Abstract
This study analyzes how relational stress, derived from differences in norms and values between partners, affects subjective well-being, conflict, and relationship satisfaction. Three psychological resources—flexibility, tolerance, and adaptability—were evaluated as protective factors in individuals at different stages of the relationship cycle (beginning and maintenance) using path models. Results show that stress negatively impacts well-being and increases conflict, especially during the maintenance phase. In contrast, tolerance and adaptability help reduce negative emotions, improve coexistence, and enhance satisfaction by facilitating adjustment and mutual understanding. These skills allow couples to better navigate the challenges of shared life. In the early stage of the relationship, stress has a lesser impact due to the heightened positive emotional intensity typical of this phase.
Ahn, A. J., Kim, B. S. K., & Park, Y. S. (2008). Asian cultural values gap, cognitive flexibility, coping strategies, and parent-child conflicts among Korean Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.4.353
Andrade-Palos, P., Pick de Weiss, S., & Díaz-Loving, R. (1988). Indicadores de la satisfacción marital. En AMEPSO (Eds.), La Psicología Social en México (pp. 167-171). Asociación Mexicana de Psicología.
Ardila, A., Arocho-Llantín, J. L., Labos, E., & Rodríguez-Irizarry, W. (2015). Diccionario de Neuropsicología. https://aalfredoardila.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/diccionario-de-neuropsicologc3ada-1ra-ed.pdf
Armenta-Hurtarte, C., & Díaz-Loving, R. (2008). Comunicación y Satisfacción: Analizando la Interacción de Pareja. Psicología Iberoamericana, 16(1), 23-27.
Arnaldo-Ocadiz, O. Y. (2001). Construcción y validación de un instrumento de conflicto para parejas mexicanas [Tesis inédita de licenciatura, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]. TESIUNAM. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14330/TES01000298686
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1974). Aprendizaje social y desarrollo de la personalidad. Alianza Editorial.
Barak, T., & Loewenstein, Y. (2025). Two pathways to resolve relational inconsistencies. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 30738. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16135-w
Barragán, M. (1976). Interacciones entre desarrollo individual y desarrollo familiar. Revista Mexicana de Psiquiatría Infantil, 1, 174-206.
Barrera-Herrera, A., Neira-Cofré, M., Raipán-Gómez, P., Riquelme-Lobos, P., & Escobar-Alaniz, B. (2019). Apoyo social percibido y factores sociodemográficos en relación con los síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y estrés en universitarios chilenos. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 24(2), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.23676
Bécotte, K., Brassard, A., Brault-Labbé, A., Gagné, A.-L., & Péloquin, K. (2023). Positive relationship adaptation of couples transitioning to parenthood: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Family Relations, 72(4), 2251-2269. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12792
Bell, A. S., Rajendran, D., & Theiler, S. (2012). Job stress, wellbeing, work-life balance and work-life conflict among Australian academics. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 8(1), 25-37. https://doi.org/10.7790/ejap.v8i1.320
Bellinger, L., & Hillman, A. J. (2000). Does Tolerance Lead to Better Partnering?: The Relationship between Diversity Management and M&A Success. Business & Society, 39(3), 323-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/000765030003900305
Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (Eds.). (2002). Navigating social–ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press.
Bravo-Doddoli, A., & Sánchez-Aragón, R. (2022). El estrés en el contexto de la pareja: Diseño y validación de una escala para mexicanos. Psicología Iberoamericana, 30(1), e301429. https://doi.org/10.48102/pi.v30i1.429
Bravo-Doddoli, A., & Sánchez-Aragón, R. (2024). Flexibilidad, Tolerancia y Adaptabilidad a la pareja: Creación y Validación de sus Medidas. Revista del Centro de Investigación de la Universidad la Salle, 16(61), 19-56. https://doi.org/10.26457/recein.v16i61.3261
Candel, O.-S. (2023). Sense of Relational Entitlement and Couple Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Couple Negotiation Tactics. Behavioral Sciences, 13(6), 467. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13060467
Cooper, A. N., May, R. W., & Fincham, F. D. (2019). Stress Spillover and Crossover in Couple Relationships: Integrating Religious Beliefs and Prayer. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 11(2), 289-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12330
Cooper, C. L., & Quick, J. C. (2017). The Handbook of Stress and Health: A Guide to Research and Practice. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118993811
Daks, J. S., & Rogge, R. D. (2020). Examining the Correlates of Psychological Flexibility in Romantic Relationship and Family Dynamics: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18, 214-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.010
Díaz-Loving, R., & Sánchez-Aragón, R. (2002). Psicología del amor: Una visión integral de la relación de pareja. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Psicología.
