Más sobre la dimensionalidad del GHQ-12: modelos confirmatorios competitivos
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feb 20, 2019
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José Manuel Tomás
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3424-1668
Pedro M. Hontangas
Amparo Oliver
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1207-4088
Laura Galiana
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5342-5251
Patricia Sancho
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8624-8757
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3424-1668
Pedro M. Hontangas
Amparo Oliver
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1207-4088
Laura Galiana
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5342-5251
Patricia Sancho
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8624-8757
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Resumen
El Cuestionario de Salud General (General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) fue diseñado para medir la morbilidad psiquiátrica menor evaluando el funcionamiento “sano” y la aparición de nuevos síntomas molestos. Entre sus versiones, la de 12 ítems es una de las más usadas. La validez y fiabilidad del GHQ-12 ha sido puesta a prueba en muestras provenientes de distintas poblaciones. En la versión española, los estudios han llegado a distintas conclusiones de estructuras de uno, dos y hasta tres factores. El objetivo de la esta investigación es presentar evidencia adicional de la validez factorial de la versión española del GHQ-12, a través de modelos factoriales competitivos. Tres muestras de trabajadores (N = 525, 414 y 540) fueron utilizada para poner a prueba una serie de modelos sustantivos encontrados previamente en la literatura española e internacional. Los resultados mostraron que los modelos multidimensionales tenían correlaciones inter-factores de moderadas a altas (desde .29 a .76), pero no lo suficiente para poner en peligro la validez discriminante de los modelos. Los modelos que presentaron el mejor ajuste fueron la solución origina de Graetz (1991) y la solución exploratoria de tres factores ofrecida por Rocha et al. (2011), una solución multidimensional de tres factores con correlaciones entre ellos. La conclusión es que hay una estructura multidimensional de tres factores que subyace a los ítems del GHQ-12.
Keywords
Distress, GHQ-12, competitive models, spanish population, factorial validityDistress, GHQ-12, modelos competitivos, población española, validez factorial
References
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Andrich, D., & Van Schoubroeck, L. (1989). The General Health Questionnaire: a psychometric analysis using latent trait theory. Psychological Medicine, 19(2), 469-485. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700012502
Baksheev, G. N., Robinson, J., Cosgrave, E. M., Baker, K., & Yung, A. R. (2011). Validity of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in detecting depressive and anxiety disorders among high school students. Psychiatry Research, 187(1-2), 291-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.010
Banks, M. H., Clegg, C. W., Jackson, P. R., Kemp, N. J., Stafford, E. M., & Wall, T. D. (1980). The use of the General Health Questionnaire as an indicator of mental health in occupational studies. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(3), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1980.tb00024.x
Bentler, P. M. (2000-2018). EQS 6.1. for Windows. Structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc. Retrieved from www.econ.upf.edu/~satorra/CourseSEMVienna2010/EQSManual.pdf
Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Ventura-León, J., García-Cadena, C. H., Tomás, J. M., Domínguez-Vergara, J., Daniel, L.,…Arias-Gallegos, W. L. (2018). Evidencias psicométricas de una medida breve de resiliencia en adultos mayores peruanos no institucionalizados. Psychosocial Intervention, 27(2), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2018a6
Cornelius, B. L. R., Groothoff, J. W., Van der Klink, J. J. , & Brouwer, S. (2013). The performance of the K10, K6 and GHQ-12 to screen for present state DSM-IV disorders among disability claimants. BMC Public Health, 13, 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-128
Fernandes, H. M., & Vasconcelos-Raposo, J. (2012). Factorial validity and invariance of the GHQ-12 among clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment, 20(2), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191112465768.
Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2013). Non-normal and categorical data in SEM. In G. R Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural Equation Modeling: A second course (pp. 269-314). Greenwich, CO: Information Age Publishing. Retrieved from https://bayanbox.ir/view/3083173369357234507/Finney-DiStefano-non-normal-and-categorical-data-in-structural-equation-modeling.pdf
Goldberg, D. (1972). The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1988). A user’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson.
González-Romá, V., Lloret, S., & Espejo, B. (1993). Comparación de dos modelos de medida del cuestionario de salud general (GHQ) [Comparison of two measurement models of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)]. Psicológica, 14, 259-268.
Graetz, B. (1991). Multidimensional properties of the General Health Questionnaire. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 26(3), 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00782952
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York, NY: Guilford.
Krespi, M. R., Hill, J., Holcombe, C., Clark, L., Fisher, J., & Salmon, P. (2010). The accuracy of HADS and GHQ-12 in detecting psychiatric morbidity in breast cancer patients. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 21(1), 49-59.
Lobo A., & Muñoz P. E. (1996). Versiones en lengua española validadas. In D. Goldberg,} & P. Williams (Eds.), Cuestionario de Salud General GHQ (General Health Questionnaire). Guía para el usuario de las distintas versiones (p. 115). Barcelona, Spain: Editorial Masson.
