Palavras-chave
emigração
retorno
imigração
saúde mental
saúde infantil
saúde do adulto
estado de saúde
acessibilidade a serviços de saúde
fatores de risco
retorno
imigração
saúde mental
saúde infantil
saúde do adulto
estado de saúde
acessibilidade a serviços de saúde
fatores de risco
Como Citar
A migração internacional e a saúde nos países de origem. Efeito nas famílias pelos migrantes e/ou destinatários das remessas e nos migrantes devolvidos. Uma revisão sistemática. (2019). Gerencia Y Políticas De Salud, 18(37), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.rgps18-37.imhc
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Resumo
Este trabalho apresenta resenha sistemática da literatura que estuda o efeito da migração internacional na saúde das famílias nos países de origem e nos migrantes devolvidos. O efeito é devido a: 1) as remessas, 2) a transferência de ideias, hábitos e regras de conduta, e 3) a experiência migratória anterior dos migrantes que retornam. Aspectos da saúde que podem ser afeitados são taxa de fertilidade, estado geral de saúde, acesso a serviços de saúde, saúde mental, expectativa de vida, medidas antropométricas e nutrição, despesas em saúde, fatores de risco ou fatores de proteção à saúde. A busca incluiu artigos e documentos publicados entre janeiro de 2000 e agosto de 2017, escritos em inglês ou espanhol, incluídos nas bases de dados Jstor, Proquest, IDEAS-RePec, Scielo, Google Scholar e PubMed. Baseados em metodologias quantitativas e qualitativas, os 85 artigos escolhidos encontraram efeitos positivos e/ou negativos sobre a saúde das crianças, adolescentes, mulheres, idosos e migrantes retornados. Esta revisão sistemática oferece uma visão ampla dos efeitos da migração internacional sobre a saúde daqueles que ficam, o que resulta útil para formuladores de políticas e pesquisadores. Nem todos os achados são consistentes e, portanto, mais pesquisa sobre o assunto considerando abordagens qualitativos é precisa.
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2. World Health Organization. Health and the Millennium Development Goals [Internet]. 2005
[access 2016 Jan. 12]. Available at: http://www.who.int/hdp/publications/mdg_en.pdf
3. Hildebrandt N, McKenzie DJ. The Effects of Migration on Child Health in Mexico. Economía. 2005;6(1):257-289.
4. Aguilera-Guzmán RM, Salgado-de-Snyder VN, Romero M, Medina-Mora ME. Paternal absence and international migration: stressors and compensators associated with the mental health of mexican teenagers of rural origin. Adolescence. 2004;39(156):711-723.
5. Pottinger AM. Children’s experience of loss by parental migration in inner-city Jamaica. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2005;75(4):485-496.
6. Wickramage K, Siriwardhana C, Vidanapathirana P, Weerawarna S, Jayasekara B, Pannala G, et al. Risk of mental health and nutritional problems for left-behind children of international labor migrants. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(39):1-12.
7. Chauvet L, Gubert F, Mesple-Somps S. Aid, Remittances, Medical Brain Drain and Child Mortality: Evidence Using Inter and Intra-Country Data. J Dev Stud. 2013;49(6):801-818.
8. Amakom U, Iheoma CG. Impact of Migrant Remittances on Health and Education Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. IOSR-IJHSS. 2014;9(8):33-44.
9. Carling J, Tønnessen M. Fathers’ whereabouts and children’s welfare in Malawi. Dev. South. Afr. 2013;30(6):724-742.
10. Azzarri C, Zezza A. International migration and nutritional outcomes in Tajikistan. Food Policy. 2011;36(1):54-70.
11. Hamilton ER, Choi KH. The mixed effects of migration: Community-level migration and birthweight in Mexico. Soc Sci Med. 2015;(132):278-286.
12. Terrelonge SC. For Health, Strength and Daily Food: The Dual Impact of Remittances and Public Health Expenditure on Household Health Spending and Child Health Outcomes. J Dev Stud. 2014;50(10):1397-1410.
13. Ming-Hsuan L. Migration and Children’s Welfare in China: The Schooling and Health of Children Left behind. J Develop Area. 2011;44(2):165-182.