Díaz-Loving, R., & Sánchez-Aragón, R. (2020). Psicología del amor: Una visión integral de pareja. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Grupo editorial Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
Díaz-Loving, R. (2019). Ethnopsychology: Pieces from the Mexican Research Gallery. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26604-2
Diener, E. (2009). The science of well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener. Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6
Duvall, E. M. (1977). Marriage and Family Development. Lippincott.
Etxeberria-Mauleón, X. (1997). Perspectivas de la tolerancia. Universidad de Deusto.
Eşiyok, V. S., & Esen, B. K. (2017). The investigation of the university students according to gender and cognitive flexibility of level romantic relationship beliefs. European Journal of Education Studies, 3(3), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.268649
Falconier, M. K., Randall, A. K., & Bodenmann, G. (Eds.). (2016). Couples Coping with Stress: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315644394
Fatima, N., Masood, D. S., Ahmad, M., & Bukhari, S. (2019). Translation and Adaptation of Tolerance for Disagreement Scale among Pakistani Married Couples. Foundation University Journal of Psychology, 3(1), 56–79. https://doi.org/10.33897/fujp.v3i1.29
Feeney, J. A., & Karantzas, G. C. (2017). Couple conflict: Insights from an attachment perspective. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 60-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.017
Flores-Galaz, M. M. (2011). Comunicación y conflicto: ¿Qué tanto impactan en la satisfacción marital? Acta de investigación psicológica, 1(2), 216-232. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2007-48322011000200003&lng=es&tlng=es
Flórez-Rodríguez, Y. N., & Sánchez-Aragón, R. (2021). Satisfacción con la relación: Contribuciones del humor, optimismo y resiliencia. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 24(2), 698-718. http://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/79788
Genc, E., & Baptist, J. (2020). Muslim Couples: The Effects of Perceived Religion-Based Discrimination on Relationship Satisfaction. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 14(2), 87-107. https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0014.204
Genç, E., & Su, Y. (2022). Black and White Couples: Exploring the Role of Religiosity on Perceived Racial Discrimination and Relationship Satisfaction. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 50(5), 533-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2021.1958269
González-Colín, B., Valdez-Medina, J. L., González, N. I., López-Fuentes, A., & González-Escobar, S. (2015). Estrategias de conservación de la pareja: Un análisis por sexo. Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala, 17(1), 1-24. https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/repi/article/view/46870
Granillo-Velasco, A. D., Zepeda-Goncen, G. D., & Sánchez-Aragón, R. (2024). Evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de satisfacción con la vida, experiencia positiva y negativa, y prosperidad en población mexicana. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 27(2), 35–56. https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2024.27.2.3
Granillo-Velasco, L., & Sánchez-Aragón, R. (2019). Tolerancia hacia la pareja: Creación de una prueba. En Memorias del 3er Congreso Internacional de Psicología (pp. 49-51). Facultad de Estudios Superiores de Zaragoza, UNAM.
Heavey, C. L., Christensen, A., & Malamuth, N. M. (1995). The longitudinal impact of demand and withdrawal during marital conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(5), 797-801. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.63.5.797
Hernández-Sampieri, R., Fernández-Collado, C., & Baptista-Lucio, P. (2018). Metodología de la investigación (6th ed.). Mc Graw Hill Education.
Hill, E. J., Allsop, D. B., LeBaron, A. B., & Bean, R. A. (2017). How do money, sex, and stress influence marital instability? Journal of Financial Therapy, 8(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.4148/1944-9771.1135
Houseinzade, Z., Ghorban-Shirodi, S., Khalatbari, J., & Rahmani, M. A. (2020). The effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy on couple’s functional flexibility and distress tolerance. Journal of Applied Family Therapy, 1(3), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.aftj.1.3.3
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
IBM Corp. (2019a). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 26.0) [Computer software]. IBM Corp. https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics
IBM Corp. (2019b). IBM SPSS Amos (Version 26.0) [Computer software]. IBM Corp. https://www.ibm.com/products/structural-equation-modeling-sem
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed). The Guilford Press.
