Keywords
disabilities
assessment
semantic differential
attitudes
How to Cite
Abstract
This study analyzes social perceptions towards groups with different types of disability, as well as the relationship between the judgments towards these groups, oneself and other significant individuals. The assessment was carried out using a Semantic Differential scale completed by181 participants. Results supported the Stereotype Content Model, as the different groups with disabilities were perceived in a more uniform way than those who did not share this label, and people with intellectual disability elicited paternalistic feelings. The results also support a two-factor model to explore the content of the stereotypes. Understanding the factors that contribute to the formation of social judgments is key to the implementation of actions that modify stereotypes and prejudices and promote equity.
Abele, A. E., Cuddy, A. J.C., Judd, C.M., & Yzerbyt, V.Y. (2008). Fundamental dimensions of social judgment. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 1063–1065. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.574.
Ahlborn, L. J., Panek, P. E., & Jungers, M. K. (2008). College students' perceptions of persons with intellectual disability at three different ages. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29(1), 61-69. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.11.001.
Álvarez Pascual, P., & Jenaro, C. (2018). Evaluación de la Identidad del Recluso mediante la Técnica de la Rejilla. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica. RIDEP, 47(3), 16 pp.
Araten‐Bergman, T., & Werner, S. (2017). Social workers' attributions towards individuals with dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and mental illness. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61(2), 155-167. doi:10.1111/jir.12300
Arias, V., Arias, B., Verdugo, M. Á., Rubia, M., & Jenaro, C. (2016). Evaluación de actitudes de los profesionales hacia las personas con discapacidad. Siglo Cero, 47(2), 7-41. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/scero2016472741
Bąk, O. (2001). The proposal of a modification of the semantic differential in research on the stereotype of the mentally ill. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 3(2), 75-88.
Binggeli, S., Krings, F., & Sczesny, S. (2014). Stereotype content associated with immigrant groups in Switzerland. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 73(3), 123-133. doi: 10.1024/1421-0185/a000133
Carlsson, R., & Björklund, F. (2010). Implicit stereotype content: Mixed stereotypes can be measured with the implicit association test. Social Psychology, 41(4), 213-222. doi: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000029.
Chin, W.W., Johnson, N. and Schwarts, A. (2008), A fast form approach to measuring technology acceptance and other constructs. MIS Quarterly, 32, 687-704.
Clevenger, T., Jr., Lazier, G. A., & Clark, M. L. (1968). The influence of certain factors on response to the semantic differential. Public Opinion Quarterly, 32(4), 675-679.
Collange, J., Fiske, S. T., & Sanitioso, R. (2009). Maintaining a positive self-image by stereotyping others: Self-threat and the Stereotype Content Model. Social Cognition, 27(1), 138-149.
Cottrell, C.A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to “prejudice.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 770-789. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.770.
Crandall, C. S., Bahns, A. J., Warner, R., & Schaller, M. (2011). Stereotypes as justifications of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(11), 1488-1498. doi:10.1177/0146167211411723
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol 40. (Vol. 40, pp. 61-149). San Diego, CA, US: Elsevier Academic Press.
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., Kwan, V. S. Y., Glick, P., Demoulin, S., Leyens, J. P., Bond, M. H., Croizet, J.C., Ellemers, N., Sleebos, E., Htun, T. T., Kim, H. J., Maio, G., Perry, J., Petkova, K., Todorov, V., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., Morales, E., Moya, M., Palacios, M., Smith, V., Perez, R., Vala, J. & Ziegler, R. (2009) Stereotype content model across cultures: Towards universal similarities and some differences. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 1-33. doi: 10.1348/014466608X314935.
de Paula Couto, M. C. P., & Koller, S. H. (2012). Warmth and competence: Stereotypes of the elderly among young adults and older persons in Brazil. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 1(1), 52-62. doi: DOI: 10.1037/a0027118.
Dijker, A., van Alphen, L., Bos, A., van den Borne, B. & Curfs, L. (2011) Social integration of people with intellectual disability: Insights from a social psychological research programme. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55, 885-894. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01446.x.
