Palabras clave
arquitectos
psicólogos
memoria visoespacial
memoria verbal
memoria de trabajo
experticia
psicólogos
memoria visoespacial
memoria verbal
memoria de trabajo
experticia
Cómo citar
Experticia y cognición. Exploración de funciones cognitivas verbales y visoespaciales en arquitectos y psicólogos. (2020). Universitas Psychologica, 19, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy19.ecef
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Diversas investigaciones han advertido que el ejercicio de algunas profesiones puede conllevar efectos moduladores en la estructura cerebral y el funcionamiento cognitivo. Se presentan los resultados de un estudio exploratorio transversal referente a las modificaciones que las experticias en arquitectura (N = 41, edad: X = 39, DE = 10) y en psicología (N = 40, edad: X = 35, DE = 7) producen sobre procesos cognitivos específicos. El objetivo general fue contribuir a la determinación de perfiles cognitivos diferenciales. Los arquitectos mostraron un mejor rendimiento en tareas que involucran la retención y manipulación de información visoespacial. No se hallaron diferencias significativas en la resolución de tareas verbales. Estos resultados sugieren que la experiencia en arquitectura podría conducir a un desempeño conductual mejorado en procesos cognitivos correspondientes a la memoria de trabajo visoespacial. Se discuten los alcances de la presente exploración y las instancias necesarias para la validación de estas observaciones. Se sugiere la realización de nuevos estudios que integren seguimiento longitudinal y tecnologías de neuroimagen.
Adamson, M. M., Bayley, P. J., Scanlon, B. K., Farrell, M. E., Hernández, B., Weiner, M. W., Yesavage, J. A., & Taylor, J. L. (2012). Pilot expertise and hippocampal size: Associations with longitudinal flight simulator performance. Aviation, Space, & Environmental Medicine, 83(9), 850-857. https://doi.org/10.3357/ASEM.3215.2012
Alain, C., Moussard, A., Singer, J., Lee, Y., Bidelman, G. M., & Moreno, S. (2019). Music and visual art training modulate brain activity in older adults. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 182. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00182
Álvarez, M. A. (2000). Sistema único de seguimiento para pacientes hipotiroideos (Manual y Software). La Habana: Universidad de La Habana.
Amalric, M., & Dehaene, S. (2016). Origins of the brain networks for advanced mathematics in expert mathematicians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(18), 4909-4917. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603205113
American Psychological Association. (2010). Principios éticos de los psicólogos y Código de Conducta [Enmiendas 2010]. Washington, DC: Autor.
Bekinschtein, T. A., Cardozo, J., & Manes, F. F. (2008). Strategies of Buenos Aires waiters to enhance memory capacity in a real-life setting. Behavioural Neurology, 20(3), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/621964
Boh, B., Herholz, S., Lappe, C., & Pantev, C. (2011). Processing of complex auditory patterns in musicians and nonmusicians. Plos One, 6, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021458
Campitelli, G. (2017). Cognitive processes in chees. En D. Z. Hambrick, G. Campitelli, & B. N. Macnamara (Eds.), The science of expertise: Behavioral, neural, and genetic approaches to complex skill (Chap. 3, pp. 1-16). Routledge.