14. Smeekens C, Stroebe MS, Abakoumkin G. The impact of migratory separation from parents on the health of adolescents in the Philippines. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12): 2250-2257.
15. Ullmann SH. The health impacts of international migration on Mexican women. Glob. Public Health. 2012;7(9):946-960.
16. Wilkerson JA, Yamawaki N, Downs SD. Effects of husbands’ migration on mental health and gender role ideology of rural Mexican women. Health Care Women Int. 2009;30(7):614-628.
17. Frank R. International Migration and Infant Health in Mexico. J. Immigr. Health. 2005;7(1):11-22.
18. Böhme MH, Persian R, Stöhr T. Alone but better off? Adult child migration and health of elderly parents in Moldova. J Health Econ. 2015;39:211-227.
19. Sunil TS, Flores M, Garcia GE. New evidence on the effects of international migration on the risk of low birthweight in Mexico. Matern Child Nutr. 2012;8(2):185-198.
20. Ullmann SH, Goldman N, Massey DS. Healthier before they migrate, less healthy when they return? The health of returned migrants in Mexico. Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(3):421-428.
21. Caballero M, Leyva-Flores R, Ochoa-Marín SC, Zarco Á, Guerrero C. Las mujeres que se quedan: Migración e implicación en los procesos de búsqueda de atención de servicios de salud. Salud Pública Méx. 2008;50(3):241-250.
22. Hernández-Rosete D, Maya García O, Bernal E, Castañeda X, Lemp G. Migración y ruralización del SIDA: relatos de vulnerabilidad en comunidades indígenas de México. Rev. Saúde Pública. 2008;42(1):131-138.
23. Siriwardhana C, Wickramage K, Jayaweera K, Adikari A, Weerawarna S, Van-Bortel T, et al. Impact of Economic Labour Migration: A Qualitative Exploration of Left-Behind Family Member Perspectives in Sri Lanka. J Immigr Minor Health. 2015;17(3):885-894.
24. Salinas JJ. Tapping Healthcare Resource by Older Mexicans with Diabetes: How Migration to the United States Facilitates Access. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2008;23(3):301-312.
25. Rivera-Heredia ME, Obregón-Velasco N, Cervantes-Pacheco EI. Migración, sucesos estresantes y salud: perspectivas de las mujeres michoacanas de comunidades rurales con familiares migrantes. Acta Univ. 2013;23(1):49-59.
26. Graham E, Jordan LP, Yeoh BS. A. Parental migration and the mental health of those who stay behind to care for children in South-East Asia. Soc Sci Med. 2015;132:225-235.
27. Beine M, Docquier F, Schiff M. International Migration, Transfers of Norms and Home Country Fertility [Working Paper]. Geneva: The World Bank, Development Research Group, Trade Team; 2009; 44925.
28. Amuedo-Dorantes C, Pozo S. New Evidence on the Role of Remittances on Health Care Expenditures by Mexican Households [Discussion Paper]. Bonn, Germany: IZA; 2009; 4617.
29. Amuedo-Dorantes C, Sainz T, Pozo S. Remittances and Healthcare Expenditure Patterns of Populations in Origin Communities: Evidence from Mexico [Working paper]. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Inter-American Development Bank, Integration and Regional Programs Department; 2007; 25.
30. Medina C, Cardona L. The Effects of Remittances on Household Consumption, Education Attendance and Living Standards: the Case of Colombia. Lect Econ. 2010;(72):11-43.
31. Drabo A, Ebeke C. Remittances. Public Health Spending and Foreign Aid in the Access to Health Care Services in Developing Countries [Working paper]. Clermont Ferrand, France: Cerdi; 2010.
32. Antón JI. The Impact of Remittances on Nutritional Status of Children in Ecuador. International Migration Review. 2010;44(2):269-299.
33. Ponce J, Olivié I, Onofa M. The role of international remittances in health outcomes in Ecuador: Prevention and response to shocks. Int Migr Rev. 2011;45(3):727-745.
34. Zhunio MC, Vishwasrao S, Chiang EP. The influence of remittances on education and health outcomes: a cross country study. App. Econ. 2012;44(35):4605-4616.
35. Cárdenas M, Medina C, Trejos A. Measuring Economic and Social Impacts of Migration in Colombia: New evidence [Working paper]. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República; 2010; 601.
