Abstract
This paper analyses Emotional Intelligence (EI) in Colombian Primary School Children depending on their location (rural or urban) and gender. The final sample consisted of 1451 students in fourth and fifth grade of three provinces in Boyacá department. Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (EQ-i: YV; Bar-On & Parker, 2000) was used for data collection. Both the reliability and validity of EQ-i: YV have been determined for this sample. The main results revealed differences in EI according to location. Overall, EI was higher in the urban than rural settings. Also, scores on the dimensions interpersonal and adaptability differed by gender. Additionally, the need for future research and development of Social and Emotional Learning programs in schools is discussed.
Bar-On, R. (1997). The BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Technical manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On Model of Emotional-Social Intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18(Special Issue), 13-25.
Bar-On, R. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integral part of positive psychology. South African Journal of Psychology, 40(1), 54-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124631004000106
Bar-On, R., & Parker, J. (2000). BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (BarOn EQi:YV), Technical Manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
Bértola, L., Prados, L., & Williamson, J. G. (2010). Latin American inequality in the long run. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History, 28(2), 219-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0212610910000054
Brackett, M., Rivers, S. E., & Salovey, P. (2011). Emotional intelligence: Implications for personal, social, academic, and workplace success. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 88-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00334.x
Brackett, M., & Salovey, P. (2006). Measuring emotional intelligence with the Mayer-Salovery-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). Psicothema, 18(Special Issue), 34-41.
Cerón, D. M., Pérez-Olmos, I., & Ibáñez, M. (2011). Inteligencia emocional en adolescentes de dos colegios de Bogotá. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 40, 49-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60104-9
Cherniss, C. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(2), 110-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01231.x
Conway, M. (2000). On sex roles and representation of emotional experience: Masculinity, femininity and emotional awareness. Sex Roles, 43(9-10), 687-698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007156608823
Duffel, J. C., Beland, K., & Frey, K. (2006). The second step program: Social-emotional skills for violence prevention. In J. J. Elias & H. Arnold (Eds.), The educator’s guide to emotional intelligence and academic achievement: Emotional learning in the classroom (pp. 161-171). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x
Esteves, R. (2012). The quest for equity in Latin America: A comparative analysis of the health care reforms in Brazil and Colombia. International Journal for Equity in Health, 11(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-6
Extremera, N., Ruiz-Aranda, D., Pineda, C., & Salguero, J. M. (2011). Emotional intelligence and its relation with hedonic and eudaimonic well-being: A prospective study. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 11-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.029
Ferrándiz, C., Hernández, D., Bermejo, R., Ferrando, M., & Sáinz, M. (2012). Social and emotional intelligence in childhood and adolescence: Spanish validation of a measurement instrument. Journal of Psychodidactics, 17(2), 309-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/Rev.Psicodidact.2814
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 54-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017286
Kun, B., Urbán, R., Paksi, B., Csóbor, L. V., Oláh, A., & Demetrovics, Z. (2012). Psychometric characteristics of the Emotional Quotient Inventory, Youth Version, Short Form, in Hungarian high school students. Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 518-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026013
MacCann, C. (2010). Further examination of emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence: A latent variable analysis of fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 490-496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.010
MacCann, C., Fogarty, G. J., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. D. (2011). Coping mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and academic achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36(1), 60-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031
Magnusson, E., & Marecek, J. (2012). Gender and culture in psychology: Theories and practices. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2000). Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) item blocket. Research version. Toronto, Canada: MHS Publishers.
