Palabras clave
Sistemas de información geográfica
calidad del agua
ciclo hidrológico
calidad del agua
ciclo hidrológico
Cómo citar
Modelación del efecto de escenarios de cobertura sobre la migración de nutrientes (N, P 2 O 5 ) en la cuenca alta del río Magdalena (Huila, Colombia). (2009). Ingenieria Y Universidad, 13(2). https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/iyu/article/view/961
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La expansión e intensificación del uso de la frontera agrícola han determinado crecientes procesos de deforestación, así como el aumento de la fertilización, las cuales deterioran la calidad de agua en cuencas de áreas rurales. En Colombia esta problemática es especialmente marcada en la región andina. Este estudio aplica un modelo de simulación hidrológica para comparar el efecto de cuatro escenarios de manejo espacial de la cobertura sobre la migración de nutrientes provenientes de prácticas agrícolas en la cuenca alta del río Magdalena. La simulación del movimiento del agua por laderas y canales realizada mostró un aceptable desempeño (S/ σΔ=0,84; R=0,82; R2=0,67); sin embargo, la dinámica de migración de contaminantes fue insensible a los cambios en la cobertura vegetal realizados en las configuraciones de las distintas simulaciones (p≥0,05), pues se encontraron reducciones en las cargas de contaminantes, en el punto de cierre del área de estudio, que oscilaban tan sólo entre 2% y 4%. Las reducciones presentadas se explican en razón de las propiedades intrínsecas de la vegetación, como barrera ante el flujo de sedimentos, su capacidad de aumentar los procesos de infiltración en el suelo y, por ende, disminuir los procesos de escorrentía y la absorción de nutrientes por parte de las plantas.
ARABI, M. et al. Role of watershed subdivision on modeling the effectiveness of best management practices with SWAT. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2006, vol. 42, núm. 2, pp. 513-528.
ASNER, G. P.; SCURLOCK, J. M. y HICKE, J. A. Global synthesis of leaf area index observations: implications for ecological and remote sensing studies. Global Ecology y Biogeograph, 2003, vol. 12, núm. 3, pp. 191-205.
BERNARD, H. et al. Assessment of herbicide leaching risk in two tropical soils of reunion island france. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2005, vol. 34, pp. 534-543.
BLANEY, H. F. y CRIDDLE, W. O. Determining water requirements in irrigated areas from climatological and irrigation data. Washington: United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1950.
BOEGH, E. et al. Incorporating remote sensing data in physically based distributed agrohydrological modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, vol. 287, pp. 279-299.
BRUIJNZEEL, L. Hydrology of moist tropical forests and effects of conversion: a state of knowledge review. Paris: UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, 1990.
BUYTAERTA, W. et al. Human impact on the hydrology of the Andean paramos. Earth Science Reviews, 2006, vol. 79, pp. 53-72.
CANADELL, J. et al. Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia. 1996, vol. 108, pp. 583-595.
CHOW, V. T. Open-channel hydraulics. Tokio: McGraw-Hil, 1959.
CHU, Y. et al. Nutrient load modelling during floods in intermittent rivers: An operational approach. Environmental Modelling y Software, 2008, vol. 23, pp. 768-781.
CROKE, B.; MERRITT, W. y JAKEMAN, A. A dynamic model for predicting hydrologic response to land cover changes in gauged and ungauged catchments. Journal of Hydrology. 2004, vol. 291, pp. 115-131.
DANISH HYDRAULIC INSTITUTE (DHI). MIKE 11: a modelling system for rivers and channels: reference manual. Hørsholm, 2007a.
—. MIKE SHE. User manual: reference guide. Hørsholm, 2007b.
DOMÍNGUEZ, E. Aplicación de la ecuación de Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov para el pronóstico de afluencias a embalses hidroeléctricos caso práctico de la represa de Betania. Meteorología Colombiana, 2004, vol. 8, pp. 17-26.
