Influence of parking costs on the use of cars in Bogota
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Mar 16, 2011
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Abstract
This paper describes the use of the stated-preference technique in a discrete choice experiment carried out to examine the behavior of car users concerning changes in parking costs in the central business district of Bogotá. The research seeks to determine the level of elasticity between parking costs and car use for work trips. First, the area of interest is selected, bearing in mind compatibility with other studies. Then, the experiment is designed taking into account variables such as costs, commuting time, parking time and walking distance from the parking lot to the workplace. A multinomial logit model is used in order to determine elasticity between the parking cost and the use of the car, and to experiment with the variables included in the model. The model shows that the elasticity between parking costs and car use is -0.13496, which is considered low when compared to international standards. However, the model indicates high sensitivity on the part of car users with respect to walking distances. This work contributes to improving parking pricing policies to discourage the use of cars in urban areas.
Keywords
Automobile parking - cost effectiveness, parking lots - prices – Bogota (Colombia), automobiles - use studiesServicios de parqueo-costo-efectividad, parqueaderos-precios-Bogotá (Colombia), automóviles-estudios de uso
References
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ARDILA, A. Control de la congestión vehicular en Bogotá con herramientas microeconómicas. Desarrollo y Sociedad, 1995, núm. 35, pp. 7-26.
ARNOTT, R. y ROWSE, J. Downtown parking in auto city. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2009, vol. 39, pp. 1-14.
BATES, J. History of demand modelling. En: HENSHER, D. A. y BUTTON, K. J. (eds.). Handbook of Transport Modelling. Amsterdam: Pergamon, 2000, pp. 11-33.
BEN-AKIVA, M. y Lerman, S. R. Discrete Choice Analysis: Theory and Application to Travel Demand. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1985.
BIERLAIRE, M. Estimation of discrete choice models with BIOGEME 1.8 [documento en línea]. École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, 2009. [consulta: 08-03-2010].
BONSAN, P. y YOUNG, W. Is there a case for replacing parking charges by road user charges? Transport Policy, 2010, vol. 17, pp. 323-334.
CALTHROP, E. y PROOST, S. Regulating on street parking. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2006, vol. 36, pp. 29-48.
CÁMARA DE COMERCIO DE BOGOTÁ. La oferta de transporte en Bogotá [libro en línea]. Bogotá: Observatorio de Movilidad, 2007. [consulta: 18-06-2010].
CANTILLO, V. y ORTÚZAR, J. D. A Semi-compensatory discreet choice model with explicit attribute thresholds of perception. Transportation Research Part B, 2005, núm. 39, pp. 641-657.
C&M; DUARTE GUTERMAN & CIA. Caracterización socioeconómica de Bogotá y la región-V8 Formulación del plan maestro de movilidad para Bogotá D.C., que incluye ordenamiento de estacionamientos [documento en línea]. Bogotá: Secretaría de Tránsito y Transporte, 2006. [consulta: 18-06-2010].
CHU, C.-P. y TSAI, M.-T. A study of an environmental-friendly parking policy. Transportation Research Part D, 2011, vol. 16, pp. 87-91.
DOMENCICH, T. y McFADDEN, D. A Disaggregated Behavioral Model of Urban Travel Demand. Report No. CRA-156-2. Cambridge: Charles River Associates, 1972.
ELIASSON, J. A cost–benefit analysis of the Stockholm congestion charging system. Transportation Research A, 2009, vol. 43, núm. 4, pp. 468-480.
GLAZER, A. y NISKANEN, E. Parking fees and congestion. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1992, vol. 22, núm. 1, pp. 123-132.
GUERRERO, V. A. y RUIZ, J. D. Reordenamiento del sistema actual de estacionamiento en vía para sectores de alta demanda en Bogotá D. C. Tunja: Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, 2003.
HENSHER, D. A. y KING, J. Parking demand and responsiveness to supply, pricing and location in the Sydney central business district. Transportation Research A, 2001, vol. 35, pp. 177-196.
HENSHER, D. A.; LOUVIERE, J. J. y SWAIT, J. Combining Sources of Preference Data. Journal of Econometrics, 1999, vol. 89, pp. 197-221.
HESS, S. Advanced discrete choice models with applications to transport demand. London: University of London, Centre for Transport Studies, Imperial College London, 2005.
HUANG, J.-C. Semi-parametric discrete choice measures of willingness to pay. Economics Letters, 2008, vol. 101, pp. 91-94.
JANSSON, J. O. Road pricing and parking policy. Research in Transportation Economics, 2010, vol. 29, pp. 346-353.
KAHNEMAN, D. Maps of bounded rationality, prize lecture. En: FRÄNGSMYR, T. (ed.). Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 2002. Stockholm: Nobel Foundation, 2003.
KANAFANI, A. y LAN, L. H. Development of pricing strategies for airport parking: a case study at San Francisco airport. International Journal of Transport Economics, 1988, vol. 15, pp. 55-76.
