Keywords
depression
asdolescence
risk factors
social support
asdolescence
risk factors
social support
How to Cite
Adolescent Depression: Risk Factors and Social Support as a Protective Factor. (2018). Universitas Psychologica, 17(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-3.dafr
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate a structural equation model, the relation of negative aspects in the neighborhood, school, high-risk peers, self-regulation problems and life events with adolescent depression, as well as the protective role of social support. The subjects were 113 consenting adolescents from a vulnerable sector in a city northwest of Mexico. To measure the study’s variables participants responded to a set of Likert scales which had been validated in the region. Results from the structural equation model indicate that negative aspects in the environment, friends and life events constitute risk factors for depression, which are moderately mitigated by social support. The development of programs which promote social support in vulnerable adolescents is suggested.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th. ed.). Washington, DC: Autor.
Auerbach, R. P., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., Eberhart, N. K., Webb, C. A., & Ho, M. H. (2011). Conceptualizing the prospective relationship between social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(4), 475-487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9479-x
Barcelata, B. E., Durán, C., & Lucio, E. (2012). Valoración subjetiva de los sucesos de vida estresantes en dos grupos de adolescentes de zonas marginadas. Salud Mental, 35(6), 513-520. Recuperado de http://www.revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/1509/1507
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory (2nd. ed.) [Inventario de depresión de Beck (2.a ed.)]. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Benjet, C., Borges, G., Medina-Mora, M. E., Fleiz-Bautista, C., & Zambrano-Ruiz, A. (2004). La depresión con inicio temprano: prevalencia, curso natural y latencia para buscar tratamiento. Salud Pública de México, 46(5), 417-424. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342004000500007
Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino, CA: Mulivariate Software Inc.
Contreras, J. A., Hernández, L., & Freyre, M. A. (2015). Validez de constructo del Inventario de Depresión de Beck II para adolescentes. Terapia Psicológica, 33(3), 195-203. Recuperado de http://teps.cl/index.php/teps/article/view/6/7
Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., & Brown, P. A. (2005). Neighborhood context, personality, and stressful life events as predictors of depression among African American women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.3
Cutrona, C. E., Wallace, G., & Wesner, K. A. (2006). Neighborhood characteristics and depression: An examination of stress processes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(4), 188-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00433.x
Díaz, J., Torres, W., Urrutia, E., Moreno, R., Font, I., & Cardona, M. (2006). Factores psicosociales de la depresión. Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar, 35(3), 1-7. Recuperao de http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0138-65572006000300009
Diez Roux, A. V., & Mair, C. (2010). Neigborhoods and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 125-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x
Dishion, T. J., & Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 189-214. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412
Elovainio, M., Pulkki-Raback, L., Hakulinen, C., Ferrie, J. E., Jokela, M., Hintsanen, M., … Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2015). Childhood and adolescence risk factors and development of depressive symptoms: The 32-year prospective Young Finns follow-up study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-205352
Evans, G., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139(6), 1342-1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031808
Frías, M., López, A. E., & Díaz, S. G. (2003). Predictores de la conducta antisocial juvenil: un modelo ecológico. Estudios de Psicología, 8(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X2003000100003
Galicia, I. X., Sánchez, A., & Robles, F. J. (2013). Self-efficacy in school age adolescents: Its relationship with depression, academic achievement and family relationships. Anales de Psicología, 29(2), 491-500. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.2.124691
Gaxiola, J. C., González, S., & Contreras, Z. (2012). Influencia de la resiliencia, metas y contexto social en el rendimiento académico de bachilleres. Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa, 14(1), 165-181. Recuperado de https://redie.uabc.mx/redie/article/view/306
Gaxiola, J. C., González, S., Domínguez, G. M., & Gaxiola, E. (2013). Autorregulación, metas y rendimiento académico en bachilleres con disposiciones resilientes y no resilientes. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 47(1), 71-82. Recuperado de https://journal.sipsych.org/index.php/IJP/article/viewFile/203/pdf
Gioia, G., Isquith, P., Retzlaff, P. D., & Espy, K. A. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function [BRIEF] in a clinical sample. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 294-257. https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.4.249.13513
González, L. S., & Rivera, S. M. (2016). Efectos del apoyo social, resiliencia y competencia social en el bienestar psicológico de adolescentes de sectores vulnerables,con eventos de vida estresantes. En J. C. Gaxiola & J. Palomar (Eds.), El bienestar psicológico: una mirada desde Latinoamérica (pp. 31-60). México: Editorial Qartuppi.
