Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been associated with difficulties in recognizing emotions from nonverbal cues, such as facial expressions (Barrett et al., 2019). Less is known about linguistic aspects of emotional communication, particularly when prosody and semantics convey incongruent information. Clinical psychology suggests that such incongruences may trigger emotional dysregulation by creating internal conflict without impairing message comprehension (Mitchell, 2006). This study examined how prosody–semantics interaction influences emotion recognition in adolescents with ASD attending mainstream schools. Using an experimental task, participants listened to sentences with congruent or incongruent prosodic–semantic content. Results showed that adolescents with ASD performed similarly to neurotypical peers, with higher accuracy in congruent conditions. These findings indicate that prosody–semantics incongruence can affect emotional regulation and processing. Consistent with the Emotional Dysregulation Hypothesis (Mazefsky & White, 2014), mainstream integration and sustained social interaction may support compensatory strategies to manage conflicting emotional information.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Anwyl-Irvine, A. L., Massonnié, J., Flitton, A., Kirk, N., & Evershed, J. K. (2020). Gorilla in our midst: An online behavioral experiment builder. Behavior Research Methods, 52, 388–407. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01237-x
Atherton, G., Edisbury, E., Piovesan, A., & Cross, L. (2022). Autism through the ages: A mixed methods approach to understanding how age and age of diagnosis affect quality of life. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(8), 3639–3654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05235-x
Ávila-Rincón, C., Benitez-Murillo, J., & Rodríguez-Portillo, S. (2024). Estructura interna y validez del Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test versión niños en una muestra colombiana de estudiantes de secundaria. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 53(3), 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcp.2022.07.002
Barrett, L. F. (2017). The theory of constructed emotion: An active inference account of interoception and categorization. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw154
Barrett, L. F., Adolphs, R., Marsella, S., Martinez, A. M., & Pollak, S. D. (2019). Emotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 20(1), 1–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100619832930
Chen, Q., Chen, Q., Zhai, K., Chen, H.-T., Wu, Y.-L., Liu, J.-M., & Jin, Y. (2024). Inefficient and unique processing of social–emotional interference in school-aged children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1412533. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1412533
Grossman, R. B., Bemis, R. H., Skwerer, D. P., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2010). Lexical and affective prosody in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53(3), 778–793. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0127)
Jack, R. E., Garrod, O. G., & Schyns, P. G. (2014). Dynamic facial expressions of emotion transmit an evolving hierarchy of signals over time. Current Biology, 24(2), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.064
Keating, C. T., & Cook, J. L. (2020). Facial Expression Production and Recognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Shifting Landscape. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America, 29(3), 557–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2020.02.006
Kotz, S. A., & Paulmann, S. (2007). When emotional prosody and semantics dance cheek to cheek: ERP evidence. Brain Research, 1151(1), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.015
Labbé Atenas, T., Ciampi Díaz, E., Venegas Bustos, J., Uribe San-Martín, R., & Cárcamo Rodríguez, C. (2019). Cognición social: Conceptos y bases neurales. Revista chilena de neuro-psiquiatría, 57(4), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92272019000400365
Lartseva, A., Dijkstra, T., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2015). Emotional language processing in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00991
Lin, Y., Ding, H., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Prosody Dominates Over Semantics in Emotion Word Processing: Evidence From Cross-Channel and Cross-Modal Stroop Effects. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR, 63(3), 896–912. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-19-00258
Liu, P., Rigoulot, S., Jiang, X., Zhang, S., & Pell, M. D. (2021). Unattended emotional prosody affects visual processing of facial expressions in Mandarin-speaking Chinese: A comparison with English-speaking Canadians. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(3), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022121990897
López, M. B., & Richaud, M. C. (2020). Estudio de validez y consistencia interna de una versión en español del test “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” y propuesta de una versión breve. Panamerican Journal of Psychology, 14 (1). Retrieved from https://www.cnps.cl/index.php/cnps/article/view/403
Mazefsky, C. A., Herrington, J., Siegel, M., Scarpa, A., Maddox, B. B., Scahill, L., & White, S. W. (2013). The role of emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(7), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.006
Mazefsky, C. A., & White, S. W. (2014). Emotion regulation: Concepts & practice in autism spectrum disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2013.07.002
McCann, J., & Peppé, S. (2003). Prosody in autism spectrum disorders: A critical review. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 38(4), 325–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/1368282031000154204
Mitchell, R. L. C. (2006). How does the brain mediate interpretation of incongruent auditory emotions? European Journal of Neuroscience, 24(12), 3611–3618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05231.x
Orozco-Henao, E. ., Bernardo-Zuluaga, J. & Zuluaga-Arroyave, V. . (2021). Correlación entre cognición social y lenguaje en el trastorno del espectro autista . Búsqueda, 8(2), e546. https://doi.org/10.21892/01239813.546
Paul, R., Orlovski, S. M., Marcinko, H. C., & Volkmar, F. (2009). Conversational behaviors in youth with high-functioning ASD and Asperger syndrome. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 39(1), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0607-1
Paulmann, S., & Pell, M. D. (2010). Contextual influences of emotional speech prosody on face processing: An ERP study. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(4), 638–650. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.10.2.230
Paulmann, S., Bleichner, M., & Kotz, S. A. (2013). Valence, arousal, and task effects in emotional prosody processing. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00345
Pell, M. D., Jaywant, A., Monetta, L., & Kotz, S. A. (2011). Emotional speech processing: Disentangling the effects of prosody and semantic cues. Cognition & Emotion, 25(5), 834–853. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.516915PMC
Pineda-Alhucema, W., Rubio, R., Aristizábal, E. T., & Ossa, J. (2019). Adaptación al español de cuatro instrumentos para evaluar la teoría de la mente en niños y adolescentes. Psicogente, 22(42), 255–281. https://doi.org/10.17081/psico.22.42.3546
Pronina, M., Hübscher, I., Vilà-Giménez, I., & Prieto, P. (2021). Bridging the gap between prosody and pragmatics: The acquisition of pragmatic prosody in the preschool years and its relation with Theory of Mind. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 662124. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662124 PMC
Scherer, K. R., & Moors, A. (2019). The emotion process: Event appraisal and component differentiation. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 719–745. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011854
Solomon, M., Gordon, A., Iosif, A.-M., Geddert, R., Krug, M. K., Mundy, P., & Hessl, D. (2021). Using the NIH Toolbox to assess cognition in adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. Autism Research, 14(3), 500–511. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2399
World Health Organization. (2019). ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics: 6A02 Autism spectrum disorder. https://icd.who.int/ (consulta de la categoría 6A02).
World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
Zhang, M., Xu, S., Chen, Y., Lin, Y., Ding, H., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Recognition of affective prosody in autism spectrum conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autism. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361321995725
Zuluaga, T., Zuluaga, J., & Cuartas, J. (2022). Cognición social y funcionamiento ejecutivo en los trastornos del espectro autista: ¿Qué hace la diferencia? Interdisciplinaria, 39(2), 181-198. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2022.39.2.12

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vannia Olivares-Morales