—. Modelos en ecuaciones diferenciales parciales: modelación matemática de la migración de contaminantes [documento en línea], 2007. <http://mathmodelling.googlepages.com> [Consulta: 07-10-2007].
DOSSKEY, M.; EISENHAUER, D. y HELMERS, M. Establishing conservation buffers using precision information. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2005, vol. 60, núm. 6, pp. 349-354.
EDWARDS, D. y DANIEL, T. Effects of litter application rate and rainfall intensity on quality of runnoff from fescuegrass plots. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1993, vol. 22, núm. 2, pp. 361-365.
ETTER, A. y VAN WYNGAARDEN, W. Patterns of landscape transformation in Colombia, with emphasis in the Andean Region. Ambio, 2000, vol. 29, núm. 3, pp. 432-439.
ETTER, A. y VILLA, A. Andean forests and farming systems in part of the Eastern Cordillera Colombia. Mountain Research and Development, 2000, vol. 20, núm. 3, pp. 236-245.
FONTES, J. C.; GONÇALVES, M. C. y PEREIRA, L. S. Andosols of Terceira, Azores: measurement and significance of soil hydraulic properties. Catena, 2004, vol. 56, núm. 1, pp. 145-154.
FREEMAN, M. C.; PRINGLE, C. M. y JACKSON, C. R. Hydrologic connectivity and the contribution of stream headwaters to ecological integrity at regional scales. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2007, vol. 43, núm. 1, pp. 5-14.
GOBERNACIÓN DEL HUILA. SECRETARÍA DE AGRICULTURA Y MINERÍA. Anuario estadístico agropecuario. Neiva, 2006.
GRUNWALD, S. y QI, C. GIS-based water quality modeling in the Sandusky Watershed, Ohio, USA. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2006, vol. 42, núm. 4, pp. 957-973.
GUEVARA, E. y CARTAYA, H. Hidrología: una introduccion a la ciencia hidrológica aplicada. Carabobo: Universidad de Carabobo, 1991.
HART, M. R.; QUIN, B. F. y NGUYEN, M. L. Phosphorus Runoff from agricultural land and direct fertilizer effects: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2004, vol. 33, pp. 1954-1971.
HODNETT, M. y TOMASELLA, J. Marked differences between van Genuchten soil waterretention parameters for temperate and tropical soils: a new water-retention pedo-transfer functions developed for tropical soils. Geoderma, 2002, vol. 108, núms. 3-4, pp. 155-180.
HUNSAKER, C. y LEVINE, D. Hierarchical approaches to the study of water quality in rivers. BioScience, 1995, vol. 45, núm. 3, pp. 193-203.
INSTITUTO GEOGRÁFICO AGUSTÍN CODAZZI (IGAC). Atlas de Colombia. Bogotá, 2002.
—. Mapa de suelos de Colombia. Bogotá, 2003.
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN E INFORMACIÓN GEOCIENTÍFICA, MINEROAMBIENTAL Y NUCLEAR (Ingeominas). Geología de la plancha 345: Campoalegre. Bogotá, 2001.
INPRO-HIDROTEC. Consorcio. Plan de Ordenamiento y Manejo de la Cuenca Alta del Magdalena POMAM. Neiva: Corporación Auntonoma Regional del Alto Magdalena (CAM), 1997.
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE RECURSOS BIOLÓGICOS ALEXANDER von HUMBOLDT (IAvH). Mapa de ecosistemas andinos. Bogotá, 2000.
JOHNSON, R. The forest cycle and low river flows: a review of UK and international studies. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998, vol. 109, núm. 1, pp. 1-7.
KEDZIORA, A. y OLEJNIK, J. Water balance in agricultural landscape and options for its management by change in plant cover structure of landscape. En Landscape ecology in agroecosystems management. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2002, pp. 57-110.
KLEINMAN, P. et al. Role of rainfall intensity and hydrology in nutrient transport via Surface runof. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2006, vol. 35, núm. 4, pp. 1248-1259.
