Etiloterapia en el servicio de urgencias. Una revisión de la literatura
Publicado
abr 2, 2020
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Rafael Gustavo Castellanos Garzon
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5078-880X
Hernando Andrés Olaya
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3272-5327
Alberto Adolfo Vides Velásquez
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3423-592X
Catalina Rodríguez Prada
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6822-2214
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5078-880X
Hernando Andrés Olaya
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3272-5327
Alberto Adolfo Vides Velásquez
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3423-592X
Catalina Rodríguez Prada
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6822-2214
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Resumen
El alcohol etílico ha sido utilizado como tratamiento de condiciones clínicas de origen tóxico desde hace décadas, por la modificación de procesos metabólicos que disminuyen los efectos deletéreos de algunos alcoholes tóxicos que, posterior a su exposición generan impacto orgánico importante e incluso la muerte. Recientemente el uso del fomepizol se ha incrementado como alternativa al alcohol etílico por su menor proporción de reacciones adversas y necesidades de monitoreo clínico, sin embargo, estas variables aún no han demostrado impacto en términos de costos de atención basados en evaluaciones económicas. En esta revisión se analiza la evidencia científica respecto a su uso, así como algunos aspectos clínicos relevantes.
Keywords
Alcoholic intoxication, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethylene GlycolIntoxicación, Alcoholes tóxicos, Etanol, Metanol, Etilenglicol, Etiloterapia.
References
1. Babor T, Caetano R, Casswell S, et al. El alcohol: un producto de consumo no ordinario [internet]. 2a ed. Washington: Organización Panamericana de la Salud; 2010. Disponible en: http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/2836
2. Téllez Mosquera J, Cote Menéndez M. Alcohol etílico: un tóxico de alto riesgo para la salud humana socialmente aceptado. Rev Fac Med. 2006;54(1):32-47.
3. Acofarma. Alcohol etílico: ficha de información técnica [internet]. 2017. Disponible en: http://www.acofarma.com/admin/uploads/descarga/4565-e30651ba1b9318abd1dbed96c1a111461928eda1/main/files/Alcohol_et_lico.pdf
4. Charles D, Heal CF, Delpachitra M, Wohlfahrt M, Kimber D, Sullivan J, et al. Alcoholic versus aqueous chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis: the Avalanche trial. CMAJ. 2017 Aug 8;189(31):E1008-16.
5. Alexander D, Northcross A, Wilson N, Dutta A, Pandya R, Ibigbami T, et al. Randomized controlled ethanol cookstove intervention and blood pressure in pregnant Nigerian women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Jun;195(12):1629-39.
6. Gepner Y, Golan R, Harman-Boehm I, Henkin Y, Schwarzfuchs D, Shelef I, et al. Effects of initiating moderate alcohol intake on cardiometabolic risk in adults with type 2 diabetes: a 2-year randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Oct 20;163(8):569-79.
7. Vu KN Hoogeveen RC, Nambi V, Volcik KA, Boerwinkle E, et al BCM. Causal role of alcohol consumption in an improved lipid profile: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148765.
8. Heinrich H, Goetze O, Menne D, Iten PX, Fruehauf H, Vavricka SR, et al. Effect on gastric function and symptoms of drinking wine, black tea, or schnapps with a Swiss cheese fondue: randomised controlled crossover trial. Br Med J. 2010 Dec 14;341:c6731.
9. Bell S, Daskalopoulou M, Rapsomaniki E, George J, Britton A, Bobak M, et al. Association between clinically recorded alcohol consumption and initial presentation of 12 cardiovascular diseases: population based cohort study using linked health records. Br Med J. 2017 Mar;356:j909.
10. Von Arnim CA, Herbolsheimer F, Nikolaus T, Peter R, Biesalski HK, Ludolph AC, et al. Dietary antioxidants and dementia in a population-based case-control study among older people in South Germany. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;31(4):717-24.
11. Wilkinson P. Pharmacokinetics of ethanol: a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1980;4(1):6-21.
12. Pizon AF, Becker CE, Bikin D. The clinical significance of variations in ethanol toxicokinetics. J Med Toxicol. 2007 Jun;3(2):63-72.
