Abstract
Existential theory posits that the purpose and meaning of life are unique to the individual and considers humans as phenomenological beings. Insight is crucial for individuals to find purpose and meaning in life and to achieve self-actualization through existential peace and inner comfort. Low insight can lead to difficulties in finding purpose and meaning in life, which can lead to numerous existential problems, particularly existential anxiety. Existential problems are known to be associated with various forms of psychopathology. In this context, the study aimed to investigate the extent to which narcissistic personality traits are shaped by insight, meaning in life, and existential anxiety. The study group consisted of 385 constructs; 37.4 % (144) were male and 62.6 % (241) were female. The Insight Scale, the Meaning in Life Scale, the Existential Anxiety Scale, and the Narcissism subscale of the Dark Triad Scale were used in the study. Analyses were conducted using a serial mediation model using the Process Macro 4.2 (Hayes, 2017) plugin installed in IBM SPSS [Version 25.0] (IBM Corp., 2017). Findings indicated that meaning in life and existential anxiety played a mediating role in the relationship between insight and narcissistic personality traits.
Abeyta, A. A., Routledge, C., & Sedikides, C. (2016). Material meaning: Narcissists gain existential benefits from extrinsic goals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(2), 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616667618
Akdoğan, R., & Türküm, A. S. (2018). Insight scale for nonclinical university students: Validity and reliability analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51(4), 250-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1413941
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5-TR) (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
Astar, M., & Güriş, S. (2019). Statistics with SPSS in scientific research. Der Publications.
Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Heerden, J. (2004). The concept of validity. Psychological review, 111(4), 1061-1071. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.1061
Campbell, W. K., & Foster, J. D. (2007). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies. In C. Sedikides & S. J. Spencer (Eds.), The self (pp. 115–138). Psychology Press.
Campbell, W. K., Rudich, E. A., & Sedikides, C. (2002). Narcissism, self-esteem, and the positivity of self-views: Two portraits of self-love. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 358-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202286007
Carlson, E. N. (2012). Honestly arrogant or simply misunderstood? Narcissists’ awareness of their narcissism. Self and Identity, 12(3), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2012.659427
Carlson, E. N., & DesJardins, N. M. L. (2015). Do mean guys always finish first or just say that they do? Narcissists’ awareness of their social status and popularity over time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(7), 901-917. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215581712
Carlson, E. N., Vazire, S., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2011). You probably think this paper's about you: Narcissists' perceptions of their personality and reputation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 185-201. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023781
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Assocıates, Publıshers.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957
Czyżowska, N., & Gurba, E. (2021). Does reflection on everyday events enhance meaning in life and well-being among emerging adults? Self-efficacy as mediator between meaning in life and well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189714
Dahl, C. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2019). Mindfulness and the contemplative life: Pathways to connection, insight, and purpose. Current opinion in psychology, 28, 60-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.11.007
Demir, Ş., & İkizer, G. (2020). The relationship between existential anxiety and personality, health, and demographic characteristics. Manisa Celal Bayar University Journal of Sosyal Siciences, 18(4), 352-368. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.648986
Demirdağ, S., & Kalafat, S. (2015). The Meaning of Life Questionnaire (MLQ): Adaptation to Turkish, validity and reliability. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.17679/iuefd.16250801
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods, 39(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
Frankl, V. E. (1958). On logotherapy and existential analysis. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 18(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01871876
Frankl, V. E. (1959). The spiritual dimension in existential analysis and logotherapy. Journal of Individual Psychology, 15(2),
Frankl, V. E. (1984). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. Washington Square Press.
Frankl, V. E. (1967). Logotherapy and existentialism. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 4(3), 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087982
Grijalva, E., & Zhang, L. (2015). Narcissism and self-insight: A review and meta-analysis of narcissists’ self-enhancement tendencies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215611636
Harrington, R., & Loffredo, D. A. (2010). Insight, rumination, and self-reflection as predictors of well-being. The Journal of Psychology, 145(1), 39-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2010.528072
Hart, W., Tortoriello, G. K., & Richardson, K. (2018). Narcissists’ perceptions of narcissistic behavior. In Hermann, A. D., Brunell, A. B., Foster, J. D. (Eds.), Handbook of trait narcissism: Key advances, research methods, and controversies. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_30
Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
IBM Corporation. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 25.0) [Computer software]. IBM Corporation. https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
Kernberg, O. F. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. Jason Aronson.
