Abstract
The bioenergy (especially biofuels) production and usehas been worldly encouraged as a possible solution for theenergy crisis caused by fossil fuel extraction and burnt.However, some intrinsic features of the biofuels supplychain generate notable uncertainties. The land use changecan be considered a key issue of the feedstock productionstage. In this work, the carbon replacement time wascalculated for the cases of the oil palm growing in soils forforest, degraded lands and marginal lands. Most cultivatedlands are required to increase the biodiesel production inColombia. Additionally, the greenhouse gas emission fromthe land use change was calculated, when the palm cropsare extended to achieve B20 blends. The results indicatedthat the palm crop growing on degraded and marginallands, as well as palm cultivated in Eastern zone, do notgenerate carbon debt. Moreover, oil palm growing underthese conditions helps to increase the carbon captures ofthese lands. The Eastern zone shows the highest carboncapture power.
AWUDU, I. y ZHANG, J. Uncertainties and sustainability concepts in biofuel supply chain management: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2012, vol. 16, núm. 2, pp. 1359-1368.
BENNDORF, R.; FEDERICI, S.; FORNER, C.; RAMETSTEINER, E.; SANZ, M. J. y SOMOGY, Z. Including land use, land-use change, and forestry in future climate change, agreements: thinking outside the box. Environmental Science & Policy. 2007, vol. 10, núm. 4, pp. 283-294.
BÖRJESSON, P. y TUFVESSON, L. M. Agricultural crop-based biofuels - resource efficiency and environmental performance including direct land use changes. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2011; vol. 19, núms. 2-3, pp. 108-120.
CARRIQUIRY, M. A.; DU, X. y TIMILSINA, G. R. Second generation biofuels: economics and policies. Energy Policy. 2011, vol. 39, núm. 7, pp. 4222-4234.
CHERUBINI, F. y STRØMMAN, A. H. Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems: state of the art and future challenges. Bioresource Technology. 2011, vol. 102, núm. 2, pp. 437-451.
CHIARAMONTI, D. y RECCHIA, L. Is life cycle assessment (LCA) a suitable method for quantitative CO2 saving estimations? The impact of field input on the LCA results for a pure vegetable oil chain. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2010, vol. 34, núm. 5, pp. 787-797.
DE SOUZA, S. P.; PACCA, S.; DE ÁVILA, M. y BORGES, J. L. Greenhouse gas emissions and energy balance of palm oil biofuel. Renewable Energy. 2010, vol. 35, núm. 11, pp. 2552-2561.
DELUCCHI, M. A. Impacts of biofuels on climate change, water use, and land use. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010, vol. 1195, núm. 1, pp. 28-45.
FARGIONE, J.; HILL, J.; TILMAN, D.; POLASKY, S. y HAWTHORNE, P. Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science. 2008, vol. 319, núm. 5867, pp. 1235-1238.
FEDERACIÓN NACIONAL DE BICOMBUSTIBLES. Cifras informativas del sector biocombustibles: biodiésel a partir de aceite de palma. Bogotá, 2012.
FOX, J.; YOSI, C.; NIMLAGO, P. et al. Estimating CO2 emissions associated with selective timber harvesting and oil palm conversion in Papua New Guinea. Melbourne: The University of Melboure, 2009.
GIBBS, H. K.; JOHNSTON, M.; FOLEY, J. A. et al. Carbon payback times for crop-based biofuel expansion in the tropic: the effects on changing yield and technology. Environmental Research Letters. 2008, vol. 3, pp. 1-10.
GUINÉE, J.; HEIJUNGS, R. y VAN DER VOET, E. A greenhouse gas indicator for bioenergy: some theoretical issues with practical implications. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2009, vol. 14, núm. 4, pp. 328-339.
INSTITUTO INTERAMERICANO DE COOPERACIÓN PARA LA AGRICULTURA. Cultivo de la palma aceitera. Guía técnica. Managua, 2006.
LIZARAZO, I. y ALFONSO, O. Aplicaciones de la agricultura de precisión en palma de aceite Elaeis guineensis e híbrido O X G. Revista de Ingeniería Universidad de los Andes. 2011, núm. 33, pp. 124-130.
MÁRQUEZ, G. Mapa Colombia: cobertura de vegetación actual [documento en línea]. 2012. <http://www.virtual.unal.edu.co/cursos/idea/2010615/lecciones/ecosistemas_ %20estrategicos/ecosis_estrategicos2.html> [consulta: 31-03-2012].
PIEMONTE, V. y GIRONI, F. Land-use change emissions: how green are the bioplastics? Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. 2010, vol. 30, núm. 4, pp. 685-691.
RAJAGOPAL, D.; HOCHMAN, G. y ZILBERMAN, D. Indirect Fuel Use Change (IFUC) and the lifecycle environmental impact of biofuel policies. Energy Policy. 2011, vol. 39, núm. 1, pp. 228-233.
RAVINDRANATH, N. H.; SITA LAKSHMI, C.; MANUVIER, R. y BALACHANDRA, P. Biofuel production and implications for land use, food production and environment in India. Energy Policy. 2011, vol. 39, núm. 10, pp. 5737-5745.
RINCÓN, L. E. Analysis of technological schemes for the efficient production of added value products from Colombian oleochemical feedstocks. Manizales: Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2012.
SÁNCHEZ, O. J.; CARDONA, C. A. y SÁNCHEZ, D. L. Análisis de ciclo de vida y su aplicación en la producción de bioetanol: una aproximación cualitativa. Revista Universidad EAFIT. 2007, vol. 43, núm. 146, pp. 59-79.
THE GAIA FUNDATION. Los agrocombustibles y el mito de las tierras marginales. Indonesia. s. l.: The Gaia Fundation-Biofuelwatch-African Biodiversity Network-Salva La Selva-Watch Indonesia-Econexus, 2008.
UNIDAD DE PLANEACIÓN MINERO ENERGÉTICA. Proyección de demanda de biocombustibles líquidos y GNV en Colombia. Bogotá: Ministerio de Minas y Energía-Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética, 2012.
WICKE, B.; SIKKEMA, R.; DORNBURG, V. y FAAIJ, A. Exploring land use changes and the role of palm oil production in Indonesia and Malaysia. Land Use Policy. 2011, vol. 28, núm. 1, pp. 193-206.
This journal is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. Thus, this work may be reproduced, distributed, and publicly shared in digital format, as long as the names of the authors and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana are acknowledged. Others are allowed to quote, adapt, transform, auto-archive, republish, and create based on this material, for any purpose (even commercial ones), provided the authorship is duly acknowledged, a link to the original work is provided, and it is specified if changes have been made. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana does not hold the rights of published works and the authors are solely responsible for the contents of their works; they keep the moral, intellectual, privacy, and publicity rights.
Approving the intervention of the work (review, copy-editing, translation, layout) and the following outreach, are granted through an use license and not through an assignment of rights. This means the journal and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana cannot be held responsible for any ethical malpractice by the authors. As a consequence of the protection granted by the use license, the journal is not required to publish recantations or modify information already published, unless the errata stems from the editorial management process. Publishing contents in this journal does not generate royalties for contributors.