López-Castedo, A., & Fernandez, L. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire in adolescents. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(3), 676-680. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3.676-680
Mann, R. E., Paglia-Boak, A., Adlaf, E. M., Beitchman, J., Wolfe, D., Wekerle, C.,… Rehm, J. (2011). Estimating the prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders in an adolescent general population: An evaluation of the GHQ12. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 410-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9334-5
Martin, A. J. (1999). Assessing the multidimensionality of the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 84(3), 927-935. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.927
Molina, J. D., Andrade-Rosa, C., González-Parra, S., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Real, M. A., & Pintor, C. (2006). The factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ): a scaled version for general practice in Spain. European Psychiatry, 21(7), 478–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.03.002
Padrón, A., Galán, I., Durbán, M., Gandarillas, A., & Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Spanish adolescents. Quality of Life Reesearch, 21(7), 1291-1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-0038-x.
Pena, J. B., & Caine, E. D. (2006). Screening as an approach for adolescent suicide prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 36(6), 614-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/suli.2006.36.6.614
Politi, P. L., Piccinelli, M., & Wilkinson, G. (1994). Reliability, validity and factor structure of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among young males in Italy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90(6), 432-437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01620.x
Rocha, K. B., Pérez, K., Rodríguez-Sanz, M., Borrell, C., & Obiols, J. E. (2011). Propiedades psicométricas y valores normativos del General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) en población general española [Psychometric properties and normative values for the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Spanish general population]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11(1), 125-139.
Romppel, M., Brachler, E., Roth, M., & Glaesmer, H. (2013). What is the General Health Questionnaire-12 assessing? Dimensionality and psychometric properties of the General Health Questionnaire-12 in a large scale German population sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(4), 406-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.10.010
Salama-Younes, M., Montazeri, L., Ismaïl, A, & Roncin, C. (2009). Factor structure and internal consistency of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Subjective Vitality Scale (VS), and the relationship between them: A study from France. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 7(22), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-7-22
Sánchez-López, M. P., & Dresch, V. (2008). The 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Reliability, external validity and factor structure in the Spanish population. Psicothema, 20(4), 839-843.
Schmitz, N., Kruse, J., & Tress, W. (1999). Psychometric properties of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in a German primary care sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(6), 462-468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10898.x
Smith, A. B., Fallowfield, L. J., Stark, D. P., Velikova, G., & Jenkins, V. (2010). A Rasch and confirmatory factor analysis of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-12. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8(45), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-8-45
Smith, A. B., Oluboyede, Y., West, R., Hewison, J., & House, A. O. (2013). The factor structure of the GHQ-12: the interaction between item phrasing, variance and levels of distress. Quality of Life Research, 22(1), 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-012-0133-7
Solís-Cámara, P., Meda-Lara, R. M., Moreno-Jiménez, B., & Juárez-Rodríguez, P. (2016). Estructura factorial del cuestionario de salud general GHQ-12 en población general de México. Salud & Sociedad, 7(1), 62-76. http://doi.org/10.22199/S07187475.2016.0001.00004
Urzúa, A., Caqueo-Urízar, A., Bargsted, M., & Irarrázaval, M. (2015). ¿Afecta la forma de puntuación la estructura factorial del GHQ-12? Estudio exploratorio en estudiantes iberoamericanos. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 31(6), 1305-1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00122913
Villa G., I. C., Zuluaga Arboleda, C. & Restrepo Roldán, L. F. (2013). Propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg GHQ-12 en una institución hospitalaria de la ciudad de Medellín. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 31(3), 532-545.
Andrich, D., & Van Schoubroeck, L. (1989). The General Health Questionnaire: a psychometric analysis using latent trait theory. Psychological Medicine, 19(2), 469-485. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700012502
Baksheev, G. N., Robinson, J., Cosgrave, E. M., Baker, K., & Yung, A. R. (2011). Validity of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in detecting depressive and anxiety disorders among high school students. Psychiatry Research, 187(1-2), 291-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.010
Banks, M. H., Clegg, C. W., Jackson, P. R., Kemp, N. J., Stafford, E. M., & Wall, T. D. (1980). The use of the General Health Questionnaire as an indicator of mental health in occupational studies. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(3), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1980.tb00024.x
Bentler, P. M. (2000-2018). EQS 6.1. for Windows. Structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc. Retrieved from www.econ.upf.edu/~satorra/CourseSEMVienna2010/EQSManual.pdf
Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Ventura-León, J., García-Cadena, C. H., Tomás, J. M., Domínguez-Vergara, J., Daniel, L.,…Arias-Gallegos, W. L. (2018). Evidencias psicométricas de una medida breve de resiliencia en adultos mayores peruanos no institucionalizados. Psychosocial Intervention, 27(2), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2018a6
Cornelius, B. L. R., Groothoff, J. W., Van der Klink, J. J. , & Brouwer, S. (2013). The performance of the K10, K6 and GHQ-12 to screen for present state DSM-IV disorders among disability claimants. BMC Public Health, 13, 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-128
Fernandes, H. M., & Vasconcelos-Raposo, J. (2012). Factorial validity and invariance of the GHQ-12 among clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment, 20(2), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191112465768.
Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2013). Non-normal and categorical data in SEM. In G. R Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural Equation Modeling: A second course (pp. 269-314). Greenwich, CO: Information Age Publishing. Retrieved from https://bayanbox.ir/view/3083173369357234507/Finney-DiStefano-non-normal-and-categorical-data-in-structural-equation-modeling.pdf
Goldberg, D. (1972). The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1988). A user’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson.
González-Romá, V., Lloret, S., & Espejo, B. (1993). Comparación de dos modelos de medida del cuestionario de salud general (GHQ) [Comparison of two measurement models of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)]. Psicológica, 14, 259-268.
Graetz, B. (1991). Multidimensional properties of the General Health Questionnaire. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 26(3), 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00782952
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York, NY: Guilford.
Krespi, M. R., Hill, J., Holcombe, C., Clark, L., Fisher, J., & Salmon, P. (2010). The accuracy of HADS and GHQ-12 in detecting psychiatric morbidity in breast cancer patients. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 21(1), 49-59.
Lobo A., & Muñoz P. E. (1996). Versiones en lengua española validadas. In D. Goldberg,} & P. Williams (Eds.), Cuestionario de Salud General GHQ (General Health Questionnaire). Guía para el usuario de las distintas versiones (p. 115). Barcelona, Spain: Editorial Masson.
López-Castedo, A., & Fernandez, L. (2005). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire in adolescents. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100(3), 676-680. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3.676-680
Mann, R. E., Paglia-Boak, A., Adlaf, E. M., Beitchman, J., Wolfe, D., Wekerle, C.,… Rehm, J. (2011). Estimating the prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders in an adolescent general population: An evaluation of the GHQ12. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 410-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-011-9334-5
Martin, A. J. (1999). Assessing the multidimensionality of the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Reports, 84(3), 927-935. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.927
Molina, J. D., Andrade-Rosa, C., González-Parra, S., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Real, M. A., & Pintor, C. (2006). The factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ): a scaled version for general practice in Spain. European Psychiatry, 21(7), 478–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.03.002
Padrón, A., Galán, I., Durbán, M., Gandarillas, A., & Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Spanish adolescents. Quality of Life Reesearch, 21(7), 1291-1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-0038-x.
Pena, J. B., & Caine, E. D. (2006). Screening as an approach for adolescent suicide prevention. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 36(6), 614-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/suli.2006.36.6.614
Politi, P. L., Piccinelli, M., & Wilkinson, G. (1994). Reliability, validity and factor structure of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire among young males in Italy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90(6), 432-437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01620.x
Rocha, K. B., Pérez, K., Rodríguez-Sanz, M., Borrell, C., & Obiols, J. E. (2011). Propiedades psicométricas y valores normativos del General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) en población general española [Psychometric properties and normative values for the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Spanish general population]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 11(1), 125-139.
Romppel, M., Brachler, E., Roth, M., & Glaesmer, H. (2013). What is the General Health Questionnaire-12 assessing? Dimensionality and psychometric properties of the General Health Questionnaire-12 in a large scale German population sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(4), 406-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.10.010
Salama-Younes, M., Montazeri, L., Ismaïl, A, & Roncin, C. (2009). Factor structure and internal consistency of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Subjective Vitality Scale (VS), and the relationship between them: A study from France. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 7(22), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-7-22
Sánchez-López, M. P., & Dresch, V. (2008). The 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Reliability, external validity and factor structure in the Spanish population. Psicothema, 20(4), 839-843.
Schmitz, N., Kruse, J., & Tress, W. (1999). Psychometric properties of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in a German primary care sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(6), 462-468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10898.x
Smith, A. B., Fallowfield, L. J., Stark, D. P., Velikova, G., & Jenkins, V. (2010). A Rasch and confirmatory factor analysis of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-12. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8(45), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-8-45
Smith, A. B., Oluboyede, Y., West, R., Hewison, J., & House, A. O. (2013). The factor structure of the GHQ-12: the interaction between item phrasing, variance and levels of distress. Quality of Life Research, 22(1), 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-012-0133-7
Solís-Cámara, P., Meda-Lara, R. M., Moreno-Jiménez, B., & Juárez-Rodríguez, P. (2016). Estructura factorial del cuestionario de salud general GHQ-12 en población general de México. Salud & Sociedad, 7(1), 62-76. http://doi.org/10.22199/S07187475.2016.0001.00004
Urzúa, A., Caqueo-Urízar, A., Bargsted, M., & Irarrázaval, M. (2015). ¿Afecta la forma de puntuación la estructura factorial del GHQ-12? Estudio exploratorio en estudiantes iberoamericanos. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 31(6), 1305-1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00122913
Villa G., I. C., Zuluaga Arboleda, C. & Restrepo Roldán, L. F. (2013). Propiedades psicométricas del Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg GHQ-12 en una institución hospitalaria de la ciudad de Medellín. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 31(3), 532-545.
Cómo citar
Tomás, J. M., Hontangas, P. M., Oliver, A., Galiana, L., & Sancho, P. (2019). Más sobre la dimensionalidad del GHQ-12: modelos confirmatorios competitivos. Universitas Psychologica, 18(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-1.mdgc
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