Publication Ethics Statement

In order to maintain the highest ethical standards in all aspects of our operations, we have established the following ethics statement to guide the behavior of our editorial team, authors, and reviewers:

Ethical Standards for Editors

Our editors are responsible for ensuring that all published content adheres to the highest ethical standards. As such, they will ensure that:

• The editorial decision-making process is objective, transparent, and free from any commercial or personal interests.
• Any conflicts of interest, whether actual or perceived, are identified and disclosed to the relevant parties.
• All submitted manuscripts are treated confidentially and any information related to the manuscript is kept confidential.
• Any suspected ethical misconduct or malpractice is investigated thoroughly, and appropriate actions are taken.
• The editorial team takes measures to ensure that any published research involving human subjects, animals, or potentially hazardous materials adheres to relevant ethical guidelines.

Ethical Standards for Authors

Authors are responsible for ensuring that their research adheres to the highest ethical standards. As such, they will ensure that:

• The research presented in the manuscript is original and has not been published elsewhere.
• The manuscript is free from plagiarism, falsification, or fabrication of data.
• Any potential conflicts of interest are disclosed in the manuscript.
• Any research involving human subjects, animals, or potentially hazardous materials adheres to relevant ethical guidelines, and the necessary permissions have been obtained.
• The manuscript is written in clear and concise language, and the research is presented in an accurate and unbiased manner.

Ethical Standards for Reviewers

Reviewers play a critical role in maintaining the quality and integrity of our journals. As such, they will ensure that:

• The review process is objective, transparent, and free from any commercial or personal interests.
• Any conflicts of interest, whether actual or perceived, are identified and disclosed to the editorial team.
• Any suspected ethical misconduct or malpractice is reported to the editorial team.
• The review is conducted in a timely and constructive manner, and any criticisms or suggestions are presented in a respectful and professional manner.

COPE adherence Statement

Our scholarly journals are committed to upholding the highest ethical standards in publishing and adhere to the guidelines and best practices set forth by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE):

• Editorial Independence: Our editorial decisions are independent and free from undue influence, whether from owners, sponsors, advertisers, or other third-party entities.
• Peer Review: Our peer review process is transparent and impartial, and all manuscripts are subject to rigorous review by qualified experts in the field.
• Authorship and Contributorship: We follow the Contributorship Defined (CreDIT) model for authorship, which acknowledges the contributions of all individuals involved in the research process.
• Conflict of Interest: We require authors, reviewers, and editors to disclose any potential conflicts of interest that may compromise the integrity of the research or publication.
• Research Misconduct: We do not tolerate research misconduct, including plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification of data.
• Data and Reproducibility: We require authors to provide all relevant data and materials necessary to reproduce their findings and support their conclusions.
• Intellectual Property: We respect the intellectual property rights of authors and require authors to obtain appropriate permissions and/or licenses for any copyrighted material used in their manuscript.
• Post-publication Discussions and Corrections: We provide a platform for post-publication discussions and corrections, and we are committed to correcting any errors or inaccuracies in our publications.

By adhering to the guidelines and best practices set forth by COPE, we are committed to promoting transparency, integrity, and responsible publishing practices in all aspects of our journals. We encourage our authors, reviewers, and readers to report any concerns or potential breaches of these practices to our editorial team for review and action.

Authorship and contributorship

Our scholarly journals follow the Contributorship Defined (CreDIT) model for authorship, which acknowledges the contributions of all individuals involved in the research process. The CreDIT model promotes transparency and accountability in authorship and helps ensure that all contributors are recognized for their contributions.

In accordance with the CreDIT model, authors must explicitly state their individual contributions to the research presented in the manuscript. The contributions may include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Conceptualization: This includes the formulation of research questions, study design, and hypothesis development.
• Methodology: This includes the development or adaptation of methodologies and protocols for data collection and analysis.
• Data Curation: This includes the management and organization of data, including data entry, quality control, and data archiving.
• Formal Analysis: This includes the application of statistical methods and techniques to analyze the data.
• Investigation: This includes the collection and acquisition of data and/or samples.
• Resources: This includes the provision of funding, facilities, equipment, and other resources necessary for the research.
• Writing - Original Draft: This includes the initial drafting of the manuscript, including the writing of the introduction, methods, and results sections.
• Writing - Review & Editing: This includes the critical review and editing of the manuscript, including the revision of the introduction, methods, and results sections.
• Visualization: This includes the creation of visual aids, figures, and tables to present the data.
• Supervision: This includes the oversight and guidance of the research team and/or project.
• Project Administration: This includes the coordination and management of the research project, including obtaining ethical approvals, obtaining funding, and other administrative tasks.

Each author must provide a statement outlining their individual contributions to the research presented in the manuscript using the above categories. All authors must agree on the final author list and order of authors.

