Palabras clave
autoabastecimiento
calidad de agua
coliformes termotolerantes
áreas rurales
Colombia
calidad de agua
coliformes termotolerantes
áreas rurales
Colombia
Cómo citar
Autoabastecimiento como un enfoque alternativo para el acceso al agua en regiones rurales dispersas: evidencia en una microcuenca rural en Colombia. (2015). Ingenieria Y Universidad, 20(1), 175-198. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.iyu20-1.ssaa
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Resumen
Globalmente, el acceso a fuentes de agua mejoradas es menor en el campo que en las ciudades. Además, muchas personas del campo usan fuentes de agua individuales desarrolladas sin apoyo externo o autoabastecimiento. Este último incluye sistemas desde simples a complejos, que usan diferentes fuentes con una calidad que cumple los estándares microbiológicos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (0 unidades formadoras de colonias por 100 mililitros [CFU/100 ml]), hasta sistemas que suministran agua con altos riesgos para la salud. Mientras la mayoría de los estudios se reportan en África, poco se conoce en Latinoamérica y el Caribe (LAC). Esta investigación recogió y analizó datos de encuestas de hogares y calidad de agua en una microcuenca rural en Colombia (LAC). El 40 % de las viviendas dependía del autoabastecimiento usando quebradas. Las coliformes termotolerantes fueron menores de 50 UFC/100 ml en época seca y época lluviosa, y entre el 5 % y el 7 % de las muestras alcanzaron el estándar de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Estos resultados sugieren que el autoabastecimiento tiene potencial para suministrar agua segura, si se mejoran la protección de las fuentes y el apoyo institucional, y podría contribuir a abordar “asuntos no terminados”, incluido el acceso al agua de “gente difícil de atender”, propuesto en la agenda de desarrollo pos-2015 de las Naciones Unidas.
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[10] Y. Chakava, R. Franceys, and A. Parker, “Private boreholes for Nairobi’s urban poor: The stop-gap or the solution?,” Habitat International, vol. 43, pp. 108-116, 2014.
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[23] Comité Departamental de Cafeteros del Valle del Cauca (CDC), “Sistema de Información de la Caficultura para el Valle del Cauca,” unpublished, 2003.
[24] I. Domínguez, “Participatory modelling for holistic understanding of catchment health and human health in andean rural microcatchments, the case of Calabazas,” PhD dissertation, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, UK, 2014.
[25] Oxfam-DelAgua, “Oxfam-DelAgua water testing kit: Users manual,” 2012 [Online]. Available: http://www.delagua.org/assets/docs/usermanuals/DeLagua_Brochure_v1_usermanual.pdf
[26] World Health Organization (WHO), Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality: A handbook for implementation. Geneva: WHO, 2012.
[27] P. K. Jensen, G. Jayasinghe, W. van Der Hoek, S. Cairncross, and A. Dalsgaard, “Is there an association between bacteriological drinking water quality and childhood diarrhoea in developing countries?,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol. 9, pp. 1210-1215, 2004.
[28] A. Parker, R. Youlten, M. Dillon, T. Nussbaumer, R. Carter, S. Tyrrel, et al., “An assessment of microbiological water quality of six water source categories in north-east Uganda,” Journal of Water and Health, vol. 8, pp. 550-560, 2010.
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[30] K. Levy, A. Hubbard, K. Nelson, and J. Eisenberg, “Drivers of water quality variability in northern coastal Ecuador,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 43, pp. 1788-1797, 2009.
[31] A. Strauch and A. Almedom, “Traditional water resource management and water quality in rural Tanzania,” Human Ecology, vol. 39, pp. 93-106, 2011.
[32] S. A. Esrey, “Water, waste, and well-being: A multicountry study,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 143, pp. 608-623, 1996.
[33] J. Gentry-Shields and J. Bartram, “Human health and the water environment: Using the DPSEEA framework to identify the driving forces of disease,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 468-469, pp. 306-314, 2013.
[34] Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Estado de la vigilancia de la calidad del agua para consumo humano, 2013. Bogotá: INS, 2014.