36. Kalaj EH. A Micro-level Analysis of the Effect of Remittances on Health Expenditures: Evidence from Albania. Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2015;6(1):665-673.
37. Anderson K, Kroeger A. Remittances and Children`s Capabilities: New Evidence from Kyrgyzstan, 2005-2008 [Discussion paper]. Bonn, Germany: Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit; 2012; 6293.
38. Nguyen C, Nguyen H. Do Internal and International Remittances Matter to Health, Education and Labor of Children? The Case of Vietnam [Working paper]. Munich, Germany: Personal RePec Archive, MPRA; 2013; 48672.
39. Lu Y. Internal migration, international migration, and physical growth of left-behind children: A study of two settings. Health Place. 2015;36:118-126. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.09.008
40. Banerjee SK, Jayachandran V, Roy TK. Has Emigration Influenced Kerala’s Living Standards? A Micro Level Investigation. Econ Polit Wkly. 2002;37(18):1755-1765.
41. Lindstrom DP, Muñoz-Franco E. Migration and the diffusion of modern contraceptive knowledge and use in rural Guatemala. Studies in Family Planning. 2005;36(4):277-288.
42. Jayatissa R, Wickramage K. What Effect Does International Migration Have on the Nutritional Status and Child Care Practices of Children Left Behind? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2016;13(218):1-10.
43. Schmeer K. Father absence due to migration and child illness in rural Mexico. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(8):1281-1286.
44. Borges G, Medina-Mora ME, Breslau J, Aguilar-Gaxiola S. The effect of migration to the United States on substance use disorders among returned Mexican migrants and families of migrants. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(10):1847-1851.
45. Antman FM. Adult Child Migration and the Health of Elderly Parents Left Behind in Mexico. Am. Econ. Rev. 2010;100(2):205-208.
46. Barrett A, Mosca I. The psychic costs of migration: Evidence from Irish return migrants. J. Popul. Econ. 2013;26(2):483-506.
47. Siriwardhana C, Wickramage K, Siribaddana S, Vidanapathirana P, Jayasekara B, Weerawarna S, et al. Common mental disorders among adult members of “left-behind” international migrant worker families in Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health. 2015;(15):1-9.
48. Hamilton ER, Villarreal A, Hummer RA. Mother’s, household, and community U.S. migration experience and infant mortality in rural and urban Mexico. Popul. Res. Policy Rev. 2009;28(2):123-142.
49. Flores M, Sunil T, Picazzo-Palencia E, Cortez-Hernandez DE. A Spatial Analysis of the Effects of International Migration on Infant Mortality in Mexico. Soc Dev Issues. 2012;34(2):1-15.
50. Palos-Lucio G, Flores M, Rivera-Pasquel M, Salgado-de-Snyder VN, Monterrubio E, Henao S, et al. Association between migration and physical activity of school-age children left behind in rural Mexico. Int J Med. Public Health. 2015;60(1):49-58. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-014-0630-2
51. Gibson J, McKenzie D, Stillman S. The Impacts of International Migration on Remaining Household Members Omnibus Results from a Migration Lottery Program [Working paper]. Washington, DC: The World Bank Development Research Group, Trade and Integration Team; 2009; 4956.
52. Battaglia M. Migration, health knowledge and teenage fertility: Evidence from Mexico. SERIEs. 2015;6(2):179-206.
53. Adhikari R, Jampaklay A, Chamratrithirong A, Richter K, Pattaravanich U, Vapattanawong P. The Impact of Parental Migration on the Mental Health of Children Left Behind. J. Immigr. Minor. Health. 2014;16(5):781-789. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013-9809-5
54. Vanore M, Mazzucato V, Siegel M. “Left behind” but not left alone: Parental migration & the psychosocial health of children in Moldova. Soc Sci Med. 2015;132:252-260.
55. Mazzucato V, Cebotari V, Veale A, White A, Grassi M, Vivet J. International parental migration and the psychological well-being of children in Ghana, Nigeria, and Angola. Soc Sci Med. 2015;132:215-224.
56. Mosca I, Barrett A. The Impact of Adult Child Emigration on the Mental Health of Older Parents [Discussion paper]. Bonn, Germany: The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA); 2014; 8037.