Chang, Y. (2014). Reorganization and plastic changes of the human brain associated with skill learning and expertise. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00035
Daitch, A. L., Foster, B. L., Schrouff, J., Rangarajan, V., Kaşikçi, I., Gattas, S., & Parvizi, J. (2016). Mapping human temporal and parietal neuronal population activity and functional coupling during mathematical cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(46), 7277-7286. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608434113
Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2007). Cultural Recycling of Cortical Maps. Neuron, 56(2), 384-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.004
Deleglise, Á., & Cervigni, M. (2019). The neural codes of conscious perception and working memory. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología/Panamerican Journal of Neuropsychology, 13(1), 60-83. https://doi.org/10.7714/CNPS/13.1.203
Fernández, A. L., Marino, J. C., & Alderete, A. M. (2004). Valores normativos en la prueba de fluidez verbal animales sobre una muestra de 251 adultos argentinos. Revista Argentina de Neuropsicología, 4, 12-22. https://7e5bfcbc-8cab-4aa5-94d4-d55ce46fc649.filesusr.com/ugd/2c1a84_f2c3e0e3944d481abd7bb892af5c65c7.pdf
Frazzetto, G., & Anker, S. (2009). Neuroculture. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(11), 815-821. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2736
Gaser, C., & Schlaug, G. (2003). Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(27), 9240-9245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(01)92488-7
Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1998). Expert chess memory: Revisiting the chunking hypothesis. Memory, 6(3), 225-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/741942359
Habibi, A., Damasio, A., Ilari, B., Sachs, M. E., & Damasio, H. (2018). Music training and child development: A review of recent findings from a longitudinal study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13606
Hambrick, D., Macnamara, B., & Campitelli, G. (Eds.). (2017). Science of expertise: Behavioral, neural, and genetic approaches to complex skill. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315113371
Hara, Y. (2015). Brain plasticity and rehabilitation in stroke patients. Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi, 82(1), 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1272/jnms.82.4
Kernbach, J., Rogenmoser, L., Schlaug, G., & Gaser, C. (2018). Keep your brain young with music: Insights from machine learning and brain imaging. Innovation in Aging, 2(Supl. 1), 849. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.3163
Kessels, R. P., Van Zandvoort, M. J., Postma, A., Kappelle, L. J., & De Haan, E. H. (2000). The Corsi block-tapping task: Standardization and normative data. Applied Neuropsychology, 7(4), 252-258. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324826AN0704_8
Kiesel, A., Kunde, W., Pohl, C., Berner, M. P., & Hoffmann, J. (2009). Playing chess unconsciously. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35(1), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014499
Kodama, M., Ono, T., Yamashita, F., Ebata, H., Liu, M., Kasuga, S., & Ushiba, J. (2018). Structural gray matter changes in the hippocampus and the primary motor cortex on an-hour-to-one-day scale can predict arm-reaching performance improvement. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 209. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00209
Kolb, B., Teskey, G., & Gibb, R. (2010). Factors influencing cerebral plasticity in the normal and injured brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4(204), 231-442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00204
León, O. G., & Montero, I. (2015). La investigación y el conocimiento. En Métodos de investigación en psicología. McGraw-Hill.
Madan, C. R. (2014). Augmented memory: A survey of the approaches to remembering more. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, 30. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00030
Maguire, E. A., Gadian, D. G., Johnsrude, I. S., Good, C. D., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. D. (2000). Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(8), 4398-4403. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.070039597
Maguire, E. A., Woollett, K., & Spiers, H. J. (2006). London taxi drivers and bus drivers: A structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis. Hippocampus, 16, 1091-1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20233
Marino, J., & Alderete, A. M. (2010). Valores normativos de pruebas de fluidez verbal categoriales, fonológicas, gramaticales y combinadas y análisis comparativo de la capacidad de iniciación. Revista Neuropsicología, Neuropsiquiatría y Neurociencias, 10(1), 79-93. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3988275
Martino, P., Cervigni, M., Stelzer, F., & Tafet, G. (2014). Memoria espacial e hipocampo en taxistas londinenses. Acta Psiquiátrica y Psicológica de América Latina, 60(1), 43-51. http://www.acta.org.ar/04-WebForms/frmResumen.aspx?IdArticulo=159&Abonado=
Moore, C. D., Cohen, M. X., & Ranganath, C. (2006). Neural mechanisms of expert skills in visual working memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(43), 11187-11196. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1873-06.2006
Mora, F. (2007). Neurocultura. Alianza.