Goodman, E., Huang, B., Wade, T. J., & Kahn, R. S. (2003). A multilevel analysis of the relation of socio-economic status to adolescent depressive symptoms: Does school context matter? Journal of Pediatrics, 143, 451-456. https://doi.org/10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00456-6
Hankin, B. L. (2015). Depression from childhood through adolescence: Risk mechanisms across multiple systems and levels for analysis. Current Opinion in Psychology, 4, 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.003
Heredia, M. C., Lucio, E. , & Suárez de la Cruz, L. E. (2011). Depresión y sucesos de vida estresantes en adolescentes. Revista Latinoamericana de Medicina Conductual, 1(2), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.5461/rlmc.v1.i2.20704
Huston, A. C., & Bentley, A. C. (2010). Human development in societal context. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 411-437. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100442
Kindt, K. C. M., Kleinjan, M., Janssens, J. M. A., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2015). Cross-lagged associations between adolescents’ depressive symptoms and negative cognitive style: The role of negative life events. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 2141-2153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0308-y
La Greca, A. M., & Harrison, H. M. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Do they predict social anxiety and depression? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 49-61. https://doi.org/ 10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_5
Lowe, G. A., Lipps, G., Gibson, R. C., Halliday, S., Morris, A., Clarke, N., & Wilson, R. N. (2014). Neighbourhood factors and depression among adolescents in four Caribbean countries. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e95538. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095538
Lucio, E., León, I., Durán, C., Bravo, E., & Velasco, E. (2001). Los sucesos de vida en dos grupos de adolescentes de diferente nivel socioeconómico. Salud Mental, 24(5), 17-24. Recuperado de http://www.revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/872/870
Lucio, R., Rapp-Paglicci, L., & Rowe, W. (2011). Developing an additive risk model for predicting academic index: School factors and academic achievement. Journal of Child Adolescence and Social Work, 28(2), 153-173. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10560-010-0222-9
Mair, C., Kaplan, G. A., & Everson-Rose, S. A. (2012). Are there hopeless neighborhoods? An exploration of environmental associations between individual-level feelings of hopelessness and neighborhood characteristics. Health and Place, 18(2), 434-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.12.012
Nieva, V. F., & Sorra, J. (2003). Safety culture assessment: A tool for improving patient safety in healthcare organizations. Quality Safe Health Care, 12(Suppl. 2), ii17-ii23. https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.12.suppl_2.ii17
Raffaelli, M., Andrade, F., Wiley, A. R., Sanchez-Armass, O., Edwards, L. L., & Aradillas-Garcia, C. (2013). Stress, social support, and depression: A test of the stress-buffering hypothesis in a Mexican sample. Journal Research Adolescence, 23, 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12006
Ramírez, P., & Hernández, E. (2012). Resiliencia familiar, depresión y ansiedad en adolescentes en situación de pobreza. Revista de Enfermería del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 20(2), 63-70. Recuperado de http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/enfermeriaimss/eim-2012/eim122b.pdf
Restrepo, C., Vinaccia, S., & Quiceno, M. (2011). Resiliencia y depresión: un estudio exploratorio desde la calidad de vida en la adolescencia. Suma Psicológica, 18(2), 41-48. Recuperado de http://publicaciones.konradlorenz.edu.co/index.php/sumapsi/article/view/594
Reynolds, A. D., & Crea, T. M. (2015). Peer influence processes for youth delinquency and depression. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 83-95. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.013
Rosenquist, J. N., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2011). Social network determinants of depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(3), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.13
Ruiz, M. A., Pardo, A., & San Martín, R. (2010). Modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Papeles del Psicólogo, 31(1), 34-45. Recuperado de http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/pdf/1794.pdf
Secretaría de Educación Pública. (2014). Resultado prueba ENLACE 2014. Sonora. Último grado del bachillerato. Recuperado de http://www.enlace.sep.gob.mx/content/ms/docs/2014/historico/26_EMedia_2014.pdf
Torres, M., & Ruiz, A. (2013). Habilidades de resiliencia en estudiantes de educación media superior del Estado de México. En J. C. Gaxiola & J. Palomar (Coords.), Estudios de Resiliencia en América Latina (Vol. 2, pp. 53-69). México: Pearson.