KRAUSEA, S.; JACOBSB, J. y BRONSTERT, A. Modelling the impacts of land-use and drainage density on the water balance of a lowland-floodplain landscape in northeast Germany. Ecological Modelling, 2007, vol. 200, núms. 3-4, pp. 475-492.
KRISTENSEN, K. y JENSEN, S. A model of estimating actual evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration. Nordic Hydrology, 1975, vol. 6, pp. 170-188.
LEHRTER, J. C. Effects of Land use and land cover, stream discharge, and interannual climate on the magnitum and timing of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon concentration in three coastal plain watersheds. Water Environment Research, 2006, vol. 78, núm.12, pp. 2356-2368.
LINKIE, M.; SMITH, R. J. y LEADER-WILLIAMS, N. Mapping and predicting deforestation patterns in the lowlands of Sumatra. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2004, vol. 13, núm. 10, pp. 1809-1818.
LINSLEY, R.; KOHLER, M. y PAULHUS, J. Hidrology for engineers. New York: McGraw Hill, 1958.
LIU, H. L. et al. Investigation of groundwater response to overland flow and topography using a coupled MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 modeling system for an arid watershed. Journal of Hydrology, 2007, vol. 347, núms. 3-4, pp. 448-459.
LOAGUE, K. et al. A case study simulation of DBCP groundwater contamination in Fresno County, California 1. Leaching through the unsaturated subsurface. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 1998, vol. 29, núm. 2, pp. 109-136.
LOWRANCE, R. y CROW, S. Implementation of riparian buffer sistems for lanscape management. En Landscape Ecology in Agroecosystems Management. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2002, pp. 145-148.
LOZANO, Z.; LOBO, D. y PILA, I. Diagnóstico de limitaciones físicas en inceptisoles de llanos occidentales venezolanos. Bioagro, 2000, vol. 12, núm. 1, pp. 15-24.
MANDER, U. et al. Nutrient runoff dynamics in a rural catchment: influences of land use changes, climatic and ecotechnological measures. Ecological Engineering, 2000, vol. 14, núm. 4, pp. 405-417.
MARTIN, P. et al. M. Interfaciong GIS with water resource models: a state of the art review. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2005, núm. 41, pp. 1471-1487.
MARTIN, T. et al. Review: denitrification in temperate climate riparian zones. Water Air Soil Pollution, 1999, vol. 3, pp. 171-186.
MCDONALD, J. H. Hand book of biological statics [documento en línea], 2008. <http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/statintro.html> [Consulta: 05-01-2008].
McMICHAEL, C. E. y HOPE, A. S. Predicting streamflow response to fire-induced landcover change: implications of parameter uncertainty in the MIKE SHE model. Journal of Environmental Management, 2007, vol. 84, núm. 3, pp. 245-256.
MERTENS, B. y LAMBIN, E. Modelling land cover dynamics: integration of fine-scale land cover data with landscape attributes. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation JAG, 1999, vol. 1, núm. 1, pp. 48-52.
NAKAMURA, K. et al. Assessment of root zone nitrogen leaching as affected by irrigation and nutrient management practices. Vadose Zone Journal, 2004, vol. 3, pp. 1353-1366.
O’NEILL, R. V. et al. Monitoring enviromental quality at the landscape scale. BioSciense. 1997, vol. 47, núm. 8, pp. 513-519.
PARAMASIVAM, S.; ALVA, A. K. y FARES, A. An evaluation of soil water status using tensiometers ia a sandy profile under citrus production. Soil Science. 2000, vol. 165, núm. 4, pp. 343-353.
POLYAKOV, V.; FARES, A. y RYDER, M. H. Precision riparian buffers for the control of nonpoint source pollutant loading into surface water: a review. Environmental Reviews, 2005, vol. 13, núm. 3, pp. 129-144.
