A neurobiologia da psicopatologia e psicoterapia e as implicações práticas de uma perspectiva materialista na definição de mente
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may 18, 2017
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Resumen
A psicologia passa no momento atual por uma importante mudança de paradigma teórico e conceitual. Essa mudança ficou bastante marcada na década de 90, considerada a "década do cérebro", quando aumentaram significativamente o número de estudos em comportamento que baseavam-se no funcionamento do cérebro. O mainstream das ciências do comportamento retornou à noção monista materialista de que cérebro e comportamento estão intrinsecamente interligados. Essa noção saiu dos laboratórios de pesquisa básica e chegou com força nas pesquisas aplicadas à psicopatologia e à psicoterapia. A presente revisão narrativa tem como principal objetivo traçar um panorama atual desse empreendimento científico, com ênfase nos esforços feitos dentro das áreas da psicopatologia e da psicologia clínica. Ao final, discute-se até que ponto essa mudança de paradigma pode chegar na prática profissional do psicólogo.
Keywords
clinical psychology, psychopathology, neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, biological markerspsicologia clínica, psicopatologia, neurociências, psiquiatria, neurologia, marcadores biológicos
References
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Goldapple, K., Segal, Z., Garson, C., Lau, M., Bieling, P., Kennedy, S., & Mayberg, H. (2004). Modulation of cortical-limbic pathways in major depression: Treatment-specific effects of cognitive behavior therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(1), 34–41. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.1.34
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Nakatani, E., Nakgawa, A., Ohara, Y., Goto, S., Uozumi, N., … Yamagami, T. (2003). Effects of behavior therapy on regional cerebral blood flow in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 124(2), 113–120. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4927(03)00069-6
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Rethinking Feelings: An fMRI Study of the Cognitive Regulation of Emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(8), 1215–1229. http://doi.org/10.1162/089892902760807212
Robiner, W. N., Bearman, D. L., Berman, M., Grove, W. M., Colón, E., … Tanenbaum, R. L. (2003). Prescriptive Authority for Psychologists: Despite Deficits in Education and Knowledge? Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 10(3), 211–221. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025419114038
Roffman, J. L., Marci, C. D., Glick, D. M., Dougherty, D. D., & Rauch, S. L. (2005). Neuroimaging and the functional neuroanatomy of psychotherapy. Psychological Medicine, 35(10), 1385–1398. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705005064
Scorza, F. A., Guerra, A. de B. G., Cavalheiro, E. A., & Calil, H. M. (2005). Neurogênese e depressão: etiologia ou nova ilusão? Neurogenesis and depression: etiology or new ilusion? Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 27(3), 249–53.
Sheline, Y. I., Wang, P. W., Gado, M. H., Csernansky, J. G., & Vannier, M. W. (1996). Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(9), 3908–3913.
Walters, G. D. (2001). A meta-analysis of opinion data on the prescription privilege debate. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 42(2), 119–125. http://doi.org/10.1037/h0086886
Baddeley, A., Bueno, O., Cahill, L., Fuster, J. M., Izquierdo, I., McGaugh, J. L., … Da Cunha, C. (2000). The brain decade in debate: I. Neurobiology of learning and memory. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 33(9), 993–1002. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2000000900002
Churchland, P. M. (1993). Matter and Consciousness: a contemporary introduction to the philosophy of mind. London: MIT Press.
Derrogatis, L. R. (1977). Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90): Administration, scoring and procedures manual - I for the (revised) version. John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Clinical Psychometrics Research Unit: Baltimore.
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Michel, A., Berger, C., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007). Oxytocin Improves “Mind-Reading” in Humans. Biological Psychiatry, 61(6), 731–733. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.015
Eisch, A. J., & Nestler, E. J. (2002). To be or not to be: adult neurogenesis and psychiatry. Clinical Neuroscience Research, 2(1–2), 93–108. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1566-2772(02)00011-7
Fuchs, E., Uno, H., & Flügge, G. (1995). Chronic psychosocial stress induces morphological alterations in hippocampal pyramidal neurons of the tree shrew. Brain Research, 673(2), 275–282.