[35] S. Postel and B. Thompson, “Watershed protection: Capturing the benefits of nature’s water supply services,” Natural Resources Forum, vol. 29, pp. 98-108, 2005.
[36] T. Clasen, W. P. Schmidt, T. Rabie, I. Roberts, and S. Cairncross, “Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: Systematic review and meta-analysis,” British Medical Journal, vol. 334, pp. 782-785, 2007.
[37] M. Leiter, J. Levy, S. Mutiti, M. Boardman, A. Wojnar, and H. Deka, “Drinking water quality in the Mount Kasigau region of Kenya: A source to point-of-use assessment,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 68, pp. 1-12, 2013.
[38] J. Wright, S. Gundry, and R. Conroy, “Household drinking water in developing countries: A systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol. 9, pp. 106-117, 2004.
[39] G. Rosa and T. Clasen, “Estimating the scope of household water treatment in low- and medium-income countries,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 82, pp. 289-300, 2010.
[40] Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Pagina de inicio, 2014 [Online]. Available: http://www.dane.gov.co/
[41] E. Lee and K. Schwab, “Deficiencies in drinking water distribution systems in developing countries,” Journal of Water and Health, vol. 3, pp. 109-127, 2005.
[42] L. Fewtrell, R. B. Kaufmann, D. Kay, W. Enanoria, L. Haller, and J. M. Colford Jr., “Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 5, pp. 42-52, 2005.
[43] A. Kabirizi, R. Carter, J. Mpalanyi, and J. Ssebalu, “Self-help initiatives to improve wáter supplies in eastern and central Uganda,” in 2005 31st WEDC International Conference: Maximizing the Benefits from Water and Environmental Sanitation, Kampala, Uganda, 2005, pp. 351-354.
[44] R. Keirle and C. Hayes, “A review of catchment management in the new context of drinking water safety plans,” Water and Environment Journal, vol. 21, pp. 208-216, 2007.
[45] K. Onda, J. Lobuglio, and J. Bartram, “Global access to safe water: Accounting for wáter quality and the resulting impact on MDG progress,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 9, pp. 880-894, 2012.
[46] S. Smits, B. van Koppen, P. Moriarty, and J. Butterworth, “Multiple-use services as an alternative to rural water supply services: A characterisation of the approach,” Water Alternatives, vol. 3, pp. 102-121, 2010.
[47] I. Domínguez, W. Torres-López, I. Restrepo-Tarquino, R. Oviedo-Ocaña, and I. Smout, “Livelihood factors, explaining water consumption in a (de facto) multiple uses wáter system in Colombia,” Ingeniería y Universidad, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 7-25, 2014.
[48] T. Gomiero, D. Pimentel, and M. G. Paoletti, “Is there a need for a more sustainable agriculture?,” Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, vol. 30, pp. 6-23, 2011.
[2] J. Butterworth, S. Sutton, and L. Mekonta, “Self-supply as a complementary water services delivery model in Ethiopia,” Water Alternatives, vol. 6, pp. 405-423, 2013.
[3] J. Kiwanuka, “Achievements and lessons learned from the Uganda self-supply pilot Project 2006-2008,” in 2009 34th WEDC International Conference-Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Sustainable Development and Multisectoral Approaches, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2009.
[4] K. Kumamaru, I. Smout, and F. Odhiambo, “Self-supply: Bridging the gap between household demand and community water supply?,” in 2011 35th WEDC International Conference. The Future of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Low-Income Countries: Innovation, Adaptation and Engagement in a Changing World, Loughborough, UK, 2011.
[5] P. Moriarty, S. Smits, J. Butterworth, and R. Franceys, “Trends in rural water supply: Towards a service delivery approach,” Water Alternatives, vol. 6, pp. 329-349, 2013.
[6] M. Munkonge and P. Harvey, “Assessing the potential for self-supply in Zambia,” in 2009 34th WEDC International Conference-Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Sustainable Development and Multisectoral Approaches, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2009.
[7] S. Sutton, “Integrating a new approach: The example of self-supply,” in 2009 34th WEDC International Conference-Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Sustainable Development and Multisectoral Approaches, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2009.