RESTREPO, J. y SYVITSKI, J. Assessing the effect of natural controls and land use change on sediment yield in a mayor andean river: The Magdalena drainage basin, Colombia. Ambio. 2006, vol. 35, núm. 2, pp. 65-74.
RYSZKOWSKI, L. y JANKOWIAK, J. Development of agricultura and its impact on landscape functions. En Landscape ecology in agroecosystems management. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2002, pp. 9-28.
SAHOO, G.; RAY, C. y CARLO, E. Flow forecasting using artificial neural network and a distributed hydrological model MIKE SHE. Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology. India: International Conference on Emerging Technology (ICET), 2004.
—. Calibration and validation of a physically distributed hydrological model, MIKE SHE, to predict streamflow at high frequency in a flashy mountainous Hawaii stream. Journal of Hydrology, 2006, vol. 327, núms. 1-2, pp. 94-109.
SHARPLEY, A. The effect of storm interval on the transport of soluble phosphorus in funoff. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1980, vol. 9, pp. 575-578.
SINGH, R.; SUBRAMANIANA, K. y REFSGAARDB, J. Hydrological modelling of a small watershed using MIKE SHE for irrigation planning. Agricultural Water Management, 1999, vol. 41, núm. 3, pp. 149-166.
SOUTHWORTH, J. y TUCKER, C. The influence of accessibility, local institutions, and socioeconomic factors on forest cover change in the mountains of western Honduras. Mountain Research and Development, 2001, vol. 21, núm. 3, pp. 276-283.
STEVENSON, F. y COLE, M. Cycles of soil: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrientes. 2ª ed. New York: John Wiley y Sons, 1999.
STONE, K. C. et al. Stream nitrogen changes in an eastern Coastal Plain watershed. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, vol. 59, núm. 2, pp. 66-72.
THOMPSON, J. et al. Application of the coupled MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 modelling system to a lowland wet grassland in southeast England. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, vol. 293, núms. 1-4, pp. 151-179.
THORSEN, M.; FEYEN, H. y STYCZEN, M. Agrochemical modeling. En Distributed hydrological modeling. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, pp. 121-141.
VAN ES, H. M.; SCHINDELBECK, R. R. y JOKELA, W. E. Effect of manure application timing, crop, and soil type on phosphorus leaching. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2004, vol. 33, núm. 3, pp. 1070-1080.
VAN ES, H. M.; SOGBEDJI, J. M. y SCHINDELBECK, R. R. Effect of manure application timing, crop, and soil type on nitrate leaching. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2006, vol. 35, núm. 2, pp. 670-679.
WILK, J.; ANDERSSON, L. y PLERMKAMON, V. Hydrological impacts of forest conversion to agriculture in a large river basin in northeast Thailand. Hydrological Processes. 2001, vol. 15, núm. 14, pp. 2729-2748.
ASNER, G. P.; SCURLOCK, J. M. y HICKE, J. A. Global synthesis of leaf area index observations: implications for ecological and remote sensing studies. Global Ecology y Biogeograph, 2003, vol. 12, núm. 3, pp. 191-205.
BERNARD, H. et al. Assessment of herbicide leaching risk in two tropical soils of reunion island france. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2005, vol. 34, pp. 534-543.
BLANEY, H. F. y CRIDDLE, W. O. Determining water requirements in irrigated areas from climatological and irrigation data. Washington: United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1950.
BOEGH, E. et al. Incorporating remote sensing data in physically based distributed agrohydrological modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, vol. 287, pp. 279-299.
BRUIJNZEEL, L. Hydrology of moist tropical forests and effects of conversion: a state of knowledge review. Paris: UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, 1990.
BUYTAERTA, W. et al. Human impact on the hydrology of the Andean paramos. Earth Science Reviews, 2006, vol. 79, pp. 53-72.
CANADELL, J. et al. Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale. Oecologia. 1996, vol. 108, pp. 583-595.