KELLY, J. A. y CLINCH, J. P. Influence of varied parking tariffs on parking occupancy levels by trip purpose. Transport Policy, 2006, vol. 13, pp. 487-495.
KOÇUR, G.; ADLER, T.; HYMAN, W. y AUDET, E. Guide to forecasting travel demand with direct utility measurement, UMTA. Washington: USA Department of Transportation, 1982.
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LEVINE, J. y GARB, Y. Congestions pricing’s conditional promise: promotion of accessibility or mobility? Transport Policy, 2002, vol. 9, pp. 179-188.
LITMAN, T. Transportation elasticities - how prices and other factors affect travel behavior. s. l.: Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2007.
MÁRQUEZ, L. G. Metodología para valorar los costos externos de la accidentalidad en proyectos de transporte. Ingeniería y Universidad, 2010, vol. 14, núm. 1, pp. 161-176.
MÁRQUEZ, L. G. y JAIMES, H. Modelo de demanda para un tren de pasajeros entre Tunja y Bogotá. Revista de Ingeniería, 2009, núm. 30, pp. 16-24.
MOORE, R. Parking rates show surprising resilience – around the globe [documento en línea]. Colliers International, 2009. [consulta: 02-03-2010].
MOORE, R. Parking remains expensive for the world’s global cities [documento en línea]. Colliers International, 2010. [consulta: 02-09-2010].
ORRO, A. Modelos de elección discreta en transportes con coeficientes aleatorios. Coruña: Universidad de A Coruña, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, 2005.
ORTÚZAR, J. D. y WILLUMSEN, L. G. Modelling transport. 3rd ed. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, 2001.
SCHALLER, B. New York City’s congestion pricing experience and implications for road pricing acceptance in the United States. Transport Policy, 2010, vol. 17, pp. 266-273.
SHIFTAN, Y. y GOLANI, A. The effect of auto restrain policies on travel behaviour. Transportation research record. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2005, núm. 1932, pp. 156-163.
TRAIN, K. Discrete choice methods with simulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
TSAMBOULAS, D. A. Parking fare thresholds: a policy tool. Transport Policy, 2001, vol. 8, pp. 115-124.
VACA, E. y KUZMYAK, J. R. Parking pricing and fees, chapter 13, TCRP Report 95 [documento en línea]. Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Federal Transit Administration, 2005. [consulta: 06-06-2010].
ZHANG, J. et al. Capturing Travelers’ Stated Mode Choice Preferences Under Influence of Income in Yangon City, Myanmar. Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 2008, vol. 8, núm. 4, pp. 49-62.
ZWERINA, K.; HUBER, J. y KUHFELD, W. E. MR-2010E — A General Method for Constructing Efficient Choice Designs [documento en línea]. Ludwigshafen, Germany: SAS Institute, 2005. [consulta: 01-03-2010].
ARDILA, A. Control de la congestión vehicular en Bogotá con herramientas microeconómicas. Desarrollo y Sociedad, 1995, núm. 35, pp. 7-26.
ARNOTT, R. y ROWSE, J. Downtown parking in auto city. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2009, vol. 39, pp. 1-14.
BATES, J. History of demand modelling. En: HENSHER, D. A. y BUTTON, K. J. (eds.). Handbook of Transport Modelling. Amsterdam: Pergamon, 2000, pp. 11-33.
BEN-AKIVA, M. y Lerman, S. R. Discrete Choice Analysis: Theory and Application to Travel Demand. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1985.
BIERLAIRE, M. Estimation of discrete choice models with BIOGEME 1.8 [documento en línea]. École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, 2009.
BONSAN, P. y YOUNG, W. Is there a case for replacing parking charges by road user charges? Transport Policy, 2010, vol. 17, pp. 323-334.
CALTHROP, E. y PROOST, S. Regulating on street parking. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2006, vol. 36, pp. 29-48.
CÁMARA DE COMERCIO DE BOGOTÁ. La oferta de transporte en Bogotá [libro en línea]. Bogotá: Observatorio de Movilidad, 2007.
CANTILLO, V. y ORTÚZAR, J. D. A Semi-compensatory discreet choice model with explicit attribute thresholds of perception. Transportation Research Part B, 2005, núm. 39, pp. 641-657.
C&M; DUARTE GUTERMAN & CIA. Caracterización socioeconómica de Bogotá y la región-V8 Formulación del plan maestro de movilidad para Bogotá D.C., que incluye ordenamiento de estacionamientos [documento en línea]. Bogotá: Secretaría de Tránsito y Transporte, 2006.
CHU, C.-P. y TSAI, M.-T. A study of an environmental-friendly parking policy. Transportation Research Part D, 2011, vol. 16, pp. 87-91.
DOMENCICH, T. y McFADDEN, D. A Disaggregated Behavioral Model of Urban Travel Demand. Report No. CRA-156-2. Cambridge: Charles River Associates, 1972.