13. Paton A. Alcohol in the body. Br Med J. 2005;330(7482):85-7.
14. Lieber CS. Metabolism of alcohol. Clin Liver Dis. 2005 Feb;9(1):1-35.
15. Harrison NL, Skelly MJ, Grosserode EK, Lowes DC, Zeric T, Phister S, et al. Effects of acute alcohol on excitability in the CNS. Neuropharmacology. 2017 Aug 1;122:36-45.
16. Bjork JM, Gilman JM. The effects of acute alcohol administration on the human brain: insights from neuroimaging. Neuropharmacology. 2014 Sep;84:101-10.
17. Ferdinandis TG, Dissanayake AS, de Silva HJ. Chronic alcoholism and esophageal motor activity: a 24-h ambulatory manometry study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Jul;21(7):1157-62.
18. Stermer E. Alcohol consumption and the gastrointestinal tract. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 Mar;4(3):200-2.
19. Davis 4th BT, Voigt RM, Shaikh M, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A. CREB Protein mediates alcohol-induced circadian disruption and intestinal permeability. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017 Dec;41(12):2007-14.
20. Walker RK, Cousins VM, Umoh NA, Jeffress MA, Taghipour D, Al-Rubaiee M, et al. The good, the bad, and the ugly with alcohol use and abuse on the heart. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Aug;37(8):1253-60.
21. Sengul C, Cevik C, Ozveren O, Sunbul A, Oduncu V, Akgun T, et al. Acute alcohol consumption is associated with increased interatrial electromechanical delay in healthy men. Cardiol J. 2011;18(6):682-6.
22. Hu TM, Lee RP, Lee CJ, Subeq YM, Lin NT, Hsu BG. Heavy ethanol intoxication increases proinflammatory cytokines and aggravates hemorrhagic shock-induced organ damage in rats. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:121786.
23. Valenzuela CF, Jotty K. Mini-review: effects of ethanol on GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the cerebellar cortex--recent advances. Cerebellum. 2015 Aug;14(4):438-46.
24. Crews FT, Nixon K. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration in alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009;44(2):115-27.
25. Viski S, Orosz M, Czuriga-Kovacs KR, Magyar MT, Csiba L, Olah L. The acute effects of alcohol on cerebral hemodynamic changes induced by the head-up tilt test in healthy subjects. J Neurol Sci. 2016 Sep 15;368:113-20.
26. Grupo de Vigilancia y Control de Factores de Riesgo Ambiental del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Protocolo de vigilancia y control de intoxicaciones por metanol [internet]. 2010. Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/comunicadosPrensa/Documents/INTOXICACION_POR_METANOL.pdf.
27. Rietjens SJ, de Lange DW, Meulenbelt J. Ethylene glycol or methanol intoxication: which antidote should be used, fomepizole or ethanol? Neth J Med. 2014 Feb;72(2):73-9.
28. Rostrup M, Edwards JK, Abukalish M, Ezzabi M, Some D, Ritter H, et al. The methanol poisoning outbreaks in Libya 2013 and Kenya. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 31;11(3):e0152676.
29. Litovitz T. The alcohols: ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1986 Apr;33(2):311-23.
30. Kruse JA. Methanol and ethylene glycol intoxication. Crit Care Clin. 2012 Oct;28(4):661-711.
31. Jammalamadaka D, Raissi S. Ethylene glycol, methanol and isopropyl alcohol intoxication. Am J Med Sci. 2010 Mar;339(3):276-81.
32. Kapur BM, Vandenbroucke AC, Adamchik Y, Lehotay DC, Carlen PL. Formic acid, a novel metabolite of chronic ethanol abuse, causes neurotoxicity, which is prevented by folic acid. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 Dec;31(12):2114-20.
33. Kapur BM, Baber M. FASD: folic acid and formic acid - an unholy alliance in the alcohol abusing mother. Biochem Cell Biol. 2018 Apr;96(2):189-97.
34. Roberts DM, Yates C, Megarbane B, Winchester JF, Maclaren R, Gosselin S, et al. Recommendations for the role of extracorporeal treatments in the management of acute methanol poisoning: a systematic review and consensus statement. Crit Care Med. 2015 Feb;43(2):461-72.
