Potential utilization of a low quality-fly ash as an aluminosilicate source in the production of geopolymers
Published
Nov 20, 2014
Almetrics
Dimensions
Google Scholar
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Abstract
This article presents the synthesis of a geopolymeric materialbased on a Colombian fly ash (FA). Geopolymers withdifferent total molar SiO2/Al2O3 and Na2O/SiO2 ratios andthe inclusion of two source of calcium (a national granulatedblast furnace slag and ordinary Portland cement) wereevaluated. The reaction kinetic of FA alkali activationwas monitored by isothermal calorimetry, which showsthe systems with highest alkalinity exhibit higher releaseof heat and higher dissolution degree of FA. Replacinga percentage of FA by a calcium source (OPC or GBFS)modifies the kinetic and reaction products. A higher SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio leads to the production of materials withhigher compressive strength up to ~ 77 %. Overall, theaddition of a calcium source contributes significantly to theacquisition of a higher mechanical performance. The resultsshow the potential use of this FA with unprofitable physicaland chemical characteristics as a raw material to producenon-conventional cementitious with compressive strengthup to 50 MPa at 28 days of curing time.
Keywords
Geopolymers, fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, isothermal calorimetry, unconventional cementsGeopolímeros, ceniza volante, escoria siderúrgica de alto horno, calorimetría, cementos no convencionales.
References
AHMARUZZAMAN, M. A review on the utilization of fly ash. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2010, vol. 36, no. 6 pp. 327-363.
ALONSO, S. and PALOMO, A. Calorimetric study of alkaline activation of calcium hydroxidemetakaolin solid mixtures. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2001, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 25-30.
ÁLVAREZ-AYUSO, E.; QUEROL, X.; PLANA, F.; ALASTUEY, A.; MORENO, N.; IZQUIERDO, M.; FONT, O.; MORENO, T.; DIEZ, S.; VÁZQUEZ, E. and BARRA, M. Environmental, physical and structural characterisation of geopolymer matrixes synthesised from coal (co-)combustion fly ashes. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009, vol. 154, no. 1-3, pp. 175-183.
ANDINI, S.; CIOFFI, R.; COLANGELO, F.; GRIECO, T.; MONTAGNARO, F. and SANTORO, L. Coal fly ash as raw material for the manufacture of geopolymer-based products. Waste Management. 2007, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 416-423.
BERNAL, S. A.; PROVIS, J. L.; ROSE, V. and MEJÍA DE GUTIERREZ, R. Evolution of binder structure in sodium silicate-activated slag-metakaolin blends. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2011b, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 46-54.
BERNAL, S. A.; RODRÍGUEZ, E. D.; MEJÍA DE GUTIÉRREZ, R.; PROVIS, J. L. and DELVASTO, S. Activation of metakaolin/slag blends using alkaline solutions based on chemically modified silica fume and rice husk ash. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2011a, vol. 3, pp. 99-108.
CABRERA-FUENTES, B.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A. A. and PALOMO, A. Alkaline activation of blended fly ash and cement kiln dust. Proceedings of 13th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Madrid, 2011, pp. 1-7.
CHITHIRAPUTHIRAN, S. and NEITHALATH, N. Isothermal reaction kinetics and temperature dependence of alkali activation of slag, fly ash and their blends. Construction and Building Materials. 2013, vol. 45, pp. 233-242.
DUXSON, P.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A.; PROVIS, J. L.; LUKEY, G. C.; PALOMO, A. and DEVENTER, J. S. J. Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. Journal of Materials Science. 2007, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 2917-2933.
DUXSON, P.; LUKEY, G. C.; SEPAROVIC, F. and VAN DEVENTER, J. S. J. Effect of alkali cations on aluminum incorporation in geopolymeric gels. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2005, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 832-839.
DUXSON, P.; PROVIS, J. L.; LUKEY, G. C.; SEPAROVIC, F. and VAN DEVENTER, J. S. J. 29Si NMR study of structural ordering in aluminosilicate geopolymer gels. Langmuir. 2005, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 3028-3036.
FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A.; PALOMO, A. and CRIADO, M. Microstructure development of alkali-activated fly ash cement: a descriptive model. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2005, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1204-1209.
FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A. and PALOMO, A. Characterisation of fly ashes: Potential reactivity as alkaline cements. Fuel. 2003, vol. 82, no. 18, pp. 2259-2265.
FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A.; SOBRADOS, I. and PALOMO, A. Hybrid cements with very low OPC content. Proceedings of 13th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Madrid, July, 2011, pp. 1-7
GARCÍA-LODEIRO, I.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A. and PALOMO, A. Hydration kinetics in hybrid binders: Early reaction stages. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2013, vol. 39, pp. 82-92.
GARCÍA-LODEIRO, I.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A.; PALOMO, A. and MACPHEE, D. E. Effect of calcium additions on N-A-S-H cementitious gels. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 2010, vol. 93, no. 7 pp. 1934-1940.
GIL, C. y PLAZAS, R. Propuesta para la utilización de cenizas volantes como adición en la fabricación de cemento tipo I en la planta cementera de Holcim Colombia S.A. Documento procedente de la Especialización en Gerencia de Producción y Operaciones, Universidad de La Sabana, Bogotá, 2007.
GRUYAERT, E.; ROBEYST, N. and DE BELIE, N. Study of the hydration of Portland cement blended with blast-furnace slag by calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry. 2010, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 941-951.
IZQUIERDO, M.; QUEROL, X.; DAVIDOVITS, J.; ANTENUCCI, D.; NUGTEREN, H. and FERNÁNDEZ-PEREIRA, C. Coal fly ash-slag-based geopolymers: microstructure and metal leaching. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009, vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 561-566.
KAMHANGRITTIRONG, P.; SUWANVITAYA, P.; WITAYAKUL, W.; SUWANVITAYA, P. and CHINDAPRASIRT, P. Factors influence on shrinkage of high calcium fly ash geopolymer paste. Advanced Materials Research. 2013, vol. 610-613, pp. 2275-2281.
KOVALCHUK, G.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A. and PALOMO, A. Activación alcalina de cenizas volantes: relación entre el desarrollo mecánico resistente y la composición química de la ceniza. Materiales de Construcción. 2008, vol. 58, no. 291, pp. 35-52.
KUMAR, R.; KUMAR, S. and MEHROTRA, S. P. Towards sustainable solutions for fly ash through mechanical activation. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2007, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 157-179.
KUMAR, S.; KUMAR, R. and MEHROTRA, S. P. Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on the reaction, structure and properties of fly ash based geopolymer. Journal of Materials Science. 2010, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 607-615.
LEE, S.; SEO, M.-D.; KIM, Y.-J.; PARK, H.-H.; KIM, T.-N.; HWANG, Y. and CHO, S.-B. Unburned carbon removal effect on compressive strength development in a honeycomb briquette ash-based geopolymer. Int. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 2010, vol. 97, no. 1-4, pp. 20-25.
LLOYD, R.; PROVIS, J. and VAN DEVENTER, J. Microscopy and microanalysis of inorganic polymer cements. 2: the gel binder. Journal of Materials Science. 2009, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 620-631.
NEMATOLLAHI, B. and SANJAYAN, J. Effect of different superplasticizers and activator combinations on workability and strength of fly ash based geopolymer. Materials & Design. 2014, vol. 57, pp. 667-672.
PALOMO, A.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A.; KOVALCHUK, G.; ORDÓÑEZ, L. M. and NARANJO, M. C. OPC-fly ash cementitious systems: study of gel binders produced during alkaline hydration. Journal of Materials Science. 2007, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 2958-2966.
PHOO-NGERNKHAM, T.; CHINDAPRASIRT, P.; SATA, V.; PANGDAENG, S. and SINSIRI, T. Properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer pastes with Portland cement as an additive. Int. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials. 2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 214-220.
PROVIS, J. L. and VAN DEVENTER, J. S. J. Geopolymerisation kinetics: 2. Reaction kinetic modelling. Chemical Engineering Science. 2007, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 2318-2329.
PROVIS, J. L. and VAN DEVENTER, J. S. J. Geopolymers: structures, processing, properties and industrial applications. Cambridge (UK): Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2009.
PUERTAS, F. and FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A. Mineralogical and microstructural characterisation of alkali-activated fly ash / slag pastes. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2003, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 287-292.
PUERTAS, F.; PALACIOS, M.; MANZANO, H.; DOLADO, J. S.; RICO, A. and RODRÍGUEZ, J. A model for the C-A-S-H gel formed in alkali-activated slag cements. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2011, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 2043-2056.