McEwan, P. J. (2008). Evaluating multigrade school reform in Latin America. Comparative Education, 44(4), 465-483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050060802481504
Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2008). Positive psychology and character strengths: Application to strengths-based school counseling. Professional School Counseling, 12(2), 85-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5330/PSC.n.2010-12.85
Pekrun, R., Elliot, A. J., & Maier, M. A. (2009). Achievement goals and achievement emotions: Testing a model of their joint relations with academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(1), 115-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013383
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15(6), 425-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.416
Petrides, K. V., Sangareau, Y., Furnham, A., & Frederickson, N. (2006). Trait emotional intelligence and children’s peer relations at school. Social Development, 15, 537-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00355.x
Petrides, K. V., Vernon, P. A., Schermer, J. A., Lightart, L., Boomsma, D. I., & Veselka, L. (2010). Relationships between trait emotional intelligence and the Big Five in the Netherlands. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(8), 906-910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.019
Qualter, P., Whiteley, H., Hutchinson, J., & Pope, D. (2007). Supporting the development of emotional intelligence competencies to ease the transition from primary to high school. Educational Psychology in Practice, 23(1), 79-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02667360601154584
Richards, A., Ospina-Duque, J., Barrera-Valencia, M., Escobar-Rincón, J., Ardila-Gutiérrez, M., Metzler, T., & Marmar, C. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression symptoms, and psychosocial treatment needs in Colombians internally displaced by armed conflict: A mixed-method evaluation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(4), 384-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022257
Rimisp - Centro Latinoamericano para el Desarrollo Rural. (2012). Poverty and inequality (Latin American Report 2011. Summary). Santiago, Chile: Author.
Saadi, Z. E., Honarmand, M. M., Najarian, B., Ahadi, H., & Askari, P. (2012). Evaluation of the effect of emotional intelligence training on reducing aggression in second year high school female students. Journal of American Science, 8(5), 209-212.
Saklofske, D. H., Austin, E. J., Mastoras, S. M., Beaton, L., & Osborne, S. E. (2012). Relationships of personality, affect, emotional intelligence and coping with student stress and academic success: Different patterns of association for stress and success. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(2), 251-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.02.010
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
Santesso, D. L., Reker, D. L., Schmidt, L. A., & Segalowitz, S. J. (2006). Frontal electroencephalogram activation asymmetry, emotional intelligence, and externalizing behaviors in 10-year-old children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 36(3), 311- 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-005-0005-2
Seligman, M. E. P., Ernst, R. M., Guillham, J., Reivich, K., & Linkins, M. (2009). Positive education: Positive psychology and classroom interventions. Oxford Review of Education, 35(3), 293-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03054980902934563
Stelmach, B. L. (2011). A synthesis of international rural education issues and responses. The Rural Educator, 32(2), 32-42.
Stough, C., Saklofske, D. H., & Parker, J. (2009). Assessing emotional intelligence: Theory, research, and applications. New York, USA: Springer.
Torche, F. (2010). Economic crisis and inequality of educational opportunity in Latin America. Sociology of Education, 83(2), 85-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038040710367935
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2005). Education for All. The Quality Imperative. Paris: Author.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2011). The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education. Paris: Author.
Valsiner, J. (2012). The Oxford handbook of culture and psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Whitfield, L. (2012). How countries become rich and reduce poverty: A review of heterodox explanations of economic development. Development Policy Review, 30(3), 239-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00575.x
Zeidner, M., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R. D. (2012). The emotional intelligence, health, and well-being nexus: What have we learned and what have we missed? Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 4(1), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2011.01062.x
This journal is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. Thus, this work may be reproduced, distributed, and publicly shared in digital format, as long as the names of the authors and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana are acknowledged. Others are allowed to quote, adapt, transform, auto-archive, republish, and create based on this material, for any purpose (even commercial ones), provided the authorship is duly acknowledged, a link to the original work is provided, and it is specified if changes have been made. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana does not hold the rights of published works and the authors are solely responsible for the contents of their works; they keep the moral, intellectual, privacy, and publicity rights. Approving the intervention of the work (review, copy-editing, translation, layout) and the following outreach, are granted through an use license and not through an assignment of rights. This means the journal and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana cannot be held responsible for any ethical malpractice by the authors. As a consequence of the protection granted by the use license, the journal is not required to publish recantations or modify information already published, unless the errata stems from the editorial management process. Publishing contents in this journal does not generate royalties for contributors.