García Morales, L., Rodríguez Arnao, M. D., Rodríguez Sánchez, A., Dulín Íniguez, E., & Álvarez González, M. A. (2020). Atención sostenida en niños con hipotiroidismo congénito en edad escolar. Influencia de los episodios de sobretratamiento en los primeros 3 años de vida. Neurología, 35(4), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2017.08.003
Nierman, M. (2018). Music and the brain. The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences, 12(1) 373-381. https://touroscholar.touro.edu/sjlcas/vol12/iss1/12
Osterrieth, P.E. (1944). Le test de copie d’une figure complexe: contribution à l’étude de la perception et de la mémoire. Archives de Psychologie, 30, 206-356. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1946-02126-001
Puerta-Lopera, I. C., Dussán-Lubert, C., Montoya-Londoño, D. M., & Landinez-Martínez, D. (2018). Datos normativos y estandarización de un protocolo de pruebas neuropsicológicas para la evaluación de la memoria en estudiantes universitarios. Psychologia, 12(2), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.21500/19002386.3260
Ramos-Oliveira, D., & Santos de Oliveira, F. (2018). Contribuições da neurociência social nos estudos da Schadenfreude, cognição social e emoção intergrupal: revisão integrativa. Universitas Psychologica, 17(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-4.cnse
Rey, A. (1941). L’examen psychologique dans les cas d'encéphalopathie traumatique (Les problèmes). Archives de Psychologie, 28, 112-164. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1943-03814-001
Ruff, R. M., Light, R. H., Parker, S. B., & Levin, H. S. (1997). The psychological construct of word fluency. Brain and Language, 57(3), 394-405. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1997.1755
Sanju, H. K., & Kumar, P. (2016). Pre-attentive auditory discrimination skill in Indian classical vocal musicians and non-musicians. Journal of Otology, 11(3), 102‐110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joto.2016.06.002
Shum, J., Hermes, D., Foster, B. L., Dastjerdi, M., Rangarajan, V., Winawer, J., & Parvizi, J. (2013). A Brain Area for Visual Numerals. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(16), 6709-6715. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4558-12.2013
Sperduti, A., Crivellaro, F., Rossi, P. F., & Bondioli, L. (2012). Do octopuses have a brain? Knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards neuroscience at school. PloS One, 7(10), e47943. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047943
Stelzer, F., Cervigni, M., & Martino, P. (2011). Desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas en niños preescolares: una revisión de algunos de sus factores moduladores. Liberabit. Revista de Psicología, 17(1), 93-100. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=68619288011
Vogan, V. M., Morgan, B. R., Powell, T. L., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. (2015). The neurodevelopmental differences of increasing verbal working memory demand in children and adults. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(3), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.008
Vogan, V. M., Francis, K. E., Morgan, B. R., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2018). Load matters: Neural correlates of verbal working memory in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 10(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-018-9236-y
Wang, H. R., Dai, J. J., Jiang, Z. L., & Cai, J. (2010). Cognitive quality of prodessional divers. Journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases, 28(6), 418-422. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21033151/
Woollett, K., & Maguire, E. A. (2012). Exploring anterograde associative memory in London taxi drivers. Neuroreport, 23(15), 885-888. https://doi.org/10.1097/W
Alain, C., Moussard, A., Singer, J., Lee, Y., Bidelman, G. M., & Moreno, S. (2019). Music and visual art training modulate brain activity in older adults. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 182. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00182
Álvarez, M. A. (2000). Sistema único de seguimiento para pacientes hipotiroideos (Manual y Software). La Habana: Universidad de La Habana.
Amalric, M., & Dehaene, S. (2016). Origins of the brain networks for advanced mathematics in expert mathematicians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(18), 4909-4917. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1603205113
American Psychological Association. (2010). Principios éticos de los psicólogos y Código de Conducta [Enmiendas 2010]. Washington, DC: Autor.
Bekinschtein, T. A., Cardozo, J., & Manes, F. F. (2008). Strategies of Buenos Aires waiters to enhance memory capacity in a real-life setting. Behavioural Neurology, 20(3), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/621964
Boh, B., Herholz, S., Lappe, C., & Pantev, C. (2011). Processing of complex auditory patterns in musicians and nonmusicians. Plos One, 6, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021458
Campitelli, G. (2017). Cognitive processes in chees. En D. Z. Hambrick, G. Campitelli, & B. N. Macnamara (Eds.), The science of expertise: Behavioral, neural, and genetic approaches to complex skill (Chap. 3, pp. 1-16). Routledge.