PUERTAS, F.; MARTÍNEZ-RAMÍREZ, S. and VÁZQUEZ, A. Alkali-activated fly ash / slag cement Strength behaviour and hydration products. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1625-1632.
RAVIKUMAR, D. and NEITHALATH, N. Reaction kinetics in sodium silicate powder and liquid activated slag binders evaluated using isothermal calorimetry. Thermochimica Acta. 2012, vol. 546, pp. 32-43.
RYU, G. S.; LEE, Y. B.; KOH, K. T. and CHUNG, Y. S. The mechanical properties of fly ashbased geopolymer concrete with alkaline activators. Construction and Building Materials. 2013, vol. 47, pp. 409-418.
TEMUUJIN, J. and VAN RIESSEN, A. Effect of fly ash preliminary calcination on the properties of geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials. 2009, vol. 164, no. 2-3, pp. 634-639.
TEMUUJIN, J.; RICKARD, W. and VAN RIESSEN, A. Characterization of various fly ashes for preparation of geopolymers with advanced applications. Advanced Powder Technology. 2013, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 495-498.
VAN DEVENTER, J. S.; PROVIS, J. J. L. and DUXSON, P. Technical and commercial progress in the adoption of geopolymer cement. Minerals Engineering. 2012, vol. 29, pp. 89-104.
VAN RIESSEN, A. and CHEN-TAN, N. Beneficiation of collie fly ash for synthesis of geopolymer Part 2 - Geopolymers. Fuel. 2013, vol. 111, pp. 829-835.
WINNEFELD, F.; LEEMANN, A.; LUCUK, M.; SVOBODA, P. and NEUROTH, M. Assessment of phase formation in alkali activated low and high calcium fly ashes in building materials. Construction and Building Materials. 2010, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1086-1093.
WORLD COAL ASSOCIATION. Coal statistics [document on line], 2014.
XU, G. Q.; HAN, D. L.; HAN, J. Q. and WANG, S. Research on the green concrete mixed the high-volume limestone powder and low-quality fly ash. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2012, vol. 253, pp. 462-465.
XU, Q.; HU, J.; RUIZ, J. M.; WANG, K. and GE, Z. Isothermal calorimetry tests and modeling of cement hydration parameters. Thermochimica Acta. 2010, vol. 499, no. 1-2, pp. 91-99.
YIP, C. and VAN DEVENTER, J. Microanalysis of calcium silicate hydrate gel formed within a geopolymeric binder. Journal of Materials Science. 2003, vol. 38, no. 18, pp. 3851-3860.
YIP, C. K.; LUKEY, G. C.; PROVIS, J. L. and VAN DEVENTER, J. S. J. Effect of calcium silicate sources on geopolymerisation. Cement and Concrete Research. 2008, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 554-564.
ALONSO, S. and PALOMO, A. Calorimetric study of alkaline activation of calcium hydroxidemetakaolin solid mixtures. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2001, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 25-30.
ÁLVAREZ-AYUSO, E.; QUEROL, X.; PLANA, F.; ALASTUEY, A.; MORENO, N.; IZQUIERDO, M.; FONT, O.; MORENO, T.; DIEZ, S.; VÁZQUEZ, E. and BARRA, M. Environmental, physical and structural characterisation of geopolymer matrixes synthesised from coal (co-)combustion fly ashes. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009, vol. 154, no. 1-3, pp. 175-183.
ANDINI, S.; CIOFFI, R.; COLANGELO, F.; GRIECO, T.; MONTAGNARO, F. and SANTORO, L. Coal fly ash as raw material for the manufacture of geopolymer-based products. Waste Management. 2007, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 416-423.
BERNAL, S. A.; PROVIS, J. L.; ROSE, V. and MEJÍA DE GUTIERREZ, R. Evolution of binder structure in sodium silicate-activated slag-metakaolin blends. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2011b, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 46-54.
BERNAL, S. A.; RODRÍGUEZ, E. D.; MEJÍA DE GUTIÉRREZ, R.; PROVIS, J. L. and DELVASTO, S. Activation of metakaolin/slag blends using alkaline solutions based on chemically modified silica fume and rice husk ash. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 2011a, vol. 3, pp. 99-108.
CABRERA-FUENTES, B.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A. A. and PALOMO, A. Alkaline activation of blended fly ash and cement kiln dust. Proceedings of 13th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Madrid, 2011, pp. 1-7.