CHOW, V. T. Open-channel hydraulics. Tokio: McGraw-Hil, 1959.
CHU, Y. et al. Nutrient load modelling during floods in intermittent rivers: An operational approach. Environmental Modelling y Software, 2008, vol. 23, pp. 768-781.
CROKE, B.; MERRITT, W. y JAKEMAN, A. A dynamic model for predicting hydrologic response to land cover changes in gauged and ungauged catchments. Journal of Hydrology. 2004, vol. 291, pp. 115-131.
DANISH HYDRAULIC INSTITUTE (DHI). MIKE 11: a modelling system for rivers and channels: reference manual. Hørsholm, 2007a.
—. MIKE SHE. User manual: reference guide. Hørsholm, 2007b.
DOMÍNGUEZ, E. Aplicación de la ecuación de Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov para el pronóstico de afluencias a embalses hidroeléctricos caso práctico de la represa de Betania. Meteorología Colombiana, 2004, vol. 8, pp. 17-26.
—. Modelos en ecuaciones diferenciales parciales: modelación matemática de la migración de contaminantes [documento en línea], 2007. <http://mathmodelling.googlepages.com> [Consulta: 07-10-2007].
DOSSKEY, M.; EISENHAUER, D. y HELMERS, M. Establishing conservation buffers using precision information. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2005, vol. 60, núm. 6, pp. 349-354.
EDWARDS, D. y DANIEL, T. Effects of litter application rate and rainfall intensity on quality of runnoff from fescuegrass plots. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1993, vol. 22, núm. 2, pp. 361-365.
ETTER, A. y VAN WYNGAARDEN, W. Patterns of landscape transformation in Colombia, with emphasis in the Andean Region. Ambio, 2000, vol. 29, núm. 3, pp. 432-439.
ETTER, A. y VILLA, A. Andean forests and farming systems in part of the Eastern Cordillera Colombia. Mountain Research and Development, 2000, vol. 20, núm. 3, pp. 236-245.
FONTES, J. C.; GONÇALVES, M. C. y PEREIRA, L. S. Andosols of Terceira, Azores: measurement and significance of soil hydraulic properties. Catena, 2004, vol. 56, núm. 1, pp. 145-154.
FREEMAN, M. C.; PRINGLE, C. M. y JACKSON, C. R. Hydrologic connectivity and the contribution of stream headwaters to ecological integrity at regional scales. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2007, vol. 43, núm. 1, pp. 5-14.
GOBERNACIÓN DEL HUILA. SECRETARÍA DE AGRICULTURA Y MINERÍA. Anuario estadístico agropecuario. Neiva, 2006.
GRUNWALD, S. y QI, C. GIS-based water quality modeling in the Sandusky Watershed, Ohio, USA. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2006, vol. 42, núm. 4, pp. 957-973.
GUEVARA, E. y CARTAYA, H. Hidrología: una introduccion a la ciencia hidrológica aplicada. Carabobo: Universidad de Carabobo, 1991.
HART, M. R.; QUIN, B. F. y NGUYEN, M. L. Phosphorus Runoff from agricultural land and direct fertilizer effects: a review. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2004, vol. 33, pp. 1954-1971.
HODNETT, M. y TOMASELLA, J. Marked differences between van Genuchten soil waterretention parameters for temperate and tropical soils: a new water-retention pedo-transfer functions developed for tropical soils. Geoderma, 2002, vol. 108, núms. 3-4, pp. 155-180.
HUNSAKER, C. y LEVINE, D. Hierarchical approaches to the study of water quality in rivers. BioScience, 1995, vol. 45, núm. 3, pp. 193-203.
INSTITUTO GEOGRÁFICO AGUSTÍN CODAZZI (IGAC). Atlas de Colombia. Bogotá, 2002.
—. Mapa de suelos de Colombia. Bogotá, 2003.