Our journal system recognizes that authorship credit should be based on substantial contributions to the research and does not allow honorary or gift authorship. We also encourage authors to acknowledge the contributions of individuals who do not meet the criteria for authorship but have contributed to the research in other ways.

By following the CreDIT model for authorship, we aim to promote transparency and accountability in authorship and recognize the contributions of all individuals involved in the research process.

Artificial Intelligence generated text and images

Artificial Intelligence (AI) generated text, and images are not prohibited but must be used in a responsible and ethical manner. All users of these technologies, like ChatGPT or Midjourney must adhere to the following principles:

• Respect for Human Dignity and Rights: All text generated text and images must respect the dignity and rights of all individuals, regardless of their race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or any other characteristic. Hate speech, discrimination, or any other form of disrespect towards individuals or groups is strictly prohibited.
• Accuracy and Fact-Checking: Users must take responsibility for verifying the accuracy of any text generated before relying on it. Users must take steps to ensure that the generated text is accurate and reliable.
• Avoiding Harm: Users must ensure that any text generated does not cause harm to individuals or society as a whole. This includes avoiding the dissemination of false or misleading information that could lead to harm, as well as avoiding the promotion of harmful behaviors or activities.
• Transparency: Users must be transparent about the use of Artificial Intelligence and any text or images generated by the model. This includes acknowledging the use of the software when publishing or sharing AI generated text or images, and providing clear explanations of how the content was generated.

AI software attributions must not appear as author or co-authors of any submission, nor the bibliographic reference list, but in the Methodology and/or Acknowledgements sections.

Originality and prior publication

The manuscripts submitted to this Journal System should be original. Authors must appropriately cite and attribute any work that has influenced their current contribution. This includes both published research articles and unpublished work such as conference presentations, theses, dissertations, multimedia or alternative sources.

Submissions should not have been previously published or submitted for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part in any language. Authors should declare that the manuscript is not a duplicate of any previously published work.

We do not consider posting on a preprint server and theses or graduation papers on institutional repositories (green-access portals) to be duplicate publication, because these typologies are not evaluated by peer-review process and have not received editoral or publishing intervention.

Preprints

• If there is a preprint version, authors must cite it in the new manuscript submitted to the journal (including Digital Object Identifier DOI and/or URL address) to ensure there will be a link to the original record.
• After publication, the following text can be added to preprint versions to encourage readers to use and cite the final published version of the article:

"This is an original manuscript of an article published in [JOURNAL TITLE], available online: https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/ | [Article DOI].".

All submitted manuscripts will be checked for originality using plagiarism detection software. Any text similarity detected above 30 % may lead to further evaluation to determine if there is text recycling or any other malpractice.

Conflicts of Interest

To uphold the highest standards of integrity and ethical conduct in all aspects of our publishing activities, all editors, reviewers, and authors are required to disclose any potential conflicts of interest that may arise during the publication process.

Conflicts of interest can arise in a number of different forms. For example, an editor may have a financial or personal relationship with an author or organization whose work they are evaluating. Similarly, a reviewer may have a personal or professional connection to an author that could influence their assessment of the manuscript.

To ensure that conflicts of interest are identified and appropriately managed, we require all editors, reviewers, and authors to disclose any relevant financial or non-financial relationships that could be perceived as having the potential to influence their judgment. This includes any relationships with organizations, companies, or individuals that may have a direct or indirect interest in the research or findings presented in the manuscript.

In cases where a potential conflict of interest is identified, we will take appropriate steps to manage the conflict and ensure that the integrity of the publication process is maintained. This may include assigning a different editor or reviewer to the manuscript or requiring additional disclosures from the authors.

Data Sharing and Reproducibility

Data Sharing Policy: authors are encouraged to make all data underlying their research available to other researchers, either through open data repositories or by providing the data upon request.

Data Accessibility: Authors should provide information on how to access their data, including any necessary software or programming code required to reproduce their results. The data should be accessible and usable by other researchers and should be accompanied by clear documentation that describes the data and its provenance./p>

Data Citation: Authors should cite all datasets used in their research and should provide complete references to these datasets in the manuscript. Data should be considered a valuable scholarly output and should be cited and recognized as such.

Reproducibility: Authors should provide all necessary information to enable other researchers to reproduce their research, including detailed descriptions of their methods, software code, and data sources. Authors should also include detailed descriptions of any data preprocessing, analysis, or interpretation performed in their research.

Quality Control: Authors should provide information on any quality control procedures used in their research, including how they identified and dealt with outliers, missing data, or other issues that may affect the validity of their results.

Open Science: Open science practices are recommended, such as pre-registration of research protocols and the use of open-source software tools. Open science practices can help to increase transparency, reproducibility, and accountability in research.