57. Nobles J, Rubalcava L, Teruel G. After spouses depart: Emotional wellbeing among nonmigrant Mexican mothers. Soc Sci Med. 2015;132:236-244.
58. Bojorquez I, Salgado-de-Snyder N, Casique I. International migration of partner, autonomy and depressive symptoms among women from a mexican rural area. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry. 2009;55(4):306-321.
59. Salgado-De-Snyder VN, González-Vázquez T, Infante-Xibille C, Márquez-Serrano M, Pelcastre-Villafuerte B, Serván-Mori EE. Servicios de salud en la Mixteca: Utilización y condición de afiliación en hogares de migrantes y no-migrantes a EU. Salud Pública Méx. 2010;52(5):424-431.
60. López-Cevallos DF, Chi C. Health Care Utilization in Ecuador. Rev Panam Salud Públ. 2012;31(1):9-16.
61. Lindstrom DP, Muñoz-Franco E. Migration and maternal health services utilization in rural Guatemala. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(3):706-721.
62. Carletto C, Covarrubias K, Maluccio JA. Migration and child growth in rural Guatemala. Food Policy. 2011;36(1):16-27.
63. Gibson J, McKenzie D, Stillman S. What happens to diet and child health when migration splits households? Evidence from a migration lottery program. Food Policy. 2011;36(1):7-15.
64. Acosta LD, Vizcarra-Bordi I. Desnutrición infantil en comunidades mazahuas con migración masculina internacional en México Central. Poblac. Salud Mesoam. 2009;6(2):118.
65. Davis J, Brazil N. Migration, Remittances and Nutrition Outcomes of Left-Behind Children: A National-Level Quantitative Assessment of Guatemala. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(3):1-17.
66. Borges G, Breslau J, Su M, Miller M, Medina-Mora ME, Aguilar-Gaxiola S. Immigration and suicidal behavior among Mexicans and Mexican Americans. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(4):728-733.
67. Yabiku ST, Agadjanian V, Cau B. Labor migration and child mortality in Mozambique. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12):2530-2538.
68. Donato KM, Duncan EM. Migration, Social Networks, and Child Health in Mexican Families. J. Marriage Fam.. 2011;73(4):713-728.
69. Piette JD, Mendoza-Avelares MO, Chess L, Milton EC, Reyes AM, Rodriguez-saldaña J. Report on Honduras: ripples in the pond-the financial crisis and remittances to chronically ill patients in Honduras. Int. J. Health Serv. 2012;42(2):197-212.
70. Valero-Gil J. Remittances and the Household’s Expenditures on Health. J Bus Strat. 2009;26(1):119-140.
71. Frank R, Palma-Coca O, Rauda-Esquivel J, Olaiz-Fernández G, Díaz-Olavarrieta C, Acevedo-García D. The relationship between remittances and health care provision in Mexico. Am. J. Public Health. 2009;99(7):1227-1231.
72. Valero JN, Trevino MDL. El gasto en salud de los hogares en México, y su relación con la disponibilidad de recursos, las remesas y la asignación intrafamiliar. Econo. Mex. (Nueva Época). 2010;19(2):311-342.
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77. Olowa OW, Awoyemi TT. Remittances and Household Expenditure in Rural Nigeria. J Rural Econ Dev. 2009;20(1):30-43.
78. Adams RH, Cuecuecha A. The Impact of Remittances on Investment and Poverty in Ghana. World Dev. 2013;50:24-40.
79. Mayer D, Le Thi ML. El uso de las transferencias privadas inter-vivos por los hogares: el caso de México. Estud Demogr Urb. 2008;23(2):233-269.
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81. Díaz-González E, Ramírez-García JB. Gastos catastróficos en salud, transferencias gubernamentales y remesas en México. Pap Pobl. 2017;23(91):65-91.
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86. Cabre P, Signate A, Olindo S, Merle H, Caparros-Lefebvre D, Béra O, Smadja D. Role of return migration in the emergence of multiple sclerosis in the French West Indies. Brain. 2005;128(12): 2899-2910.
