Labor Rights and Environmental Protection, Rice University Baker Institute Report (06/13/19) (2019B). https://www.bakerinstitute.org/files/14432/
David. A. Gantz, The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement: Settlement of Disputes, Rice University Baker Institute Report (05/02/19) (2019a). https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/files/d14a5a86/bi-report-050219-mex-usmca-3.pdf
Deloitte China, China Innovation Ecosystem Development Report 2019, Rising Innovation in China (Deloitte China 2020). https://www2.deloitte.com/cn/en/pages/innovation/articles/china-innovation-ecosystem-development-report-20191.html
Elizabeth Becker, U.S. Tariffs on Steel Are Illegal, World Trade Organization Says, The New York Times (2003) https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/11/business/us-tariffs-on-steel-are-illegal-world-trade-organization-says.html
European Chamber of Commerce in China, MERICS, Decoupling: Severed Ties and Patchwork Globalisation (European Chamber of Commerce in China, 2021). https://merics.org/en/report/decoupling-severed-ties-and-patchwork-globalisation
European Commission, Questions and Answers: An open, sustainable and assertive trade policy (European Commission, 2021). https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_645
François Godement, Wins and Losses in the EU-China Investment Agreement (CAI), Policy Paper, January 2021 (Montaigne Institute, 2021), https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/publications/wins-and-losses-eu-china-investment-agreement-cai
Ildikó Szegedy-Maszák, Solidaridad en la Unión Europea: el plan “Próxima Generación”, Razón Pública (2020). https://razonpublica.com/solidaridad-la-union-europea-plan-proxima-generacion/
Ines Willemyns, Disciplines on State-Owned Enterprises in TPP: Have Expectations Been Met?, Leuven Centre For Global Governance Studies And Institute For International Law Working Paper No. 168 (2016). https://ghum.kuleuven.be/ggs/publications/working_papers/2016/168willemyns
Jagdish Bhagwati, Pravin Krishna & Arvind Panagariya, Trading Blocs: Alternative Approaches to Analyzing Preferential Trade Agreements (Columbia University, 1999). https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/books/193
Julia Magntorn, Most Favoured Nation clauses in EU trade agreements: one more hurdle for UK negotiators, Briefing Paper 25 November Uktpo (2018). https://blogs.sussex.ac.uk/uktpo/publications/most-favoured-nation-clauses-in-eu-trade-agreements-one-more-hurdle-for-uk-negotiators/
Mary E. Lovely & Jeffrey J. Schott, The USMCA: New, Modestly Improved, but Still Costly (PIIE, 2019). https://www.piie.com/blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/usmca-new-modestly-improved-still-costly
Panagiotis Delimatsis, The Evolution of the EU External Trade Policy in Services – CETA, TTIP, and TiSA after Brexit, Journal of International Economic Law 20 583-625 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgx024
Peter Van den Bossche & Werner Zdouc, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization: Text, Cases and Materials (4.th ed.) (Cambridge University Press, 2017). doi:10.1017/9781316662496
PowerShift, CCPA et al., Making Sense of CETA (Powershift, 2016). https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/making-sense-of-ceta-2018.pdf
Richard Baldwin, Chad P. Bown, Jonathan Fried, Anabel González, Andre Sapir & Tetsuja Watanabe, Getting America back in the game: the multilateral perspective, Geneva Trade Platform (Geneva Trade Platform, 2020). https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/sites/internet/files/2020-12/Getting%20America%20back%20in%20the%20game_A%20Multilateral%20perspective.pdf
Tetyana Payosova, Gary Clyde Hufbauer & Jeffrey J. Schott, The Dispute Settlement Crisis in the World Trade Organization: Causes and Cures (PIIE, 2018). https://piie.com/system/files/documents/pb18-5.pdf
Uri Dadush, André Sapir, Is the European Union’s investment agreement with China underrated?, Policy Contribution Issue 09/21 Bruegel (2021), https://www.bruegel.org/2021/04/is-the-european-unions-investment-agreement-with-china-underrated/
US Department of Commerce, Fact Sheet - Section 232 Investigations: The Effect of Imports on the National Security (US Department of Commerce, 2017). https://www.commerce.gov/news/fact-sheets/2017/04/fact-sheet-section-232-investigations-effect-imports-national-security
US Department of Commerce, Secretary Ross Releases Steel and Aluminum 232 Reports in Coordination with White House (US Department of Commerce, 2018). https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2018/02/secretary-ross-releases-steel-and-aluminum-232-reports-coordination
William Alan Reinsch, Jack Caporal, The WTO’s First Ruling on National Security: What Does It Mean for the United States? (Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2019). https://www.csis.org/analysis/wtos-first-ruling-national-security-what-does-it-mean-united-states
WTO, Panels established to review US steel and aluminum tariffs, countermeasures on US imports (WTO, 2019). https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news18_e/dsb_19nov18_e.htm
Cómo citar
Szegedy-Maszák, I. (2022). Cinco preguntas para analizar tendencias de regulación de comercio internacional: entre multilateralidad, regionalismo y proteccionismo. Vniversitas, 71, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.vj71.cpat
Sección
Edición ordinaria
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.