Verbeek, T., Bockting, C. L. H., Beijers, C., Meijer, J. L., Van Pampus, M., & Burger, H. (2015). Low socio-economic position increases the adverse effect of negative life events on anxiety and depression during pregnancy. European Psychiatry, 30(Suppl. 1), 742. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(15)30588-5
Veytia-López, M., González-Arratia, N. I., Andrade-Palos, P., & Oudhof, H. (2012). Depresión en adolescentes: el papel de los sucesos vitales estresantes. Salud Mental, 35(1), 37-40. Recuperado de http://www.revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/1453/1451
Villalobos-Cano, A. (2009). Desarrollo de una medida de resiliencia para establecer el perfil psicosocial de los adolescentes resilientes que permita poner a prueba el modelo explicativo de resiliencia basado en variables psicosociales (Tesis de maestría inédita). Universidad de Costa Rica, San José de Costa Rica. Recuperado de http://www.binasss.sa.cr/bibliotecas/bhp/textos/tesis11.pdf
Wagner, F. A., González-Forteza, C., Sánchez-García, S., García-Peña, C., & Gallo, J. J. (2012). Enfocando la depresión como un problema de salud pública en México. Salud Mental, 35(1), 3-11. Recuperado de http://www.revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/1449/1447
Auerbach, R. P., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., Eberhart, N. K., Webb, C. A., & Ho, M. H. (2011). Conceptualizing the prospective relationship between social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(4), 475-487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9479-x
Barcelata, B. E., Durán, C., & Lucio, E. (2012). Valoración subjetiva de los sucesos de vida estresantes en dos grupos de adolescentes de zonas marginadas. Salud Mental, 35(6), 513-520. Recuperado de http://www.revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/1509/1507
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory (2nd. ed.) [Inventario de depresión de Beck (2.a ed.)]. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Benjet, C., Borges, G., Medina-Mora, M. E., Fleiz-Bautista, C., & Zambrano-Ruiz, A. (2004). La depresión con inicio temprano: prevalencia, curso natural y latencia para buscar tratamiento. Salud Pública de México, 46(5), 417-424. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342004000500007
Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino, CA: Mulivariate Software Inc.