87. Miyasaka SL, Canasiro S, Abe Y, Otsuka K, Tsuji K, Hayashi T, et al. Migration and mental health: Japanese Brazilians in Japan and in Brazil. J. Bras. Psiquiatr. 2007;56(1):48-52.
2. World Health Organization. Health and the Millennium Development Goals [Internet]. 2005
[access 2016 Jan. 12]. Available at: http://www.who.int/hdp/publications/mdg_en.pdf
3. Hildebrandt N, McKenzie DJ. The Effects of Migration on Child Health in Mexico. Economía. 2005;6(1):257-289.
4. Aguilera-Guzmán RM, Salgado-de-Snyder VN, Romero M, Medina-Mora ME. Paternal absence and international migration: stressors and compensators associated with the mental health of mexican teenagers of rural origin. Adolescence. 2004;39(156):711-723.
5. Pottinger AM. Children’s experience of loss by parental migration in inner-city Jamaica. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2005;75(4):485-496.
6. Wickramage K, Siriwardhana C, Vidanapathirana P, Weerawarna S, Jayasekara B, Pannala G, et al. Risk of mental health and nutritional problems for left-behind children of international labor migrants. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(39):1-12.
7. Chauvet L, Gubert F, Mesple-Somps S. Aid, Remittances, Medical Brain Drain and Child Mortality: Evidence Using Inter and Intra-Country Data. J Dev Stud. 2013;49(6):801-818.
8. Amakom U, Iheoma CG. Impact of Migrant Remittances on Health and Education Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. IOSR-IJHSS. 2014;9(8):33-44.
9. Carling J, Tønnessen M. Fathers’ whereabouts and children’s welfare in Malawi. Dev. South. Afr. 2013;30(6):724-742.
10. Azzarri C, Zezza A. International migration and nutritional outcomes in Tajikistan. Food Policy. 2011;36(1):54-70.
11. Hamilton ER, Choi KH. The mixed effects of migration: Community-level migration and birthweight in Mexico. Soc Sci Med. 2015;(132):278-286.
12. Terrelonge SC. For Health, Strength and Daily Food: The Dual Impact of Remittances and Public Health Expenditure on Household Health Spending and Child Health Outcomes. J Dev Stud. 2014;50(10):1397-1410.
13. Ming-Hsuan L. Migration and Children’s Welfare in China: The Schooling and Health of Children Left behind. J Develop Area. 2011;44(2):165-182.
14. Smeekens C, Stroebe MS, Abakoumkin G. The impact of migratory separation from parents on the health of adolescents in the Philippines. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12): 2250-2257.
15. Ullmann SH. The health impacts of international migration on Mexican women. Glob. Public Health. 2012;7(9):946-960.
16. Wilkerson JA, Yamawaki N, Downs SD. Effects of husbands’ migration on mental health and gender role ideology of rural Mexican women. Health Care Women Int. 2009;30(7):614-628.
17. Frank R. International Migration and Infant Health in Mexico. J. Immigr. Health. 2005;7(1):11-22.
18. Böhme MH, Persian R, Stöhr T. Alone but better off? Adult child migration and health of elderly parents in Moldova. J Health Econ. 2015;39:211-227.
19. Sunil TS, Flores M, Garcia GE. New evidence on the effects of international migration on the risk of low birthweight in Mexico. Matern Child Nutr. 2012;8(2):185-198.
20. Ullmann SH, Goldman N, Massey DS. Healthier before they migrate, less healthy when they return? The health of returned migrants in Mexico. Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(3):421-428.
21. Caballero M, Leyva-Flores R, Ochoa-Marín SC, Zarco Á, Guerrero C. Las mujeres que se quedan: Migración e implicación en los procesos de búsqueda de atención de servicios de salud. Salud Pública Méx. 2008;50(3):241-250.
22. Hernández-Rosete D, Maya García O, Bernal E, Castañeda X, Lemp G. Migración y ruralización del SIDA: relatos de vulnerabilidad en comunidades indígenas de México. Rev. Saúde Pública. 2008;42(1):131-138.
23. Siriwardhana C, Wickramage K, Jayaweera K, Adikari A, Weerawarna S, Van-Bortel T, et al. Impact of Economic Labour Migration: A Qualitative Exploration of Left-Behind Family Member Perspectives in Sri Lanka. J Immigr Minor Health. 2015;17(3):885-894.
