Palabras clave
ideología de género
impulso a la delgadez
Indice de Masa Corporal
problemas alimentarios
Cómo citar
Resumen
El ideal sociocultural femenino es ultra delgado, mientras que el ideal masculino tiene que ver con tener un cuerpo musculado. En este articulo se argumenta que estas diferencias pueden ser explicadas por las ideologías de genero que tienen hombres y mujeres. Los datos obtenidos de 615 mujeres estudiantes (con un Indice de Masa Corporal entre 18 y 30) mostraron que las participantes altas en una escala de ideología de género informaban de un mayor impulso a la delgadez y menos búsqueda de la muscularidad. Además, las mujeres con marcadores bajos en una escala de ideología de genero mostraban el patrón opuesto: puntuaciones altas de búsqueda de la muscularidad y bajas en impulso a la delgadez. Finalmente, se discute porqué hombres y mujeres adoptan diferentes estrategias para lidiar con estos ideales de belleza.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. http://dx.doi. org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.744053
Bekker, M., & Boselie, K. (2002). Gender and stress: Is gender role stress? A re-examination of the relationship between feminine gender role stress and eating disorders. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 18, 141-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.933
Bratland-Sanda S, Sundgot-Borgen J. (2012). Symptoms of eating disorders, drive for muscularity and physical activity among Norwegian adolescents. European eating disorders review: the journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 20, 287-93. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.1156
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavior sciences. New York: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Corral, S. Gonzáles, M. Pereña, J., & Seisdedos, N. (2006). Manual inventario de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria EDI-2[Eating disorder inventory-2. Professional manual]. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
De Young, K.P., Lavender, J.M., & Anderson, D.A. (2010). Binge eating is not associated with elevated eating, weight, or shape concerns in the absence of the desire to lose weight in men. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43, 732–736. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.20779
Forrester-Knauss, C., & Zemp, S. (2012). Gender differences in disordered eating and weight dissatisfaction in Swiss adults: which factors matter? BMC Public Health, 12, 809. http://dx.doi. org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-809
Garner, D. M. (1991). Eating disorder inventory-2. Professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Research.
Garner, D. M. (2004). Eating Disorder Inventory-3. Professional Manual. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Garner, D.M., Olmsted, M.P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional EDI for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2, 15–34. http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/1098-108X(198321)2:23.0.CO;2-6
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56, 109–118. http://dx.doi. org/10.1037//003-066x.56.2.109
González-Martí, I., Fernandez-Bustos, J., ContrerasJordan, O., & Mayville, S. (2012). Validation of a Spanish version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: Escala de Satisfacción Muscular. Body Image, 9, 517-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. bodyim.2012.05.002
Grieve, F. G. (2007). A conceptual model of factors contributing to the development of muscle dysmorphia. Eating Disorders, 15, 63-80. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/10640260601044535
Grogan, S., & Richards, H. (2002). Body image: Focus groups with boys and men. Men and Masculinities, 4, 219–233. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/1097184X02004003001
Grossbard, J., Lee, C., Neighbors, C., & Larimer, M. (2009) Body Image Concerns and Contingent Self-Esteem in Male and Female College Students. Sex Roles, 60, 198-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s11199-008-9535-y.
Hudson, J.I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H.G., & Kessler, R.C. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological psychiatry, 61, 348–358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040
Levant, R. F. (1996). The New Psychology of Men. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 259- 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.27.3.259
Levant, R., & Richmond, K. (2007). A Review of Research on Masculinity Ideologies Using the Male Role Norms Inventory. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 15, 130-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/jms.1502.130
Levitt, D. (2004). Drive for Thinness and Fear of Fat among College Women: Implications for Practice and Assessment. Journal of College Counseling, 7, 109- 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2004. tb00242.x
Magallares, A. (2013). Masculinity, drive for muscularity, and eating concerns in a sample of men. Suma Psicologica, 20, 83-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14349/ sumapsi2013.1353
Mayville, S.B., Williamson, D.A., White, M.A., Netemeyer, R.G., & Drab, D.L. (2002). Development of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale: A self-report measure for the assessment of muscle dysmorphia symptoms. Assessment, 9, 351–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191102238156
McCabe, M.P. & Ricciardelli, L.A. (2004). Body image dissatisfaction among males across the lifespan: A review of past literature. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56, 675–685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0022-3999(03)00129-6
McCreary, D. R., Saucier, D. M., & Courtenay, W. H. (2005). The drive for muscularity and masculinity: Testing the associations among gender-role traits, behaviors, attitudes, and conflict. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6, 83-94. http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/1524-9220.6.2.83
Mitchison D, Hay, P., Slewa-Younan, S., & Mond, J. (2012). Time Trends in Population Prevalence of Eating Disorder Behaviors and Their Relationship to Quality of Life. PLoS ONE, 7, 1-7. http://dx.doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048450
Moore, T. M., & Stuart, G. L. (2004). Effects of masculine gender role stress on men’s cognitive, affective, physiological, and aggressive responses to intimate conflict situations. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5, 132-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1524- 9220.5.2.132
Morgan, J. (2012). Male eating disorders. In A. June & J. Treasure (eds.), A collaborative approach to eating disorders (pp. 272-278). New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
Mosley, P. (2009). Bigorexia: bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review, 17, 191-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.89
Moya, M.C., Navas, M., & Gómez, C. (1991). Escala sobre Ideología del Rol Sexual [Gender Ideology Scale]. Libro de comunicaciones del III Congreso Nacional de Psicología Social. Vol.1. Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Act of congress (pp. 554-566).