35. McCoy HG, Cipolle RJ, Ehlers SM, Sawchuk RJ, Zaske DE. Severe methanol poisoning. Application of a pharmacokinetic model for ethanol therapy and hemodialysis. Am J Med. 1979 Nov;67(5):804-7.
36. Ekins BR, Rollins DE, Duffy DP, Gregory MC. Standardized treatment of severe methanol poisoning with ethanol and hemodialysis. West J Med. 1985 Mar;142(3):337-40.
37. McMartin K, Jacobsen D, Hovda KE. Antidotes for poisoning by alcohols that form toxic metabolites. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Mar;81(3):505-15.
38. Peña LM, Arroyave CL, Aristizábal JJ, Gómez UE. Toxicología clínica. Medellín: CIB; 2010. p. 322-33.
39. Sivilotti ML. Ethanol: tastes great! Fomepizole: less filling! Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Apr;53(4):451-3.
40. Brent J. Fomepizole for ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 21;360(21):2216-23.
41. Lepik KJ, Levy AR, Sobolev BG, Purssell RA, DeWitt CR, Erhardt GD, et al. Adverse drug events associated with the antidotes for methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning: a comparison of ethanol and fomepizole. Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Apr;53(4):439-450.e10.
42. Beatty L, Green R, Magee K, Zed P. A systematic review of ethanol and fomepizole use in toxic alcohol ingestions. Emerg Med Int. 2013;2013:638057.
43. Zakharov S, Pelclova D, Navratil T, Belacek J, Komarc M, Eddleston M, et al. Fomepizole versus ethanol in the treatment of acute methanol poisoning: Comparison of clinical effectiveness in a mass poisoning outbreak. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015;53(8):797-806.
44. World Health Organization. WHO model list of essential medicines [Internet]. 19th list. 2017. Disponible en: http://wwwwhoint/Medicines/Publications/Essentialmedicines/En
45. Zakharov S, Navratil T, Pelclova D. Fomepizole in the treatment of acute methanol poisonings: experience from the Czech mass methanol outbreak 2012. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2014 Dec;158(4):641-9.
46. Rulisek J, Balik M, Polak F, Waldauf P, Pelclova D, Belohlavek J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of hospital treatment and outcomes of acute methanol poisoning during the Czech Republic mass poisoning outbreak. J Crit Care. 2017 Jun;39:190-8.
47. Snellings WM, McMartin KE, Banton MI, Reitman F, Klapacz J. Human health assessment for long-term oral ingestion of diethylene glycol. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017 Jun 30;87 Suppl 2:S1-20.
48. Schier JG, Barr DB, Li Z, Wolkin AF, Baker SE, Lewis LS, et al. Diethylene glycol in health products sold over-the-counter and imported from Asian countries. J Med Toxicol. 2011 Mar;7(1):33-8.
49. Gutiérrez de Salazar Medina MM. Dietilenglicol-etilenglicol. En: Guías para el manejo de urgencias toxicológicas. Bogotá: Ministerio de Salud de Colombia; 2008. p. 224-6.
50. Viinamaki J, Sajantila A, Ojanpera I. Ethylene glycol and metabolite concentrations in fatal ethylene glycol poisonings. J Anal Toxicol. 2015;39(6):481-5.
51. Herold DA, Keil K, Bruns DE. Oxidation of polyethylene glycols by alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1989 Jan 1;38(1):73-6.
52. Mintegi S. Manual de intoxicaciones en pediatría. 3a ed. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Urgencias de Pediatría; 2012.
53. Gopalakrishnan N, Kamarajan M, Balasubramaniyan T, Sakthirajan R, Dhanapriya J, Dineshkumar T. Diethylene glycol poisoning-induced acute kidney injury. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2016;27(6):1276-9.
54. Holstege CP, Rusyniak DE. Medical toxicology. Med Clin North Am. 2005;89(6).
55. Thanacoody RH, Gilfillan C, Bradberry SM, Davies J, Jackson G, Vale AJ, et al. Management of poisoning with ethylene glycol and methanol in the UK: a prospective study conducted by the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS). Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54(2):134-40.