Durante, F., Capozza, D., & Fiske, S. T. (2010). The stereotype content model: The role played by competence in inferring group status. TPM-Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 17(4), 187-199.
Durante, F., Tablante, C. B., & Fiske, S. T. (2017). Poor but warm, rich but cold (and competent): Social classes in the stereotype content model. Journal of Social Issues, 73(1), 138-157. doi:10.1111/josi.12208
Durante, F., Volpato, C., & Fiske, S. (2010). Using the stereotype content model to examine group depictions in fascism: An archival approach. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(3), 465-483. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.637
Fellinghauer, B. A. G., Roth, A., Bugari, K., & Reinhardt, J. D. (2011). Construct validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency of the Photo Elicitation Semantic Differential Scale (PESD) in disability studies. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23(3), 257-265. doi: 10.1007/s10882-010-9224-y.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878-902. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.878.
Follmer, K. B., & Jones, K. S. (2017). Stereotype content and social distancing from employees with mental illness: The moderating roles of gender and social dominance orientation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(9), 492-504. doi:10.1111/jasp.12455
Foster, G., & Ysseldyke, J. (1976). Expectancy and halo effects as a result of artificially induced teacher bias. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 1(1), 37-45. doi: 10.1016/0361-476X(76)90005-9.
Freelon, D. (2010). ReCal: Intercoder reliability calculation as a web service. International Journal of Internet Science, 5(1), 20-33.
Freelon, D. (2013). ReCal OIR: Ordinal, interval, and ratio intercoder reliability as a web service. International Journal of Internet Science, 8, 10-16.
Fresson, M., Dardenne, B., Geurten, M., & Meulemans, T. (2017). Stereotype content of people with acquired brain injury: Warm but incompetent. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(10), 539-552. doi:10.1111/jasp.12459
Goreczny, A. J., Bender, E. E., Caruso, G., & Feinstein, C. S. (2011). Attitudes toward individuals with disabilities: Results of a recent survey and implications of those results. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(5), 1596-1609. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.02.005.
Grice, J. W. (2002). Idiogrid: Software for the management and analysis of repertory grids. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34, 338-341. doi: 10.3758/BF03195461.
Hampton, N. Z., & Zhu, Y. (2011). Gender, culture, and attitudes toward people with psychiatric disabilities. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 42(3), 12-19.
Jahoda, A. & Markova, I. (2004) Coping with social stigma: People with intellectual disabilities moving from institutions and family home. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48, 719-729. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2003.00561.x.
Kervyn, N., Fiske, S. T., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2013). Integrating the stereotype content model (warmth and competence) and the Osgood semantic differential (evaluation, potency, and activity). European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(7), 673-681. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.1978.
Kotzur, P. F., Forsbach, N., & Wagner, U. (2017). Choose your words wisely: Stereotypes, emotions, and action tendencies toward fled people as a function of the group label. Social Psychology, 48(4), 226-241. doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000312
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174.
Lifshitz, H. (2002). Attitudes toward aging in adult and elderly people with intellectual disability. Educational Gerontology, 28(9), 745-759. doi: 10.1080/03601270290099912.
Lindqvist, A., Björklund, F., & Bäckström, M. (2017). The perception of the poor: Capturing stereotype content with different measures. Nordic Psychology, 69(4), 231-247. doi:10.1080/19012276.2016.1270774
Mariani, B., & Allen, L. R. (2014). Development and psychometric testing of the Mariani Nursing Career Satisfaction Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 22(1), 135-144. doi:10.1891/1061-3749.22.1.135
Miyahara, M., & Register, C. (2000). Perceptions of three terms to describe physical awkwardness in children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21(5), 367-376. doi: 10.1016/S0891-4222(00)00049-4.
Nelissen, P. T. J. H., Hülsheger, U. R., van Ruitenbeek, G. M. C., & Zijlstra, F. R. H. (2016). How and when stereotypes relate to inclusive behavior toward people with disabilities. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(14), 1610-1625. doi:10.1080/09585192.2015.1072105
Nier, J. A., Bajaj, P., McLean, M. C., & Schwartz, E. (2013). Group status, perceptions of agency, and the correspondence bias: Attributional processes in the formation of stereotypes about high and low status groups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16(4), 476-487. doi: 10.1177/1368430212454925.