Krokoff, L. J., Gottman, J. M., & Roy, A. K. (1988). Blue-collar and white-collar marital interaction and communication orientation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 5(2), 201-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/026540758800500205
Lau, K. (2013). The role of cognitive flexibility in acculturation and bicultural stress among Chinese American adults (Publication no. 3517364) [Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University]. ProQuest Information & Learning. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/role-cognitive-flexibility-acculturation/docview/1032561781/se-2?accountid=13250
Leikin, R. (2013). Evaluating mathematical creativity: The interplay between multiplicity and insight. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling, 55(4), 385-400. https://www.psychologie-aktuell.com/fileadmin/download/ptam/4-2013_20131217/04_Leikin.pdf
Lemus-Hidalgo, R. (2001). Concepto de matrimonio, intimidad y características de masculinidad-feminidad a través del ciclo vital de la pareja (Publicación no. 297820) [Tesis inédita de maestría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]. TESIUNAM. https://tesiunamdocumentos.dgb.unam.mx/pd2001/297820/Index.html
Lino, M., & Hashim, I. H. M. (2020). Cultural tolerance, positive relationships and well-being in Malaysian multicultural communities. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 16(4), 235-249. https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2020-1604-17
Linzán-Meza, E. P., & Meza-Intriago, H. A. (2021). Estrés laboral: Afectaciones en las familias del personal sanitario del Centro de Salud Santa Ana. MIKARIMIN Revista Multidisciplinaria, 7, 135-146. https://revista.uniandes.edu.ec/ojs/index.php/mikarimin/article/view/2585
Miranda, A. O., Estrada, D., & Firpo-Jiménez, M. (2010). Differences in Family Cohesion, Adaptability, and Environment among Latino Families in Dissimilar Stages of Acculturation: The Family Journal, 8(4), 341-350. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480700084003
Mitchell, R. E., & Moos, R. H. (1984). Deficiencies in social support among depressed patients: Antecedents or consequences of stress? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25(4), 438-452. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136381
Mosmann, C., & Wagner, A. (2008). Dimensiones de la conyugalidad y de la parentalidad: Un modelo correlacional. Revista Intercontinental de Psicología y Educación, 10(2), 79-103.
Neff, L. A., & Karney, B. R. (2017). Acknowledging the elephant in the room: How stressful environmental contexts shape relationship dynamics. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 107-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.013
Ng, W., Diener, E., Aurora, R., & Harter, J. (2009). Affluence, Feelings of Stress, and Well-being. Social Indicators Research, 94, 257-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9422-5
Okur, S., Ümmet, D., Satıcı, S. A., & Kütük, H. (2025). Relations among family communication, cognitive flexibility, and happiness in Turkish adults: A longitudinal mediation model. Current Psychology, 44, 1467–1477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-07224-6
Olson, D. H., Russell, C. S., & Sprenkle, D. H. (1983). Circumplex Model of marital and family systems: VI. Theoretical update. Family Process, 22(1), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1983.00069.x
Overall, N. C., & McNulty, J. K. (2017). What type of communication during conflict is beneficial for intimate relationships? Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.002
Palomar-Lever, J. (2017). Factores protectores y de riesgo que influyen en el bienestar subjetivo y económico de migrantes latinos en Boston, Estados Unidos. Enseñanza e Investigación en Psicología, 22(1), 86-102.