CHITHIRAPUTHIRAN, S. and NEITHALATH, N. Isothermal reaction kinetics and temperature dependence of alkali activation of slag, fly ash and their blends. Construction and Building Materials. 2013, vol. 45, pp. 233-242.
DUXSON, P.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A.; PROVIS, J. L.; LUKEY, G. C.; PALOMO, A. and DEVENTER, J. S. J. Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. Journal of Materials Science. 2007, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 2917-2933.
DUXSON, P.; LUKEY, G. C.; SEPAROVIC, F. and VAN DEVENTER, J. S. J. Effect of alkali cations on aluminum incorporation in geopolymeric gels. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2005, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 832-839.
DUXSON, P.; PROVIS, J. L.; LUKEY, G. C.; SEPAROVIC, F. and VAN DEVENTER, J. S. J. 29Si NMR study of structural ordering in aluminosilicate geopolymer gels. Langmuir. 2005, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 3028-3036.
FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A.; PALOMO, A. and CRIADO, M. Microstructure development of alkali-activated fly ash cement: a descriptive model. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2005, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1204-1209.
FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A. and PALOMO, A. Characterisation of fly ashes: Potential reactivity as alkaline cements. Fuel. 2003, vol. 82, no. 18, pp. 2259-2265.
FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A.; SOBRADOS, I. and PALOMO, A. Hybrid cements with very low OPC content. Proceedings of 13th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Madrid, July, 2011, pp. 1-7
GARCÍA-LODEIRO, I.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A. and PALOMO, A. Hydration kinetics in hybrid binders: Early reaction stages. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2013, vol. 39, pp. 82-92.
GARCÍA-LODEIRO, I.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A.; PALOMO, A. and MACPHEE, D. E. Effect of calcium additions on N-A-S-H cementitious gels. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 2010, vol. 93, no. 7 pp. 1934-1940.
GIL, C. y PLAZAS, R. Propuesta para la utilización de cenizas volantes como adición en la fabricación de cemento tipo I en la planta cementera de Holcim Colombia S.A. Documento procedente de la Especialización en Gerencia de Producción y Operaciones, Universidad de La Sabana, Bogotá, 2007.
GRUYAERT, E.; ROBEYST, N. and DE BELIE, N. Study of the hydration of Portland cement blended with blast-furnace slag by calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Journal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry. 2010, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 941-951.
IZQUIERDO, M.; QUEROL, X.; DAVIDOVITS, J.; ANTENUCCI, D.; NUGTEREN, H. and FERNÁNDEZ-PEREIRA, C. Coal fly ash-slag-based geopolymers: microstructure and metal leaching. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009, vol. 166, no. 1, pp. 561-566.
KAMHANGRITTIRONG, P.; SUWANVITAYA, P.; WITAYAKUL, W.; SUWANVITAYA, P. and CHINDAPRASIRT, P. Factors influence on shrinkage of high calcium fly ash geopolymer paste. Advanced Materials Research. 2013, vol. 610-613, pp. 2275-2281.
KOVALCHUK, G.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A. and PALOMO, A. Activación alcalina de cenizas volantes: relación entre el desarrollo mecánico resistente y la composición química de la ceniza. Materiales de Construcción. 2008, vol. 58, no. 291, pp. 35-52.
KUMAR, R.; KUMAR, S. and MEHROTRA, S. P. Towards sustainable solutions for fly ash through mechanical activation. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2007, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 157-179.
KUMAR, S.; KUMAR, R. and MEHROTRA, S. P. Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on the reaction, structure and properties of fly ash based geopolymer. Journal of Materials Science. 2010, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 607-615.
LEE, S.; SEO, M.-D.; KIM, Y.-J.; PARK, H.-H.; KIM, T.-N.; HWANG, Y. and CHO, S.-B. Unburned carbon removal effect on compressive strength development in a honeycomb briquette ash-based geopolymer. Int. International Journal of Mineral Processing. 2010, vol. 97, no. 1-4, pp. 20-25.
LLOYD, R.; PROVIS, J. and VAN DEVENTER, J. Microscopy and microanalysis of inorganic polymer cements. 2: the gel binder. Journal of Materials Science. 2009, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 620-631.
NEMATOLLAHI, B. and SANJAYAN, J. Effect of different superplasticizers and activator combinations on workability and strength of fly ash based geopolymer. Materials & Design. 2014, vol. 57, pp. 667-672.