Contreras, J. A., Hernández, L., & Freyre, M. A. (2015). Validez de constructo del Inventario de Depresión de Beck II para adolescentes. Terapia Psicológica, 33(3), 195-203. Recuperado de http://teps.cl/index.php/teps/article/view/6/7
Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., & Brown, P. A. (2005). Neighborhood context, personality, and stressful life events as predictors of depression among African American women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.3
Cutrona, C. E., Wallace, G., & Wesner, K. A. (2006). Neighborhood characteristics and depression: An examination of stress processes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(4), 188-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00433.x
Díaz, J., Torres, W., Urrutia, E., Moreno, R., Font, I., & Cardona, M. (2006). Factores psicosociales de la depresión. Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar, 35(3), 1-7. Recuperao de http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0138-65572006000300009
Diez Roux, A. V., & Mair, C. (2010). Neigborhoods and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 125-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x
Dishion, T. J., & Tipsord, J. M. (2011). Peer contagion in child and adolescent social and emotional development. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 189-214. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100412
Elovainio, M., Pulkki-Raback, L., Hakulinen, C., Ferrie, J. E., Jokela, M., Hintsanen, M., … Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2015). Childhood and adolescence risk factors and development of depressive symptoms: The 32-year prospective Young Finns follow-up study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-205352
Evans, G., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139(6), 1342-1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031808
Frías, M., López, A. E., & Díaz, S. G. (2003). Predictores de la conducta antisocial juvenil: un modelo ecológico. Estudios de Psicología, 8(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X2003000100003
Galicia, I. X., Sánchez, A., & Robles, F. J. (2013). Self-efficacy in school age adolescents: Its relationship with depression, academic achievement and family relationships. Anales de Psicología, 29(2), 491-500. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.2.124691
Gaxiola, J. C., González, S., & Contreras, Z. (2012). Influencia de la resiliencia, metas y contexto social en el rendimiento académico de bachilleres. Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa, 14(1), 165-181. Recuperado de https://redie.uabc.mx/redie/article/view/306
Gaxiola, J. C., González, S., Domínguez, G. M., & Gaxiola, E. (2013). Autorregulación, metas y rendimiento académico en bachilleres con disposiciones resilientes y no resilientes. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 47(1), 71-82. Recuperado de https://journal.sipsych.org/index.php/IJP/article/viewFile/203/pdf
Gioia, G., Isquith, P., Retzlaff, P. D., & Espy, K. A. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function [BRIEF] in a clinical sample. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 294-257. https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.4.249.13513
González, L. S., & Rivera, S. M. (2016). Efectos del apoyo social, resiliencia y competencia social en el bienestar psicológico de adolescentes de sectores vulnerables,con eventos de vida estresantes. En J. C. Gaxiola & J. Palomar (Eds.), El bienestar psicológico: una mirada desde Latinoamérica (pp. 31-60). México: Editorial Qartuppi.
Goodman, E., Huang, B., Wade, T. J., & Kahn, R. S. (2003). A multilevel analysis of the relation of socio-economic status to adolescent depressive symptoms: Does school context matter? Journal of Pediatrics, 143, 451-456. https://doi.org/10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00456-6
Hankin, B. L. (2015). Depression from childhood through adolescence: Risk mechanisms across multiple systems and levels for analysis. Current Opinion in Psychology, 4, 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.003
Heredia, M. C., Lucio, E. , & Suárez de la Cruz, L. E. (2011). Depresión y sucesos de vida estresantes en adolescentes. Revista Latinoamericana de Medicina Conductual, 1(2), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.5461/rlmc.v1.i2.20704
Huston, A. C., & Bentley, A. C. (2010). Human development in societal context. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 411-437. https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100442
Kindt, K. C. M., Kleinjan, M., Janssens, J. M. A., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2015). Cross-lagged associations between adolescents’ depressive symptoms and negative cognitive style: The role of negative life events. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 2141-2153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0308-y