Kesebir, P., & Pyszczynski, T. (2014). Meaning as a buffer for existential anxiety. In A. Batthyany & P. Russo-Netzer (Eds.), Meaning in positive and existential psychology (pp. 53–64). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0308-5_4
Klussman, K., Nichols, A. L., & Langer, J. (2020). The role of self‐connection in the relationship between mindfulness and meaning: A longitudinal examination. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 12(3), 636-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12200
Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self: A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. The University of Chicago Press.
Längle, A. (2003). The search for meaning in life and the existential fundamental motivations. Psychotherapy in Australia, 10(1), 14-19. https://längle.com/downloads/Meaning%20and%20FM%20-%20Psth%20Austral%2004.pdf
Markova, I. S., & Berrios, G. E. (1992). The meaning of insight in clinical psychiatry. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 160(6), 850-860. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.160.6.850
May, R., & Yalom, I. (2005). Existential psychotherapy. In R. J. Corsini, & D.Wedding (Eds.), Current psychotherapies (7th ed., instr. ed., pp. 269–298). Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
Miller, A. D., & Rottinghaus, P. J. (2014). Career indecision, meaning in life, and anxiety: An existential framework. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(2), 233-247. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713493763
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological inquiry, 12(4), 177-196. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1
Newman, D. B., & Nezlek, J. B. (2019). Private self-consciousness in daily life: Relationships between rumination and reflection and well-being, and meaning in daily life. Personality and Individual Differences, 136, 184-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.039
Or, S. E. B., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Feingold, D., Vahab, K., Amiaz, R., Weiser, M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2013). Meaning in life, insight and self-stigma among people with severe mental illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(2), 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.011
Özsoy, E., Rauthmann, J. F., Jonason, P. K., & Ardıç, K. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Turkish versions of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD-T), Short Dark Triad (SD3-T), and Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS-T). Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 11-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.019
Park, S. W., & Colvin, C. R. (2013). Narcissism and discrepancy between self and friends' perceptions of personality. Journal of Personality, 82(4), 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12053
Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1197–1208. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1197
Pellens, H., Dezutter, J., Luyten, P., & Vanhooren, S. (2022). To be scared or scared to be: Existential anxiety as a mediator between meaning experience and depression. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678221140617
Reed, D. E., Williamson, R. E., & Wickham, R. E. (2021). Memento Mori: Understanding existential anxiety through the existential pathway model. Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 5(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts5.79
Shumaker, D., Killian, K., Cole, C., Hruby, A., & Grimm, J. (2017). Existential anxiety, personality type, and therapy preference in young adults. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 60(6), 849-864. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817702783
Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2018). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
van Bruggen, V., Vos, J., Westerhof, G., Bohlmeijer, E., & Glas, G. (2014). Systematic review of existential anxiety instruments. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 55(2), 173-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167814542048
Velji, J., & Schermer, J. A. (2024). Do narcissists possess a sense of purpose? Purpose-in-life and narcissism. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 6, 100146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2024.100146
Womick, J., Atherton, B., & King, L. A. (2020). Lives of significance (and purpose and coherence): Subclinical narcissism, meaning in life, and subjective well-being. Heliyon, 6(5), e03982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03982
Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy (1st ed.). Basic Books/Hachette Book Group.
Yazıcıoğlu, Y. & Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS Applied Scientific Research Methods. Ankara: Detay Pub.
Yıkılmaz, M. (2016). Existential anxiety in university students: Early maladaptive schemas, locus of control, and predictors of posttraumatic growth (Publication No. 432441) [Doctoral dissertation, Anadolu University]. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=fOokadiupS_LKwuIrqwi2Q&no=Mxtk1ydw1UAgr5_EepzXdw
Zhu, C., Su, R., Zhang, X., & Liu, Y. (2021). Relation between narcissism and meaning in life: The role of conspicuous consumption. Heliyon, 7(9), e07885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07885
Zika, S., & Chamberlain, K. (1992). On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well-being. British Journal of Psychology, 83(1), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02429.x

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Furkan Eken Onur, Muhammet Enes Kaya