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN E INFORMACIÓN GEOCIENTÍFICA, MINEROAMBIENTAL Y NUCLEAR (Ingeominas). Geología de la plancha 345: Campoalegre. Bogotá, 2001.
INPRO-HIDROTEC. Consorcio. Plan de Ordenamiento y Manejo de la Cuenca Alta del Magdalena POMAM. Neiva: Corporación Auntonoma Regional del Alto Magdalena (CAM), 1997.
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE RECURSOS BIOLÓGICOS ALEXANDER von HUMBOLDT (IAvH). Mapa de ecosistemas andinos. Bogotá, 2000.
JOHNSON, R. The forest cycle and low river flows: a review of UK and international studies. Forest Ecology and Management, 1998, vol. 109, núm. 1, pp. 1-7.
KEDZIORA, A. y OLEJNIK, J. Water balance in agricultural landscape and options for its management by change in plant cover structure of landscape. En Landscape ecology in agroecosystems management. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2002, pp. 57-110.
KLEINMAN, P. et al. Role of rainfall intensity and hydrology in nutrient transport via Surface runof. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2006, vol. 35, núm. 4, pp. 1248-1259.
KRAUSEA, S.; JACOBSB, J. y BRONSTERT, A. Modelling the impacts of land-use and drainage density on the water balance of a lowland-floodplain landscape in northeast Germany. Ecological Modelling, 2007, vol. 200, núms. 3-4, pp. 475-492.
KRISTENSEN, K. y JENSEN, S. A model of estimating actual evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration. Nordic Hydrology, 1975, vol. 6, pp. 170-188.
LEHRTER, J. C. Effects of Land use and land cover, stream discharge, and interannual climate on the magnitum and timing of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon concentration in three coastal plain watersheds. Water Environment Research, 2006, vol. 78, núm.12, pp. 2356-2368.
LINKIE, M.; SMITH, R. J. y LEADER-WILLIAMS, N. Mapping and predicting deforestation patterns in the lowlands of Sumatra. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2004, vol. 13, núm. 10, pp. 1809-1818.
LINSLEY, R.; KOHLER, M. y PAULHUS, J. Hidrology for engineers. New York: McGraw Hill, 1958.
LIU, H. L. et al. Investigation of groundwater response to overland flow and topography using a coupled MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 modeling system for an arid watershed. Journal of Hydrology, 2007, vol. 347, núms. 3-4, pp. 448-459.
LOAGUE, K. et al. A case study simulation of DBCP groundwater contamination in Fresno County, California 1. Leaching through the unsaturated subsurface. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 1998, vol. 29, núm. 2, pp. 109-136.
LOWRANCE, R. y CROW, S. Implementation of riparian buffer sistems for lanscape management. En Landscape Ecology in Agroecosystems Management. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2002, pp. 145-148.
LOZANO, Z.; LOBO, D. y PILA, I. Diagnóstico de limitaciones físicas en inceptisoles de llanos occidentales venezolanos. Bioagro, 2000, vol. 12, núm. 1, pp. 15-24.
MANDER, U. et al. Nutrient runoff dynamics in a rural catchment: influences of land use changes, climatic and ecotechnological measures. Ecological Engineering, 2000, vol. 14, núm. 4, pp. 405-417.
MARTIN, P. et al. M. Interfaciong GIS with water resource models: a state of the art review. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 2005, núm. 41, pp. 1471-1487.
MARTIN, T. et al. Review: denitrification in temperate climate riparian zones. Water Air Soil Pollution, 1999, vol. 3, pp. 171-186.
MCDONALD, J. H. Hand book of biological statics [documento en línea], 2008. <http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/statintro.html> [Consulta: 05-01-2008].
McMICHAEL, C. E. y HOPE, A. S. Predicting streamflow response to fire-induced landcover change: implications of parameter uncertainty in the MIKE SHE model. Journal of Environmental Management, 2007, vol. 84, núm. 3, pp. 245-256.