ELIASSON, J. A cost–benefit analysis of the Stockholm congestion charging system. Transportation Research A, 2009, vol. 43, núm. 4, pp. 468-480.
GLAZER, A. y NISKANEN, E. Parking fees and congestion. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1992, vol. 22, núm. 1, pp. 123-132.
GUERRERO, V. A. y RUIZ, J. D. Reordenamiento del sistema actual de estacionamiento en vía para sectores de alta demanda en Bogotá D. C. Tunja: Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, 2003.
HENSHER, D. A. y KING, J. Parking demand and responsiveness to supply, pricing and location in the Sydney central business district. Transportation Research A, 2001, vol. 35, pp. 177-196.
HENSHER, D. A.; LOUVIERE, J. J. y SWAIT, J. Combining Sources of Preference Data. Journal of Econometrics, 1999, vol. 89, pp. 197-221.
HESS, S. Advanced discrete choice models with applications to transport demand. London: University of London, Centre for Transport Studies, Imperial College London, 2005.
HUANG, J.-C. Semi-parametric discrete choice measures of willingness to pay. Economics Letters, 2008, vol. 101, pp. 91-94.
JANSSON, J. O. Road pricing and parking policy. Research in Transportation Economics, 2010, vol. 29, pp. 346-353.
KAHNEMAN, D. Maps of bounded rationality, prize lecture. En: FRÄNGSMYR, T. (ed.). Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 2002. Stockholm: Nobel Foundation, 2003.
KANAFANI, A. y LAN, L. H. Development of pricing strategies for airport parking: a case study at San Francisco airport. International Journal of Transport Economics, 1988, vol. 15, pp. 55-76.
KELLY, J. A. y CLINCH, J. P. Influence of varied parking tariffs on parking occupancy levels by trip purpose. Transport Policy, 2006, vol. 13, pp. 487-495.
KOÇUR, G.; ADLER, T.; HYMAN, W. y AUDET, E. Guide to forecasting travel demand with direct utility measurement, UMTA. Washington: USA Department of Transportation, 1982.
KUZMYAK, J. R.; WEINBERGER, R.; PRATT, R.H. y LEVINSON, H. S. Traveler response to transport system changes. En: Parking management and supply. [TCRP Report 95]. Washington: Trasnportation Research Board, 2003.
LEVINE, J. y GARB, Y. Congestions pricing’s conditional promise: promotion of accessibility or mobility? Transport Policy, 2002, vol. 9, pp. 179-188.
LITMAN, T. Transportation elasticities - how prices and other factors affect travel behavior. s. l.: Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2007.
MÁRQUEZ, L. G. Metodología para valorar los costos externos de la accidentalidad en proyectos de transporte. Ingeniería y Universidad, 2010, vol. 14, núm. 1, pp. 161-176.
MÁRQUEZ, L. G. y JAIMES, H. Modelo de demanda para un tren de pasajeros entre Tunja y Bogotá. Revista de Ingeniería, 2009, núm. 30, pp. 16-24.
MOORE, R. Parking rates show surprising resilience – around the globe [documento en línea]. Colliers International, 2009.
MOORE, R. Parking remains expensive for the world’s global cities [documento en línea]. Colliers International, 2010.
ORRO, A. Modelos de elección discreta en transportes con coeficientes aleatorios. Coruña: Universidad de A Coruña, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, 2005.
ORTÚZAR, J. D. y WILLUMSEN, L. G. Modelling transport. 3rd ed. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, 2001.
SCHALLER, B. New York City’s congestion pricing experience and implications for road pricing acceptance in the United States. Transport Policy, 2010, vol. 17, pp. 266-273.
SHIFTAN, Y. y GOLANI, A. The effect of auto restrain policies on travel behaviour. Transportation research record. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2005, núm. 1932, pp. 156-163.
TRAIN, K. Discrete choice methods with simulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
TSAMBOULAS, D. A. Parking fare thresholds: a policy tool. Transport Policy, 2001, vol. 8, pp. 115-124.
VACA, E. y KUZMYAK, J. R. Parking pricing and fees, chapter 13, TCRP Report 95 [documento en línea]. Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Federal Transit Administration, 2005.
ZHANG, J. et al. Capturing Travelers’ Stated Mode Choice Preferences Under Influence of Income in Yangon City, Myanmar. Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 2008, vol. 8, núm. 4, pp. 49-62.
ZWERINA, K.; HUBER, J. y KUHFELD, W. E. MR-2010E — A General Method for Constructing Efficient Choice Designs [documento en línea]. Ludwigshafen, Germany: SAS Institute, 2005.
How to Cite
Márquez-Díaz, L. G., Gallo-González, L. A., & Chacón-Pérez, C. A. (2011). Influence of parking costs on the use of cars in Bogota. Ingenieria Y Universidad, 15(1), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.iyu15-1.icpu
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Articles