La Greca, A. M., & Harrison, H. M. (2005). Adolescent peer relations, friendships, and romantic relationships: Do they predict social anxiety and depression? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(1), 49-61. https://doi.org/ 10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_5
Lowe, G. A., Lipps, G., Gibson, R. C., Halliday, S., Morris, A., Clarke, N., & Wilson, R. N. (2014). Neighbourhood factors and depression among adolescents in four Caribbean countries. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e95538. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095538
Lucio, E., León, I., Durán, C., Bravo, E., & Velasco, E. (2001). Los sucesos de vida en dos grupos de adolescentes de diferente nivel socioeconómico. Salud Mental, 24(5), 17-24. Recuperado de http://www.revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/872/870
Lucio, R., Rapp-Paglicci, L., & Rowe, W. (2011). Developing an additive risk model for predicting academic index: School factors and academic achievement. Journal of Child Adolescence and Social Work, 28(2), 153-173. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10560-010-0222-9
Mair, C., Kaplan, G. A., & Everson-Rose, S. A. (2012). Are there hopeless neighborhoods? An exploration of environmental associations between individual-level feelings of hopelessness and neighborhood characteristics. Health and Place, 18(2), 434-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.12.012
Nieva, V. F., & Sorra, J. (2003). Safety culture assessment: A tool for improving patient safety in healthcare organizations. Quality Safe Health Care, 12(Suppl. 2), ii17-ii23. https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.12.suppl_2.ii17
Raffaelli, M., Andrade, F., Wiley, A. R., Sanchez-Armass, O., Edwards, L. L., & Aradillas-Garcia, C. (2013). Stress, social support, and depression: A test of the stress-buffering hypothesis in a Mexican sample. Journal Research Adolescence, 23, 283-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12006
Ramírez, P., & Hernández, E. (2012). Resiliencia familiar, depresión y ansiedad en adolescentes en situación de pobreza. Revista de Enfermería del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 20(2), 63-70. Recuperado de http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/enfermeriaimss/eim-2012/eim122b.pdf
Restrepo, C., Vinaccia, S., & Quiceno, M. (2011). Resiliencia y depresión: un estudio exploratorio desde la calidad de vida en la adolescencia. Suma Psicológica, 18(2), 41-48. Recuperado de http://publicaciones.konradlorenz.edu.co/index.php/sumapsi/article/view/594
Reynolds, A. D., & Crea, T. M. (2015). Peer influence processes for youth delinquency and depression. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 83-95. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.013
Rosenquist, J. N., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2011). Social network determinants of depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(3), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.13
Ruiz, M. A., Pardo, A., & San Martín, R. (2010). Modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Papeles del Psicólogo, 31(1), 34-45. Recuperado de http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/pdf/1794.pdf
Secretaría de Educación Pública. (2014). Resultado prueba ENLACE 2014. Sonora. Último grado del bachillerato. Recuperado de http://www.enlace.sep.gob.mx/content/ms/docs/2014/historico/26_EMedia_2014.pdf
Torres, M., & Ruiz, A. (2013). Habilidades de resiliencia en estudiantes de educación media superior del Estado de México. En J. C. Gaxiola & J. Palomar (Coords.), Estudios de Resiliencia en América Latina (Vol. 2, pp. 53-69). México: Pearson.
Verbeek, T., Bockting, C. L. H., Beijers, C., Meijer, J. L., Van Pampus, M., & Burger, H. (2015). Low socio-economic position increases the adverse effect of negative life events on anxiety and depression during pregnancy. European Psychiatry, 30(Suppl. 1), 742. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(15)30588-5
Veytia-López, M., González-Arratia, N. I., Andrade-Palos, P., & Oudhof, H. (2012). Depresión en adolescentes: el papel de los sucesos vitales estresantes. Salud Mental, 35(1), 37-40. Recuperado de http://www.revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/1453/1451
Villalobos-Cano, A. (2009). Desarrollo de una medida de resiliencia para establecer el perfil psicosocial de los adolescentes resilientes que permita poner a prueba el modelo explicativo de resiliencia basado en variables psicosociales (Tesis de maestría inédita). Universidad de Costa Rica, San José de Costa Rica. Recuperado de http://www.binasss.sa.cr/bibliotecas/bhp/textos/tesis11.pdf
Wagner, F. A., González-Forteza, C., Sánchez-García, S., García-Peña, C., & Gallo, J. J. (2012). Enfocando la depresión como un problema de salud pública en México. Salud Mental, 35(1), 3-11. Recuperado de http://www.revistasaludmental.mx/index.php/salud_mental/article/view/1449/1447
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