56. Kalmbach ER. “Ten-Eighty” a War-Produced Rodenticide. Science. 1945 Aug 31;102(2644):232-3.
57. Proudfoot AT, Bradberry SM, Vale JA. Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning. Toxicol Rev. 2006;25(4):213-9.
58. Eason Miller, A, Ogilvie, E, Fairweather A CT. An updated review of the toxicology and ecotoxicology of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) in relation to its use as a pest control tool in New Zealand. N Z J Ecol. 2011;35(1):1-20.
59. Granada J, Rodríguez D. Intoxicación por fluoroacetato de sodio: reporte de caso. Rev Fac Med Univ Nac Colomb. 2014;62(1):137-40.
2. Téllez Mosquera J, Cote Menéndez M. Alcohol etílico: un tóxico de alto riesgo para la salud humana socialmente aceptado. Rev Fac Med. 2006;54(1):32-47.
3. Acofarma. Alcohol etílico: ficha de información técnica [internet]. 2017. Disponible en: http://www.acofarma.com/admin/uploads/descarga/4565-e30651ba1b9318abd1dbed96c1a111461928eda1/main/files/Alcohol_et_lico.pdf
4. Charles D, Heal CF, Delpachitra M, Wohlfahrt M, Kimber D, Sullivan J, et al. Alcoholic versus aqueous chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis: the Avalanche trial. CMAJ. 2017 Aug 8;189(31):E1008-16.
5. Alexander D, Northcross A, Wilson N, Dutta A, Pandya R, Ibigbami T, et al. Randomized controlled ethanol cookstove intervention and blood pressure in pregnant Nigerian women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Jun;195(12):1629-39.
6. Gepner Y, Golan R, Harman-Boehm I, Henkin Y, Schwarzfuchs D, Shelef I, et al. Effects of initiating moderate alcohol intake on cardiometabolic risk in adults with type 2 diabetes: a 2-year randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Oct 20;163(8):569-79.
7. Vu KN Hoogeveen RC, Nambi V, Volcik KA, Boerwinkle E, et al BCM. Causal role of alcohol consumption in an improved lipid profile: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148765.
8. Heinrich H, Goetze O, Menne D, Iten PX, Fruehauf H, Vavricka SR, et al. Effect on gastric function and symptoms of drinking wine, black tea, or schnapps with a Swiss cheese fondue: randomised controlled crossover trial. Br Med J. 2010 Dec 14;341:c6731.
9. Bell S, Daskalopoulou M, Rapsomaniki E, George J, Britton A, Bobak M, et al. Association between clinically recorded alcohol consumption and initial presentation of 12 cardiovascular diseases: population based cohort study using linked health records. Br Med J. 2017 Mar;356:j909.
10. Von Arnim CA, Herbolsheimer F, Nikolaus T, Peter R, Biesalski HK, Ludolph AC, et al. Dietary antioxidants and dementia in a population-based case-control study among older people in South Germany. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;31(4):717-24.
11. Wilkinson P. Pharmacokinetics of ethanol: a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1980;4(1):6-21.
12. Pizon AF, Becker CE, Bikin D. The clinical significance of variations in ethanol toxicokinetics. J Med Toxicol. 2007 Jun;3(2):63-72.
13. Paton A. Alcohol in the body. Br Med J. 2005;330(7482):85-7.
14. Lieber CS. Metabolism of alcohol. Clin Liver Dis. 2005 Feb;9(1):1-35.
15. Harrison NL, Skelly MJ, Grosserode EK, Lowes DC, Zeric T, Phister S, et al. Effects of acute alcohol on excitability in the CNS. Neuropharmacology. 2017 Aug 1;122:36-45.
16. Bjork JM, Gilman JM. The effects of acute alcohol administration on the human brain: insights from neuroimaging. Neuropharmacology. 2014 Sep;84:101-10.
17. Ferdinandis TG, Dissanayake AS, de Silva HJ. Chronic alcoholism and esophageal motor activity: a 24-h ambulatory manometry study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Jul;21(7):1157-62.
18. Stermer E. Alcohol consumption and the gastrointestinal tract. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 Mar;4(3):200-2.