Chang, Y. (2014). Reorganization and plastic changes of the human brain associated with skill learning and expertise. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00035
Daitch, A. L., Foster, B. L., Schrouff, J., Rangarajan, V., Kaşikçi, I., Gattas, S., & Parvizi, J. (2016). Mapping human temporal and parietal neuronal population activity and functional coupling during mathematical cognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(46), 7277-7286. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608434113
Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2007). Cultural Recycling of Cortical Maps. Neuron, 56(2), 384-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.004
Deleglise, Á., & Cervigni, M. (2019). The neural codes of conscious perception and working memory. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología/Panamerican Journal of Neuropsychology, 13(1), 60-83. https://doi.org/10.7714/CNPS/13.1.203
Fernández, A. L., Marino, J. C., & Alderete, A. M. (2004). Valores normativos en la prueba de fluidez verbal animales sobre una muestra de 251 adultos argentinos. Revista Argentina de Neuropsicología, 4, 12-22. https://7e5bfcbc-8cab-4aa5-94d4-d55ce46fc649.filesusr.com/ugd/2c1a84_f2c3e0e3944d481abd7bb892af5c65c7.pdf
Frazzetto, G., & Anker, S. (2009). Neuroculture. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(11), 815-821. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2736
Gaser, C., & Schlaug, G. (2003). Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(27), 9240-9245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(01)92488-7
Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1998). Expert chess memory: Revisiting the chunking hypothesis. Memory, 6(3), 225-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/741942359
Habibi, A., Damasio, A., Ilari, B., Sachs, M. E., & Damasio, H. (2018). Music training and child development: A review of recent findings from a longitudinal study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13606
Hambrick, D., Macnamara, B., & Campitelli, G. (Eds.). (2017). Science of expertise: Behavioral, neural, and genetic approaches to complex skill. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315113371
Hara, Y. (2015). Brain plasticity and rehabilitation in stroke patients. Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi, 82(1), 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1272/jnms.82.4
Kernbach, J., Rogenmoser, L., Schlaug, G., & Gaser, C. (2018). Keep your brain young with music: Insights from machine learning and brain imaging. Innovation in Aging, 2(Supl. 1), 849. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.3163
Kessels, R. P., Van Zandvoort, M. J., Postma, A., Kappelle, L. J., & De Haan, E. H. (2000). The Corsi block-tapping task: Standardization and normative data. Applied Neuropsychology, 7(4), 252-258. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324826AN0704_8
Kiesel, A., Kunde, W., Pohl, C., Berner, M. P., & Hoffmann, J. (2009). Playing chess unconsciously. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35(1), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014499
Kodama, M., Ono, T., Yamashita, F., Ebata, H., Liu, M., Kasuga, S., & Ushiba, J. (2018). Structural gray matter changes in the hippocampus and the primary motor cortex on an-hour-to-one-day scale can predict arm-reaching performance improvement. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 209. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00209
Kolb, B., Teskey, G., & Gibb, R. (2010). Factors influencing cerebral plasticity in the normal and injured brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4(204), 231-442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00204
León, O. G., & Montero, I. (2015). La investigación y el conocimiento. En Métodos de investigación en psicología. McGraw-Hill.
Madan, C. R. (2014). Augmented memory: A survey of the approaches to remembering more. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, 30. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00030
Maguire, E. A., Gadian, D. G., Johnsrude, I. S., Good, C. D., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. D. (2000). Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(8), 4398-4403. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.070039597
Maguire, E. A., Woollett, K., & Spiers, H. J. (2006). London taxi drivers and bus drivers: A structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis. Hippocampus, 16, 1091-1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20233
Marino, J., & Alderete, A. M. (2010). Valores normativos de pruebas de fluidez verbal categoriales, fonológicas, gramaticales y combinadas y análisis comparativo de la capacidad de iniciación. Revista Neuropsicología, Neuropsiquiatría y Neurociencias, 10(1), 79-93. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3988275
Martino, P., Cervigni, M., Stelzer, F., & Tafet, G. (2014). Memoria espacial e hipocampo en taxistas londinenses. Acta Psiquiátrica y Psicológica de América Latina, 60(1), 43-51. http://www.acta.org.ar/04-WebForms/frmResumen.aspx?IdArticulo=159&Abonado=
Moore, C. D., Cohen, M. X., & Ranganath, C. (2006). Neural mechanisms of expert skills in visual working memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(43), 11187-11196. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1873-06.2006
Mora, F. (2007). Neurocultura. Alianza.