MERTENS, B. y LAMBIN, E. Modelling land cover dynamics: integration of fine-scale land cover data with landscape attributes. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation JAG, 1999, vol. 1, núm. 1, pp. 48-52.
NAKAMURA, K. et al. Assessment of root zone nitrogen leaching as affected by irrigation and nutrient management practices. Vadose Zone Journal, 2004, vol. 3, pp. 1353-1366.
O’NEILL, R. V. et al. Monitoring enviromental quality at the landscape scale. BioSciense. 1997, vol. 47, núm. 8, pp. 513-519.
PARAMASIVAM, S.; ALVA, A. K. y FARES, A. An evaluation of soil water status using tensiometers ia a sandy profile under citrus production. Soil Science. 2000, vol. 165, núm. 4, pp. 343-353.
POLYAKOV, V.; FARES, A. y RYDER, M. H. Precision riparian buffers for the control of nonpoint source pollutant loading into surface water: a review. Environmental Reviews, 2005, vol. 13, núm. 3, pp. 129-144.
RESTREPO, J. y SYVITSKI, J. Assessing the effect of natural controls and land use change on sediment yield in a mayor andean river: The Magdalena drainage basin, Colombia. Ambio. 2006, vol. 35, núm. 2, pp. 65-74.
RYSZKOWSKI, L. y JANKOWIAK, J. Development of agricultura and its impact on landscape functions. En Landscape ecology in agroecosystems management. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2002, pp. 9-28.
SAHOO, G.; RAY, C. y CARLO, E. Flow forecasting using artificial neural network and a distributed hydrological model MIKE SHE. Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology. India: International Conference on Emerging Technology (ICET), 2004.
—. Calibration and validation of a physically distributed hydrological model, MIKE SHE, to predict streamflow at high frequency in a flashy mountainous Hawaii stream. Journal of Hydrology, 2006, vol. 327, núms. 1-2, pp. 94-109.
SHARPLEY, A. The effect of storm interval on the transport of soluble phosphorus in funoff. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1980, vol. 9, pp. 575-578.
SINGH, R.; SUBRAMANIANA, K. y REFSGAARDB, J. Hydrological modelling of a small watershed using MIKE SHE for irrigation planning. Agricultural Water Management, 1999, vol. 41, núm. 3, pp. 149-166.
SOUTHWORTH, J. y TUCKER, C. The influence of accessibility, local institutions, and socioeconomic factors on forest cover change in the mountains of western Honduras. Mountain Research and Development, 2001, vol. 21, núm. 3, pp. 276-283.
STEVENSON, F. y COLE, M. Cycles of soil: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrientes. 2ª ed. New York: John Wiley y Sons, 1999.
STONE, K. C. et al. Stream nitrogen changes in an eastern Coastal Plain watershed. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, vol. 59, núm. 2, pp. 66-72.
THOMPSON, J. et al. Application of the coupled MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 modelling system to a lowland wet grassland in southeast England. Journal of Hydrology, 2004, vol. 293, núms. 1-4, pp. 151-179.
THORSEN, M.; FEYEN, H. y STYCZEN, M. Agrochemical modeling. En Distributed hydrological modeling. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996, pp. 121-141.
VAN ES, H. M.; SCHINDELBECK, R. R. y JOKELA, W. E. Effect of manure application timing, crop, and soil type on phosphorus leaching. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2004, vol. 33, núm. 3, pp. 1070-1080.
VAN ES, H. M.; SOGBEDJI, J. M. y SCHINDELBECK, R. R. Effect of manure application timing, crop, and soil type on nitrate leaching. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2006, vol. 35, núm. 2, pp. 670-679.
WILK, J.; ANDERSSON, L. y PLERMKAMON, V. Hydrological impacts of forest conversion to agriculture in a large river basin in northeast Thailand. Hydrological Processes. 2001, vol. 15, núm. 14, pp. 2729-2748.
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