Goldapple, K., Segal, Z., Garson, C., Lau, M., Bieling, P., Kennedy, S., & Mayberg, H. (2004). Modulation of cortical-limbic pathways in major depression: Treatment-specific effects of cognitive behavior therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(1), 34–41. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.1.34
Gonçalves, Ó. F., Cerqueira, J., Guimarães, C., Belpalme, J., Amorim, L., Peixoto, M., & Sousa, N. (2006). Neurociencias y psicoterapia: retorno a lo básico. Revista de psicoterapia, 16(61), 65–74.
Gonçalves, Ó. F., & Nogueira, R. de S. S. (1999). Anatomias da psicoterapia: A cabeça também é corpo. Revista Portuguesa de Psicossomática, 1(1), 63–77.
Heiby, E. M., DeLeon, P. H., & Anderson, T. (2004). A Debate on Prescription Privileges for Psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(4), 336–344.
Jeong, Y.-J., Hong, S.-C., Lee, M. S., Park, M.-C., Kim, Y.-K., & Suh, C.-M. (2005). Dance movement therapy improves emotional responses and modulates neurohormones in adolescents with mild depression. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(12), 1711–1720.
Jockers-Scherübl, M. C., Zubraegel, D., Baer, T., Linden, M., Danker-Hopfe, H., … Hellweg, R. (2007). Nerve growth factor serum concentrations rise after successful cognitive–behavioural therapy of generalized anxiety disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 31(1), 200–204. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.09.006
Johnston, M. V. (2004). Clinical disorders of brain plasticity. Brain and Development, 26(2), 73–80. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0387-7604(03)00102-5
Kandel, E. R. (1998). A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(4), 457–469. http://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.4.457
Kazdin, A. E. (2007). Mediators and Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy Research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3(1), 1–27. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091432
Koch, J. M., Kell, S., Hinze-Selch, D., & Aldenhoff, J. B. (2002). Changes in CREB-phosphorylation during recovery from major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 36(6), 369–375. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3956(02)00056-0
Kumari, V. (2006). Do psychotherapies produce neurobiological effects? Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 18(2), 61–70. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00127.x
Levine, E. S., & Schmelkin, L. P. (2006). The move to prescribe: A change in paradigm? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(2), 205–209. http://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.37.2.205
McGinn, C. (1996). The character of the mind: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2005). Maternal care as a model for experience-dependent chromatin plasticity? Trends in Neurosciences, 28(9), 456–463. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2005.07.006
Nakatani, E., Nakgawa, A., Ohara, Y., Goto, S., Uozumi, N., … Yamagami, T. (2003). Effects of behavior therapy on regional cerebral blood flow in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 124(2), 113–120. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4927(03)00069-6
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Rethinking Feelings: An fMRI Study of the Cognitive Regulation of Emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(8), 1215–1229. http://doi.org/10.1162/089892902760807212
Robiner, W. N., Bearman, D. L., Berman, M., Grove, W. M., Colón, E., … Tanenbaum, R. L. (2003). Prescriptive Authority for Psychologists: Despite Deficits in Education and Knowledge? Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 10(3), 211–221. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025419114038
Roffman, J. L., Marci, C. D., Glick, D. M., Dougherty, D. D., & Rauch, S. L. (2005). Neuroimaging and the functional neuroanatomy of psychotherapy. Psychological Medicine, 35(10), 1385–1398. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705005064
Scorza, F. A., Guerra, A. de B. G., Cavalheiro, E. A., & Calil, H. M. (2005). Neurogênese e depressão: etiologia ou nova ilusão? Neurogenesis and depression: etiology or new ilusion? Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 27(3), 249–53.
Sheline, Y. I., Wang, P. W., Gado, M. H., Csernansky, J. G., & Vannier, M. W. (1996). Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(9), 3908–3913.
Walters, G. D. (2001). A meta-analysis of opinion data on the prescription privilege debate. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 42(2), 119–125. http://doi.org/10.1037/h0086886
Cómo citar
Da Cunha Teixeira Lopes, R., Santos de Oliveira, F., de Carvalho, M. R., & Gonçalvez, Óscar F. (2017). A neurobiologia da psicopatologia e psicoterapia e as implicações práticas de uma perspectiva materialista na definição de mente. Universitas Psychologica, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-5.nppi
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