Malpractice Statement

To maintain the integrity of the research process and ensure high quality in every published work, scholarly journals must address various malpractices that can occur during the publication process. Some of the most common malpractices that scholarly journals encounter are plagiarism, salami slicing, double submission, and data fabrication/falsification:

• Plagiarism occurs when an author uses someone else's work, ideas, or words without proper attribution or citation. This includes copying and pasting text, paraphrasing without proper citation, or presenting someone else's work as one's own. Plagiarism undermines the credibility of the research and violates ethical and professional standards.
• Salami Slicing is the practice of breaking up one study into multiple smaller studies to increase the number of publications. This practice can lead to the duplication of data and ideas and can also result in incomplete or misleading information being published.
• Double Submission occurs when an author submits the same manuscript to more than one journal at the same time. This practice can waste the time and resources of multiple journals, as well as delay the publication of other research.
• Data Fabrication/Falsification occurs when an author knowingly or unknowingly fabricates or falsifies research data or results. This can include manipulating data to obtain desired results, or fabricating data that was never collected or analyzed. Data fabrication/falsification undermines the credibility of the research and can have serious consequences for the scientific community and the public.

Other malpractices that can occur in scholarly publishing include conflicts of interest, duplicate publication, citation manipulation, and guest authorship. All of these malpractices can have serious consequences for the credibility of the research, the reputation of the authors, and the integrity of the scientific community.

Allegations of Research Misconduct

In the event that ethical misconduct or malpractice is suspected, the editorial team will conduct a thorough investigation. If the investigation confirms the misconduct or malpractice, appropriate actions will be taken, including, but not limited to:

• Contacting the relevant authorities, such as the author's institution or funding agency.
• Retracting the published article.
• Banning the author from submitting to our journal system.
• Removing the author from the editorial board.

We take any suspected ethical misconduct or malpractice very seriously, and we will take all necessary steps to ensure that the integrity of our journals is maintained.

Correction and Retraction Guidelines

Here are some general guidelines for authors who need to correct or retract a scholarly journal article:

• Act quickly and responsibly: If you discover errors or misconduct in your article, it is important to act quickly and responsibly. Delaying correction or retraction can cause harm to the scientific community and damage your own reputation.
• Contact the journal: You should contact the journal's editor or publisher as soon as possible to inform them of the error or misconduct. Explain the situation clearly and provide any evidence or documentation that supports your decision to correct or retract the article.
• Provide a clear reason for the correction or retraction: You should provide a clear and detailed explanation of why you are correcting or retracting the article. This can include minor errors, errors in the data, methodology, or analysis, as well as ethical or legal concerns.
• Include a correction or retraction notice: The journal will likely require you to submit a retraction notice to be published alongside the original article. The retraction notice should include the article title, authors, and publication details, as well as a clear and concise explanation of why the article is being corrected or retracted.
• Correct the record: If the retraction is due to errors in the data or analysis, you should work with the journal to correct the record by publishing a correction or erratum.
• Be transparent and accountable: Retracting an article can be a difficult and embarrassing process, but it is important to be transparent and accountable. You should take responsibility for the errors or misconduct and work to prevent similar issues in the future.
• Follow ethical guidelines: Retracting an article can have serious consequences for the scientific community, so it is important to follow ethical guidelines and best practices. You should be honest, transparent, and respectful throughout the retraction process.

Retraction

Retraction should be a last resort and should only be used in cases of serious errors or misconduct. If you are unsure about whether to retract an article, you should seek advice from the journal's editor, a colleague, or a professional association. By taking appropriate steps to retract flawed or unethical research, journals can help maintain the integrity of the scientific record and protect the trust of their readers and the broader scientific community.

Retractions can also be issued by the journals or Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. The following guidelines outline the steps that journals should take when retracting a published paper:

• Identify the reason for the retraction: Journals should clearly state the reason for the retraction in the retraction notice. Common reasons for retraction include scientific errors, plagiarism, data manipulation, and ethical violations.
• Notify the authors: The journal should contact the authors of the retracted paper to inform them of the decision to retract and the reason for the retraction. The authors should be given an opportunity to respond and provide any additional information that may be relevant.
• Publish a retraction notice: The journal should publish a retraction notice that clearly identifies the retracted paper, the reason for the retraction, and any relevant details. The notice should be prominently displayed in the journal and clearly linked to the original article.
• Provide a detailed explanation: The retraction notice should provide a detailed explanation of the reason for the retraction, including any specific errors or ethical concerns. The notice should also include a statement about the impact of the retraction on the scientific record and any potential implications for future research.
• Correct the literature: The retraction notice should include a statement about any corrections or clarifications that may be needed in other publications that cited the retracted paper. The journal should also work with other databases and indexes to ensure that the retraction is properly reflected in the literature.
• Follow established guidelines: The journals edited by Pontificia Universidad Javeriana follow established guidelines for retraction developed by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). These guidelines provide a framework for handling retractions and ensuring transparency and consistency in the process.
• Consider sanctions: In cases where there is evidence of misconduct, the journal may need to consider imposing sanctions on the authors, such as banning them from submitting future papers to the journal or reporting the misconduct to relevant institutions.