19. Davis 4th BT, Voigt RM, Shaikh M, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A. CREB Protein mediates alcohol-induced circadian disruption and intestinal permeability. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017 Dec;41(12):2007-14.
20. Walker RK, Cousins VM, Umoh NA, Jeffress MA, Taghipour D, Al-Rubaiee M, et al. The good, the bad, and the ugly with alcohol use and abuse on the heart. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Aug;37(8):1253-60.
21. Sengul C, Cevik C, Ozveren O, Sunbul A, Oduncu V, Akgun T, et al. Acute alcohol consumption is associated with increased interatrial electromechanical delay in healthy men. Cardiol J. 2011;18(6):682-6.
22. Hu TM, Lee RP, Lee CJ, Subeq YM, Lin NT, Hsu BG. Heavy ethanol intoxication increases proinflammatory cytokines and aggravates hemorrhagic shock-induced organ damage in rats. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:121786.
23. Valenzuela CF, Jotty K. Mini-review: effects of ethanol on GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the cerebellar cortex--recent advances. Cerebellum. 2015 Aug;14(4):438-46.
24. Crews FT, Nixon K. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration in alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009;44(2):115-27.
25. Viski S, Orosz M, Czuriga-Kovacs KR, Magyar MT, Csiba L, Olah L. The acute effects of alcohol on cerebral hemodynamic changes induced by the head-up tilt test in healthy subjects. J Neurol Sci. 2016 Sep 15;368:113-20.
26. Grupo de Vigilancia y Control de Factores de Riesgo Ambiental del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Protocolo de vigilancia y control de intoxicaciones por metanol [internet]. 2010. Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/comunicadosPrensa/Documents/INTOXICACION_POR_METANOL.pdf.
27. Rietjens SJ, de Lange DW, Meulenbelt J. Ethylene glycol or methanol intoxication: which antidote should be used, fomepizole or ethanol? Neth J Med. 2014 Feb;72(2):73-9.
28. Rostrup M, Edwards JK, Abukalish M, Ezzabi M, Some D, Ritter H, et al. The methanol poisoning outbreaks in Libya 2013 and Kenya. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 31;11(3):e0152676.
29. Litovitz T. The alcohols: ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1986 Apr;33(2):311-23.
30. Kruse JA. Methanol and ethylene glycol intoxication. Crit Care Clin. 2012 Oct;28(4):661-711.
31. Jammalamadaka D, Raissi S. Ethylene glycol, methanol and isopropyl alcohol intoxication. Am J Med Sci. 2010 Mar;339(3):276-81.
32. Kapur BM, Vandenbroucke AC, Adamchik Y, Lehotay DC, Carlen PL. Formic acid, a novel metabolite of chronic ethanol abuse, causes neurotoxicity, which is prevented by folic acid. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 Dec;31(12):2114-20.
33. Kapur BM, Baber M. FASD: folic acid and formic acid - an unholy alliance in the alcohol abusing mother. Biochem Cell Biol. 2018 Apr;96(2):189-97.
34. Roberts DM, Yates C, Megarbane B, Winchester JF, Maclaren R, Gosselin S, et al. Recommendations for the role of extracorporeal treatments in the management of acute methanol poisoning: a systematic review and consensus statement. Crit Care Med. 2015 Feb;43(2):461-72.
35. McCoy HG, Cipolle RJ, Ehlers SM, Sawchuk RJ, Zaske DE. Severe methanol poisoning. Application of a pharmacokinetic model for ethanol therapy and hemodialysis. Am J Med. 1979 Nov;67(5):804-7.
36. Ekins BR, Rollins DE, Duffy DP, Gregory MC. Standardized treatment of severe methanol poisoning with ethanol and hemodialysis. West J Med. 1985 Mar;142(3):337-40.
37. McMartin K, Jacobsen D, Hovda KE. Antidotes for poisoning by alcohols that form toxic metabolites. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Mar;81(3):505-15.
38. Peña LM, Arroyave CL, Aristizábal JJ, Gómez UE. Toxicología clínica. Medellín: CIB; 2010. p. 322-33.
39. Sivilotti ML. Ethanol: tastes great! Fomepizole: less filling! Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Apr;53(4):451-3.