[8] M. MacCarthy, J. Annis, and J. Mihelcic, “Unsubsidised self-supply in eastern Madagascar,” Water Alternatives, vol. 6, pp. 424-438, 2013.
[9] D. B. Akers, M. F. Maccarthy, J. A. Cunningham, J. Annis, and J. R. Mihelcic, “Lead (Pb) contamination of self-supply groundwater systems in coastal madagascar and predictions of blood lead levels in exposed children,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 49, pp. 2685-2693, 2015.
[10] Y. Chakava, R. Franceys, and A. Parker, “Private boreholes for Nairobi’s urban poor: The stop-gap or the solution?,” Habitat International, vol. 43, pp. 108-116, 2014.
[11] K. Nyarko, E. Awuah, and D. Ofori, “Self-supply schemes for community water supply in Ghana,” in 2008 33rd WEDC International Conference-Access to Sanitation and Safe Water: Global Partnerships and Local Actions, Accra, Ghana, 2008, pp. 421-425.
[12] L. Okotto, J. Okotto-Okotto, H. Price, S. Pedley, and J. Wright, “Socio-economic aspects of domestic groundwater consumption, vending and use in Kisumu, Kenya,” Applied Geography, vol. 58, pp. 189-197, 2015.
[13] WHO, “Guidelines for drinking-water quality (2011),” in WHO web site. Accessed vol. 20, ed. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO (World Health Organization), 2012.
[14] G. Oluwasanya, J. Smith, and R. Carter, “Self-supply systems: Urban dug wells in Abeokuta, Nigeria,” Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, vol. 11, pp. 172-178, 2011.
[15] Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP), Documento Conpes 3810: Política para el suministro de agua potable y saneamiento básico en la zona rural. Bogotá: DNP, 2014.
[16] R. Yin, Case study Research: Design and methods, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Sage, 2014.
[17] M. Bunch, K. Morrison, M. Parkes, and H. Venema, “Promoting health and well-being by managing for Social-Ecological resilience: The potential of integrating ecohealth and water resources management approaches,” Ecology and Society, vol. 16, pp. 18, http://www. ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art6/, 2011.
[18] Corporación Autónoma Regional del Valle del Cauca (CVC), “Cuencas del Valle del Cauca.” 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www.cvc.gov.co/vsm38cvc/data/RecursoHidrico/aplicativos/Cuenca
[19] Corporación Autónoma Regional del Valle del Cauca (CVC), Aplicativo GeoCVC. Cali:
CVC, 2012.
[20] M. Roa-García, S. Brown, H. Schreier, and L. Lavkulich, “The role of land use and soils in regulating water flow in small headwater catchments of the Andes,” Water Resources Research, vol. 47, pp. 12, W05510, doi:10.1029/2010WR009582, 2011.
[21] D. V. Chapman, Unesco, World Health Organization, and United Nations Environment Programme, Water Quality Assessments: A Guide to the Use of Biota, Sediments, and Water in Environmental Monitoring, 2nd ed. London: E&FN Spon, 1996.
[22] C. Robson, Real World Research: A Resource for Users of Social Research Methods in Applied Settings, 3rd ed. Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
[23] Comité Departamental de Cafeteros del Valle del Cauca (CDC), “Sistema de Información de la Caficultura para el Valle del Cauca,” unpublished, 2003.
[24] I. Domínguez, “Participatory modelling for holistic understanding of catchment health and human health in andean rural microcatchments, the case of Calabazas,” PhD dissertation, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, UK, 2014.
[25] Oxfam-DelAgua, “Oxfam-DelAgua water testing kit: Users manual,” 2012 [Online]. Available: http://www.delagua.org/assets/docs/usermanuals/DeLagua_Brochure_v1_usermanual.pdf
[26] World Health Organization (WHO), Rapid assessment of drinking-water quality: A handbook for implementation. Geneva: WHO, 2012.
[27] P. K. Jensen, G. Jayasinghe, W. van Der Hoek, S. Cairncross, and A. Dalsgaard, “Is there an association between bacteriological drinking water quality and childhood diarrhoea in developing countries?,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol. 9, pp. 1210-1215, 2004.