García Morales, L., Rodríguez Arnao, M. D., Rodríguez Sánchez, A., Dulín Íniguez, E., & Álvarez González, M. A. (2020). Atención sostenida en niños con hipotiroidismo congénito en edad escolar. Influencia de los episodios de sobretratamiento en los primeros 3 años de vida. Neurología, 35(4), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2017.08.003
Nierman, M. (2018). Music and the brain. The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences, 12(1) 373-381. https://touroscholar.touro.edu/sjlcas/vol12/iss1/12
Osterrieth, P.E. (1944). Le test de copie d’une figure complexe: contribution à l’étude de la perception et de la mémoire. Archives de Psychologie, 30, 206-356. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1946-02126-001
Puerta-Lopera, I. C., Dussán-Lubert, C., Montoya-Londoño, D. M., & Landinez-Martínez, D. (2018). Datos normativos y estandarización de un protocolo de pruebas neuropsicológicas para la evaluación de la memoria en estudiantes universitarios. Psychologia, 12(2), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.21500/19002386.3260
Ramos-Oliveira, D., & Santos de Oliveira, F. (2018). Contribuições da neurociência social nos estudos da Schadenfreude, cognição social e emoção intergrupal: revisão integrativa. Universitas Psychologica, 17(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-4.cnse
Rey, A. (1941). L’examen psychologique dans les cas d'encéphalopathie traumatique (Les problèmes). Archives de Psychologie, 28, 112-164. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1943-03814-001
Ruff, R. M., Light, R. H., Parker, S. B., & Levin, H. S. (1997). The psychological construct of word fluency. Brain and Language, 57(3), 394-405. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1997.1755
Sanju, H. K., & Kumar, P. (2016). Pre-attentive auditory discrimination skill in Indian classical vocal musicians and non-musicians. Journal of Otology, 11(3), 102‐110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joto.2016.06.002
Shum, J., Hermes, D., Foster, B. L., Dastjerdi, M., Rangarajan, V., Winawer, J., & Parvizi, J. (2013). A Brain Area for Visual Numerals. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(16), 6709-6715. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4558-12.2013
Sperduti, A., Crivellaro, F., Rossi, P. F., & Bondioli, L. (2012). Do octopuses have a brain? Knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards neuroscience at school. PloS One, 7(10), e47943. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047943
Stelzer, F., Cervigni, M., & Martino, P. (2011). Desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas en niños preescolares: una revisión de algunos de sus factores moduladores. Liberabit. Revista de Psicología, 17(1), 93-100. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=68619288011
Vogan, V. M., Morgan, B. R., Powell, T. L., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. (2015). The neurodevelopmental differences of increasing verbal working memory demand in children and adults. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(3), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.008
Vogan, V. M., Francis, K. E., Morgan, B. R., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2018). Load matters: Neural correlates of verbal working memory in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 10(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-018-9236-y
Wang, H. R., Dai, J. J., Jiang, Z. L., & Cai, J. (2010). Cognitive quality of prodessional divers. Journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases, 28(6), 418-422. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21033151/
Woollett, K., & Maguire, E. A. (2012). Exploring anterograde associative memory in London taxi drivers. Neuroreport, 23(15), 885-888. https://doi.org/10.1097/W
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2020 Mauricio Cervigni, Guillermo Alfonso, Álvaro Deleglise, Miguel Gallegos, Pablo Martino