PALOMO, A.; FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A.; KOVALCHUK, G.; ORDÓÑEZ, L. M. and NARANJO, M. C. OPC-fly ash cementitious systems: study of gel binders produced during alkaline hydration. Journal of Materials Science. 2007, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 2958-2966.
PHOO-NGERNKHAM, T.; CHINDAPRASIRT, P.; SATA, V.; PANGDAENG, S. and SINSIRI, T. Properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer pastes with Portland cement as an additive. Int. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials. 2013, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 214-220.
PROVIS, J. L. and VAN DEVENTER, J. S. J. Geopolymerisation kinetics: 2. Reaction kinetic modelling. Chemical Engineering Science. 2007, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 2318-2329.
PROVIS, J. L. and VAN DEVENTER, J. S. J. Geopolymers: structures, processing, properties and industrial applications. Cambridge (UK): Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2009.
PUERTAS, F. and FERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ, A. Mineralogical and microstructural characterisation of alkali-activated fly ash / slag pastes. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2003, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 287-292.
PUERTAS, F.; PALACIOS, M.; MANZANO, H.; DOLADO, J. S.; RICO, A. and RODRÍGUEZ, J. A model for the C-A-S-H gel formed in alkali-activated slag cements. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2011, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 2043-2056.
PUERTAS, F.; MARTÍNEZ-RAMÍREZ, S. and VÁZQUEZ, A. Alkali-activated fly ash / slag cement Strength behaviour and hydration products. Cement and Concrete Research. 2000, vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1625-1632.
RAVIKUMAR, D. and NEITHALATH, N. Reaction kinetics in sodium silicate powder and liquid activated slag binders evaluated using isothermal calorimetry. Thermochimica Acta. 2012, vol. 546, pp. 32-43.
RYU, G. S.; LEE, Y. B.; KOH, K. T. and CHUNG, Y. S. The mechanical properties of fly ashbased geopolymer concrete with alkaline activators. Construction and Building Materials. 2013, vol. 47, pp. 409-418.
TEMUUJIN, J. and VAN RIESSEN, A. Effect of fly ash preliminary calcination on the properties of geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials. 2009, vol. 164, no. 2-3, pp. 634-639.
TEMUUJIN, J.; RICKARD, W. and VAN RIESSEN, A. Characterization of various fly ashes for preparation of geopolymers with advanced applications. Advanced Powder Technology. 2013, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 495-498.
VAN DEVENTER, J. S.; PROVIS, J. J. L. and DUXSON, P. Technical and commercial progress in the adoption of geopolymer cement. Minerals Engineering. 2012, vol. 29, pp. 89-104.
VAN RIESSEN, A. and CHEN-TAN, N. Beneficiation of collie fly ash for synthesis of geopolymer Part 2 - Geopolymers. Fuel. 2013, vol. 111, pp. 829-835.
WINNEFELD, F.; LEEMANN, A.; LUCUK, M.; SVOBODA, P. and NEUROTH, M. Assessment of phase formation in alkali activated low and high calcium fly ashes in building materials. Construction and Building Materials. 2010, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1086-1093.
WORLD COAL ASSOCIATION. Coal statistics [document on line], 2014.
XU, G. Q.; HAN, D. L.; HAN, J. Q. and WANG, S. Research on the green concrete mixed the high-volume limestone powder and low-quality fly ash. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2012, vol. 253, pp. 462-465.
XU, Q.; HU, J.; RUIZ, J. M.; WANG, K. and GE, Z. Isothermal calorimetry tests and modeling of cement hydration parameters. Thermochimica Acta. 2010, vol. 499, no. 1-2, pp. 91-99.
YIP, C. and VAN DEVENTER, J. Microanalysis of calcium silicate hydrate gel formed within a geopolymeric binder. Journal of Materials Science. 2003, vol. 38, no. 18, pp. 3851-3860.
YIP, C. K.; LUKEY, G. C.; PROVIS, J. L. and VAN DEVENTER, J. S. J. Effect of calcium silicate sources on geopolymerisation. Cement and Concrete Research. 2008, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 554-564.
How to Cite
Mejía, J., Rodríguez, E. D., & Mejía de Gutiérrez, R. (2014). Potential utilization of a low quality-fly ash as an aluminosilicate source in the production of geopolymers. Ingeniería Y Universidad, 18(2), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.IYU18-2.upcv
Section
Articles