24. Salinas JJ. Tapping Healthcare Resource by Older Mexicans with Diabetes: How Migration to the United States Facilitates Access. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2008;23(3):301-312.
25. Rivera-Heredia ME, Obregón-Velasco N, Cervantes-Pacheco EI. Migración, sucesos estresantes y salud: perspectivas de las mujeres michoacanas de comunidades rurales con familiares migrantes. Acta Univ. 2013;23(1):49-59.
26. Graham E, Jordan LP, Yeoh BS. A. Parental migration and the mental health of those who stay behind to care for children in South-East Asia. Soc Sci Med. 2015;132:225-235.
27. Beine M, Docquier F, Schiff M. International Migration, Transfers of Norms and Home Country Fertility [Working Paper]. Geneva: The World Bank, Development Research Group, Trade Team; 2009; 44925.
28. Amuedo-Dorantes C, Pozo S. New Evidence on the Role of Remittances on Health Care Expenditures by Mexican Households [Discussion Paper]. Bonn, Germany: IZA; 2009; 4617.
29. Amuedo-Dorantes C, Sainz T, Pozo S. Remittances and Healthcare Expenditure Patterns of Populations in Origin Communities: Evidence from Mexico [Working paper]. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Inter-American Development Bank, Integration and Regional Programs Department; 2007; 25.
30. Medina C, Cardona L. The Effects of Remittances on Household Consumption, Education Attendance and Living Standards: the Case of Colombia. Lect Econ. 2010;(72):11-43.
31. Drabo A, Ebeke C. Remittances. Public Health Spending and Foreign Aid in the Access to Health Care Services in Developing Countries [Working paper]. Clermont Ferrand, France: Cerdi; 2010.
32. Antón JI. The Impact of Remittances on Nutritional Status of Children in Ecuador. International Migration Review. 2010;44(2):269-299.
33. Ponce J, Olivié I, Onofa M. The role of international remittances in health outcomes in Ecuador: Prevention and response to shocks. Int Migr Rev. 2011;45(3):727-745.
34. Zhunio MC, Vishwasrao S, Chiang EP. The influence of remittances on education and health outcomes: a cross country study. App. Econ. 2012;44(35):4605-4616.
35. Cárdenas M, Medina C, Trejos A. Measuring Economic and Social Impacts of Migration in Colombia: New evidence [Working paper]. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República; 2010; 601.
36. Kalaj EH. A Micro-level Analysis of the Effect of Remittances on Health Expenditures: Evidence from Albania. Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2015;6(1):665-673.
37. Anderson K, Kroeger A. Remittances and Children`s Capabilities: New Evidence from Kyrgyzstan, 2005-2008 [Discussion paper]. Bonn, Germany: Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit; 2012; 6293.
38. Nguyen C, Nguyen H. Do Internal and International Remittances Matter to Health, Education and Labor of Children? The Case of Vietnam [Working paper]. Munich, Germany: Personal RePec Archive, MPRA; 2013; 48672.
39. Lu Y. Internal migration, international migration, and physical growth of left-behind children: A study of two settings. Health Place. 2015;36:118-126. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.09.008
40. Banerjee SK, Jayachandran V, Roy TK. Has Emigration Influenced Kerala’s Living Standards? A Micro Level Investigation. Econ Polit Wkly. 2002;37(18):1755-1765.
41. Lindstrom DP, Muñoz-Franco E. Migration and the diffusion of modern contraceptive knowledge and use in rural Guatemala. Studies in Family Planning. 2005;36(4):277-288.
42. Jayatissa R, Wickramage K. What Effect Does International Migration Have on the Nutritional Status and Child Care Practices of Children Left Behind? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2016;13(218):1-10.
43. Schmeer K. Father absence due to migration and child illness in rural Mexico. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(8):1281-1286.
44. Borges G, Medina-Mora ME, Breslau J, Aguilar-Gaxiola S. The effect of migration to the United States on substance use disorders among returned Mexican migrants and families of migrants. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(10):1847-1851.
45. Antman FM. Adult Child Migration and the Health of Elderly Parents Left Behind in Mexico. Am. Econ. Rev. 2010;100(2):205-208.
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