Moya, M., Expósito, F., & Padilla, J. L. (2006). Revisión de las propiedades psicométricas de las versiones larga y reducida de la escala sobre ideología de género [Review of psychometric properties of the long and the short versions of the Gender Ideology Scale]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 6, 709-727.
Murnen, S. K., & Smolak, L. (1997). Femininity, masculinity, and disordered eating: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22, 231–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098- 108X(199711)22:33.0.CO;2-O
Murray, S. B., Rieger, E., Touyz, S. W., & De la Garza, Y. (2010). Muscle dysmorphia and the DSM-V conundrum: Where does it belong? A review paper. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43, 483- 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.20828.
Olivardia, R. (2001). Mirror, mirror on the wall, who’s the largest of them all? The features and phenomenology of muscle dysmorphia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 9, 254-259. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/10673220127900
Pleck, J. H., Sonenstein, F. L., & Ku, L. C. (1993). Masculinity ideology: Its impact on adolescent males’ heterosexual relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 11-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993. tb01166.x
Pope, H. G., Gruber, A., Choi, P., Olivardia, R., & Phillips, K. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia: An under recognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychomatics, 38, 548-557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0033-3182(97)71400-2
Pritchard, M. (2008). Disordered Eating in Undergraduates: Does Gender Role Orientation Influence Men and Women the Same Way? Sex Roles, 59, 282-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s11199-008-9449-8
Robert, C., Munroe-Chandler, K. & Gammage, K. (2009). The relationship between the drive for muscularity and muscle dysmorphia in male and female weight trainers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23, 1656-1662. http://dx.doi. org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3dc2f.
Rodgers, R.F., Ganchou, C., Franko, D.L., & Chabrol, H. (2012). Drive for muscularity and disordered eating among French adolescent boys: a sociocultural model. Body Image, 9, 318-323. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.03.002
Smolak, L., & Stein, J. A. (2006). The relationship of drive for muscularity to sociocultural factors, selfesteem, physical attribute gender role, and socialcomparison in middle school boys. Body Image, 3, 121–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.03.002
Steinfeldt, J., Carter, H., Benton, E., & Steinfeldt, M. (2011). Muscularity Beliefs of Female College Student-Athletes. Sex Roles, 64, 543-554. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9935-2.
Striegel-Moore, R.H., Rosselli, F., Perrin, N., DeBar, L., Wilson, G.T., May, A., & Kraemer, H.C. (2009). Gender difference in the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42, 471-474. http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/eat.20625
Suelves, J. (2006). Eating Disorders: A Public Health Concern in Developed Countries. PsycCRITIQUES, 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0003393
Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M. N., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10312-000
Turner, E., Dobson, J. & Pocock, S. (2010).Categorisation of continuous risk factors in epidemiological publications: a survey of current practice. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations, 7, 9. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-5573-7-9
Williams, R. J., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2001). Sex-role traits and the comorbidity of symptoms of disordered eating and problem drinking. Eating Behaviours, 2, 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1471- 0153(00)00024-6
Esta revista científica se encuentra registrada bajo la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional. Por lo tanto, esta obra se puede reproducir, distribuir y comunicar públicamente en formato digital, siempre que se reconozca el nombre de los autores y a la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Se permite citar, adaptar, transformar, autoarchivar, republicar y crear a partir del material, para cualquier finalidad (incluso comercial), siempre que se reconozca adecuadamente la autoría, se proporcione un enlace a la obra original y se indique si se han realizado cambios. La Pontificia Universidad Javeriana no retiene los derechos sobre las obras publicadas y los contenidos son responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores, quienes conservan sus derechos morales, intelectuales, de privacidad y publicidad. El aval sobre la intervención de la obra (revisión, corrección de estilo, traducción, diagramación) y su posterior divulgación se otorga mediante una licencia de uso y no a través de una cesión de derechos, lo que representa que la revista y la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana se eximen de cualquier responsabilidad que se pueda derivar de una mala práctica ética por parte de los autores. En consecuencia de la protección brindada por la licencia de uso, la revista no se encuentra en la obligación de publicar retractaciones o modificar la información ya publicada, a no ser que la errata surja del proceso de gestión editorial. La publicación de contenidos en esta revista no representa regalías para los contribuyentes.