[28] A. Parker, R. Youlten, M. Dillon, T. Nussbaumer, R. Carter, S. Tyrrel, et al., “An assessment of microbiological water quality of six water source categories in north-east Uganda,” Journal of Water and Health, vol. 8, pp. 550-560, 2010.
[29] R. Johnston, “Beyond improved: Monitoring drinking water in the post-MDG era,” in 36th WEDC International Conference, Nakuru, Kenya, 2013 [Online]. Available: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/36/Johnston-1801.pdf
[30] K. Levy, A. Hubbard, K. Nelson, and J. Eisenberg, “Drivers of water quality variability in northern coastal Ecuador,” Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 43, pp. 1788-1797, 2009.
[31] A. Strauch and A. Almedom, “Traditional water resource management and water quality in rural Tanzania,” Human Ecology, vol. 39, pp. 93-106, 2011.
[32] S. A. Esrey, “Water, waste, and well-being: A multicountry study,” American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 143, pp. 608-623, 1996.
[33] J. Gentry-Shields and J. Bartram, “Human health and the water environment: Using the DPSEEA framework to identify the driving forces of disease,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 468-469, pp. 306-314, 2013.
[34] Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), Estado de la vigilancia de la calidad del agua para consumo humano, 2013. Bogotá: INS, 2014.
[35] S. Postel and B. Thompson, “Watershed protection: Capturing the benefits of nature’s water supply services,” Natural Resources Forum, vol. 29, pp. 98-108, 2005.
[36] T. Clasen, W. P. Schmidt, T. Rabie, I. Roberts, and S. Cairncross, “Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: Systematic review and meta-analysis,” British Medical Journal, vol. 334, pp. 782-785, 2007.
[37] M. Leiter, J. Levy, S. Mutiti, M. Boardman, A. Wojnar, and H. Deka, “Drinking water quality in the Mount Kasigau region of Kenya: A source to point-of-use assessment,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 68, pp. 1-12, 2013.
[38] J. Wright, S. Gundry, and R. Conroy, “Household drinking water in developing countries: A systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol. 9, pp. 106-117, 2004.
[39] G. Rosa and T. Clasen, “Estimating the scope of household water treatment in low- and medium-income countries,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 82, pp. 289-300, 2010.
[40] Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Pagina de inicio, 2014 [Online]. Available: http://www.dane.gov.co/
[41] E. Lee and K. Schwab, “Deficiencies in drinking water distribution systems in developing countries,” Journal of Water and Health, vol. 3, pp. 109-127, 2005.
[42] L. Fewtrell, R. B. Kaufmann, D. Kay, W. Enanoria, L. Haller, and J. M. Colford Jr., “Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 5, pp. 42-52, 2005.
[43] A. Kabirizi, R. Carter, J. Mpalanyi, and J. Ssebalu, “Self-help initiatives to improve wáter supplies in eastern and central Uganda,” in 2005 31st WEDC International Conference: Maximizing the Benefits from Water and Environmental Sanitation, Kampala, Uganda, 2005, pp. 351-354.
[44] R. Keirle and C. Hayes, “A review of catchment management in the new context of drinking water safety plans,” Water and Environment Journal, vol. 21, pp. 208-216, 2007.
[45] K. Onda, J. Lobuglio, and J. Bartram, “Global access to safe water: Accounting for wáter quality and the resulting impact on MDG progress,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 9, pp. 880-894, 2012.
[46] S. Smits, B. van Koppen, P. Moriarty, and J. Butterworth, “Multiple-use services as an alternative to rural water supply services: A characterisation of the approach,” Water Alternatives, vol. 3, pp. 102-121, 2010.
[47] I. Domínguez, W. Torres-López, I. Restrepo-Tarquino, R. Oviedo-Ocaña, and I. Smout, “Livelihood factors, explaining water consumption in a (de facto) multiple uses wáter system in Colombia,” Ingeniería y Universidad, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 7-25, 2014.
[48] T. Gomiero, D. Pimentel, and M. G. Paoletti, “Is there a need for a more sustainable agriculture?,” Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, vol. 30, pp. 6-23, 2011.
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