40. Brent J. Fomepizole for ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 21;360(21):2216-23.
41. Lepik KJ, Levy AR, Sobolev BG, Purssell RA, DeWitt CR, Erhardt GD, et al. Adverse drug events associated with the antidotes for methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning: a comparison of ethanol and fomepizole. Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Apr;53(4):439-450.e10.
42. Beatty L, Green R, Magee K, Zed P. A systematic review of ethanol and fomepizole use in toxic alcohol ingestions. Emerg Med Int. 2013;2013:638057.
43. Zakharov S, Pelclova D, Navratil T, Belacek J, Komarc M, Eddleston M, et al. Fomepizole versus ethanol in the treatment of acute methanol poisoning: Comparison of clinical effectiveness in a mass poisoning outbreak. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015;53(8):797-806.
44. World Health Organization. WHO model list of essential medicines [Internet]. 19th list. 2017. Disponible en: http://wwwwhoint/Medicines/Publications/Essentialmedicines/En
45. Zakharov S, Navratil T, Pelclova D. Fomepizole in the treatment of acute methanol poisonings: experience from the Czech mass methanol outbreak 2012. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2014 Dec;158(4):641-9.
46. Rulisek J, Balik M, Polak F, Waldauf P, Pelclova D, Belohlavek J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of hospital treatment and outcomes of acute methanol poisoning during the Czech Republic mass poisoning outbreak. J Crit Care. 2017 Jun;39:190-8.
47. Snellings WM, McMartin KE, Banton MI, Reitman F, Klapacz J. Human health assessment for long-term oral ingestion of diethylene glycol. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017 Jun 30;87 Suppl 2:S1-20.
48. Schier JG, Barr DB, Li Z, Wolkin AF, Baker SE, Lewis LS, et al. Diethylene glycol in health products sold over-the-counter and imported from Asian countries. J Med Toxicol. 2011 Mar;7(1):33-8.
49. Gutiérrez de Salazar Medina MM. Dietilenglicol-etilenglicol. En: Guías para el manejo de urgencias toxicológicas. Bogotá: Ministerio de Salud de Colombia; 2008. p. 224-6.
50. Viinamaki J, Sajantila A, Ojanpera I. Ethylene glycol and metabolite concentrations in fatal ethylene glycol poisonings. J Anal Toxicol. 2015;39(6):481-5.
51. Herold DA, Keil K, Bruns DE. Oxidation of polyethylene glycols by alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1989 Jan 1;38(1):73-6.
52. Mintegi S. Manual de intoxicaciones en pediatría. 3a ed. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Urgencias de Pediatría; 2012.
53. Gopalakrishnan N, Kamarajan M, Balasubramaniyan T, Sakthirajan R, Dhanapriya J, Dineshkumar T. Diethylene glycol poisoning-induced acute kidney injury. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2016;27(6):1276-9.
54. Holstege CP, Rusyniak DE. Medical toxicology. Med Clin North Am. 2005;89(6).
55. Thanacoody RH, Gilfillan C, Bradberry SM, Davies J, Jackson G, Vale AJ, et al. Management of poisoning with ethylene glycol and methanol in the UK: a prospective study conducted by the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS). Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54(2):134-40.
56. Kalmbach ER. “Ten-Eighty” a War-Produced Rodenticide. Science. 1945 Aug 31;102(2644):232-3.
57. Proudfoot AT, Bradberry SM, Vale JA. Sodium fluoroacetate poisoning. Toxicol Rev. 2006;25(4):213-9.
58. Eason Miller, A, Ogilvie, E, Fairweather A CT. An updated review of the toxicology and ecotoxicology of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) in relation to its use as a pest control tool in New Zealand. N Z J Ecol. 2011;35(1):1-20.
59. Granada J, Rodríguez D. Intoxicación por fluoroacetato de sodio: reporte de caso. Rev Fac Med Univ Nac Colomb. 2014;62(1):137-40.
Cómo citar
Castellanos Garzon, R. G., Olaya, H. A., Vides Velásquez, A. A., & Rodríguez Prada, C. (2020). Etiloterapia en el servicio de urgencias. Una revisión de la literatura. Universitas Medica, 61(2). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed61-2.etil
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