Oexle, N., Müller, M., Kawohl, W., Xu, Z., Viering, S., Wyss, C., . . . Rüsch, N. (2017). Self-stigma as a barrier to recovery: A longitudinal study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0773-2
Oexle, N., Rüsch, N., Viering, S., Wyss, C., Seifritz, E., Xu, Z., & Kawohl, W. (2017). Self-stigma and suicidality: A longitudinal study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 267(4), 359-361. doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0698-1
Oldmeadow, J. A., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). Contentment to resentment: Variation in stereotype content across status systems. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy (ASAP), 12(1), 324-339. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-2415.2011.01277.x.
Osgood, C. E. (1952). The nature and measurement of meaning. Psychological Bulletin, 49(3), 197-237. doi:10.1037/h0055737
Osgood, C., Suci, G., & Tannenbaum, P. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
Panek, P. E., & Jungers, M. K. (2008). Effects of age, gender, and causality on perceptions of persons with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29(2), 125-132. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2007.01.002.
Panek, P. E., & Smith, J. L. (2005). Assessment of terms to describe mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26(6), 565-576. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2004.11.009.
Polo Sánchez, M. T., Fernández Jiménez, C., & Díaz Batanero, C. (2011). Estudio de las actitudes de estudiantes de Ciencias Sociales y Psicología: Relevancia de la información y contacto con personas discapacitadas. = Study of the attitudes of university students coming from social sciences and psychology: Relevance of the information and contact with the disabled. Universitas Psychologica, 10(1), 113-123.
Ponsi, G., Panasiti, M. S., Scandola, M., & Aglioti, S. M. (2016). Influence of warmth and competence on the promotion of safe in-group selection: Stereotype content model and social categorization of faces. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69(8), 1464-1479. doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1084339
Richetin, J., Durante, F., Mari, S., Perugini, M., & Volpato, C. (2012). Primacy of warmth versus competence: A motivated bias? The Journal of Social Psychology, 152(4), 417-435. doi: 10.1080/00224545.2011.623735.
Salas, N., Castillo, D., Martín, C. S., Kong, F., Thayer, L. E., & Huepe, D. (2017). Immigration in school: Characterization of prejudice towards migrants schoolchildren in Chile. Universitas Psychologica, 16(5), 1-15.
Sayans-Jiménez, P., Cuadrado, I., Rojas, A. J., & Barrada, J. R. (2017). Extracting the evaluations of stereotypes: Bi-factor model of the stereotype content structure. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01692
Scior, K. (2011). Public awareness, attitudes and beliefs regarding intellectual disability: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(6), 2164-2182. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.07.005.
Smith, E. R., & Semin, G. R. (2007). Situated social cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 132-135. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00490.x.
Stephan, W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23-46). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Verdugo, M. A., Arias, B., & Jenaro, C. (1994). Actitudes hacia las personas con minusvalía. Madrid: Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales, INSERSO.
Wojciszke, B., & Abele, A. E. (2008). The primacy of communion over agency and its reversals in evaluations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 1139-1147. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.549.
This journal is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. Thus, this work may be reproduced, distributed, and publicly shared in digital format, as long as the names of the authors and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana are acknowledged. Others are allowed to quote, adapt, transform, auto-archive, republish, and create based on this material, for any purpose (even commercial ones), provided the authorship is duly acknowledged, a link to the original work is provided, and it is specified if changes have been made. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana does not hold the rights of published works and the authors are solely responsible for the contents of their works; they keep the moral, intellectual, privacy, and publicity rights. Approving the intervention of the work (review, copy-editing, translation, layout) and the following outreach, are granted through an use license and not through an assignment of rights. This means the journal and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana cannot be held responsible for any ethical malpractice by the authors. As a consequence of the protection granted by the use license, the journal is not required to publish recantations or modify information already published, unless the errata stems from the editorial management process. Publishing contents in this journal does not generate royalties for contributors.