Patiño, C., & Kirchner, T. (2009). Stress and psychopathology in latin-american immigrants: The role of coping strategies. Psychopathology, 43(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1159/000255959
Paukert, A. L., Pettit, J. W., Perez, M., & Walker, R. L. (2006). Affective and Attributional Features of Acculturative Stress Among Ethnic Minority College Students. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 140(5), 405-419. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.140.5.405-419
Perez, J. C., & Karney, B. R. (2025). Chapter 20: Financial strain and couple relationships: Acknowledging the material challenges of couples living with low socioeconomic status. En Nickola. Overall, J. Simpson, & J. Lavner (Eds.), Research Handbook on Couple and Family Relationships (pp. 298-313). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035309269.00030
Ponce-Rosas, E. R., Gómez-Clavelina, F. J., Terán-Trillo, M., Irigoyen-Coria, A. E., & Landgrave-Ibáñez, S. (2002). Validez de constructo del cuestionario FACES III en español (México). Atención primaria, 30(10), 624-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0212-6567(02)79124-5
Quiroz-Soto, R. E. (2016). Relación de satisfacción marital con inteligencia emocional en cónyuges adventistas del séptimo día del “Distrito Misionero de Lurin“. Revista Muro de la Investigación, 1(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.17162/rmi.v1i1.774
Quittner, A. L., Espelage, D. L., Opipari, L. C., Carter, B., Eid, N., & Eigen, H. (1998). Role strain in couples with and without a child with a chronic illness: Associations with marital satisfaction, intimacy, and daily mood. Health Psychology, 17(2), 112-124. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.17.2.112
Rage-Atala, E. (1996). La Pareja: Elección, Problemática y Desarrollo. Universidad Iberoamericana.
Rusu, P. P., Nussbeck, F. W., Leuchtmann, L., & Bodenmann, G. (2020). Stress, dyadic coping, and relationship satisfaction: A longitudinal study disentangling timely stable from yearly fluctuations. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0231133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231133
Sánchez-Aragón, R. (1995). El amor y la cercanía en la satisfacción de pareja a través del ciclo de vida (Publicación no. 0196629) [Tesis inédita de maestría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]. TESIUNAM. https://tesiunam.dgb.unam.mx:443/F/6CK8H7NIG9GJ54QJEV3AMCHYAIXPU3LYH5CV2L9C8JT36S2EGI-39432?func=service&doc_library=TES01&doc_number=000230150&line_number=0001&func_code=WEB-FULL&service_type=MEDIA%22
Sánchez-Aragón, R. (2007). Pasión Romántica: Más allá de la intuición, una ciencia del amor. Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
Sánchez-Aragón, R. (2013). Comunicación Emocional, Cercanía y Satisfacción en las Relaciones Amorosas. En A. García, J Wilson & F. Nogueira (Eds.), Relacionamento Interpessoal, Temas contemporáneos (pp. 33-43). CIPRI/UFES.
Sánchez-Aragón, R. (2018). Afectividad y Co-Regulación en la Pareja: Validación de un Inventario y Cambios a través del Ciclo Vital. Revista Psicologia e Educação On-Line, 1(1), 58-69.
Sánchez-Azcona, J. (2008). Familia y sociedad. Editorial Porrúa.
Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). Intolerance of Uncertainty and Mental Wellbeing: Serial Mediation by Rumination and Fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 2731-2742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0
Shrout, M. R. (2021). The health consequences of stress in couples: A review and new integrated Dyadic Biobehavioral Stress Model. Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health, 16, 100328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100328
Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Phillips, D. (1996). Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(5), 899-914. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.5.899
Sirvent-Ruiz, C. (2011). Fidelidad y compromiso en la relación de pareja: El trinomio fidelidad, compromiso y monogamia. Norte de Salud Mental, 9(40), 57-71. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4830504
Story, L. B., & Bradbury, T. N. (2004). Understanding marriage and stress: Essential questions and challenges. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(8), 1139-1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2003.10.002
SurveyMonkey. (2022). SurveyMonkey [Computer software]. Momentive Inc. https://www.surveymonkey.com
Swensen, C. H., & Trahaug, G. (1985). Commitment and the Long-Term Marriage Relationship. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 47(4), 939-945. https://doi.org/10.2307/352337
Timmons, A. C., Arbel, R., & Margolin, G. (2017). Daily patterns of stress and conflict in couples: Associations with marital aggression and family-of-origin aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(1), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000227
Umberson, D., Thomeer, M. B., Kroeger, R. A., Lodge, A. C., & Xu, M. (2015). Challenges and Opportunities for Research on Same-Sex Relationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 77(1), 96-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12155
Verkuyten, M., & Killen, M. (2021). Tolerance, Dissenting Beliefs, and Cultural Diversity. Child Development Perspectives, 15(1), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12399
Willi, J. (1993). La pareja humana: Relación y conflicto. Ediciones Morata.
Wood, J. V., Saltzberg, J. A., & Goldsamt, L. A. (1990). Does affect induce self-focused attention? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), 899-908. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.58.5.899

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andrea Bravo-Doddoli


