Revisión sistemática de estudios empíricos en el liderazgo electrónico
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sep 2, 2022
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Resumen
El objetivo de la presente investigación es realizar una revisión sistemática de los estudios empíricos organizacionales cuya temática central fuera el liderazgo electrónico. Para esto, la revisión siguió los lineamientos y recomendaciones de PROSPERO. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron Scopus, Dimensions, Science Direct, Ebsco Host, Web of Science y Proquest. En total, se revisaron 21 estudios empíricos, en español y en inglés, publicados entre los años 2012 al 2021, que cumplían con los criterios de selección. La mayoría de los estudios sugieren que se realicen investigaciones empíricas en diferentes países y en organizaciones en sectores económicos variados; además el liderazgo electrónico es una opción para aquellos que requieren contar con talentos que por su ubicación geográfica están dispersos y afianzar alianzas inter-organizativas fomentando la creación de equipos virtuales y alcanzar un mayor desempeño laboral y por consiguiente de la organización. Al final se discuten sus implicaciones y limitaciones.
Keywords
e-leadership, remote work, virtual environmentsliderazgo electrónico, trabajo en casa, entornos virtuales
References
Aguilar-Bustamante, M. C. & Correa-Chica, A. (2017). Análisis de las variables asociadas al estudio del liderazgo: una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Universitas Psychologica, 16(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-1.avae
Ahmed, Z., Nawaz, A. & Khan, I. (2016). Leadership Theories and Styles: A Literature Review. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 16, 1-8. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234696192.pdf
Alfehaid, L. & Mohamed, E. E. (2019). Understanding the influence of E-leadership on Virtual Team Performance Empirical Study. International Journal of Business and Applied Social Science (IJBASS), 5(10), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.33642/ijbass.v5n10p3
Avolio, B., Kahai, S., & Dodge, G. (2000). E-leadership: Implications for theory, research and practice. Leadership Quarterly,11(4), 615-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(00)00062-X
Avolio, B., Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Baker, B. (2014). E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission. The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 105-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.003
Backes, D. A., Arias, M. I., Storopoli, J. E., & Ramos, H. R. (2020). Los efectos de la pandemia de Covid-19 en las organizaciones: una mirada al futuro. Iberoamerican Journal of Strategic Management, 19(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5585/riae.v19i4.18987
Barrios-Hernández, K., Olivero-Vega, E., & Figueroa-Saumet, B. (2020). Condiciones de la gestión del talento humano que favorecen el desarrollo de capacidades dinámicas. Información Tecnológica, 31(2), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642020000200055
Bass, B. & Riggio, R. (2005). Transformational leadership. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
Belitski, M. & Liversage, B. (2019). E-Leadership in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Developing World. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9(1), 64-74. http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1212
Braun, S., Bark, A. H., Kirchner, A., Stegmann, S., & Van Dick, R. (2019). Emails From the Boss—Curse or Blessing? Relations Between Communication Channels, Leader Evaluation, and Employees’ Attitudes. International Journal of Business Communication, 56(1)1-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488415597516
Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The Role of Leadership in a Digitalized World: A Review. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938
Contreras, F., & Barbosa, D. (2013). Del liderazgo transaccional al liderazgo transformacional: implicaciones para el cambio organizacional. Revista Virtual Universidad Católica del Norte 2(39), 152-164. https://revistavirtual.ucn.edu.co/index.php/RevistaUCN/article/view/433
Contreras, F., Baykal, E. & Abid, G. (2020). E-Leadership and Teleworking in Times of COVID-19 and Beyond: What We Know and Where Do We Go. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590271
DeSanctis, G. & Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use adaptive. Organization Science, 5(2), 121-147. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.2.121
Doghri, S. B., Horchani, S. C., & Mouelhi, M. (2020). The e-leadership linking inter-organisational collaboration and ambidextrous innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 25(4), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919621500432
Elkhouly, S., Ossman, M., Selim, M., & Zaghloul, M. (2014). Impact of E-Leadership on Leadership Styles within the Egyptian Government Sector. Competition Forum, 12(1), 1-13. https://search.proquest.com/openview/77468901e12502165ff471dc329206ce/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=39801
Esguerra, G. A. E. & Contreras, F. (2016). Liderazgo electrónico, un reto ineludible para las organizaciones de hoy. Estudios Gerenciales, 32(140), 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2016.08.003
Graen, G. & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly,6(2), 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
Gutiérrez Falcon, P. C. (2020). El teletrabajo como estrategia empresarial sostenible en una empresa de servicios de consultoría. Revista Iberica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informacao, E31, 390-403. https://repositorio.utp.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12867/3077
Ibanez-Cubillas, P. & Miranda Pinto, M. (2019). An exploration of e-leadership in virtual communities of practice. Revista de Educación Mediática y TIC, 77, 25-43. https://doi.org/10.7595/management.fon.2015.0027
Ibrahim, M. (2014). Model of E-Leadership, Intra-team Communication and Job Satisfaction among School Leaders in Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(23), 1927-1931. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p1927
Iriqat, R. A. & Khalaf, D. M. (2017). Using E-Leadership as a Strategic Tool in Enhancing Organizational Commitment of Virtual Teams in Foreign Commercial Banks in North West Bank -Palestine. International Journal of Business Administration, 8(7), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v8n7p25
Li, W., Liu, K., Belitski, M., Ghobadian, A., & O'Regan, N. (2016). E-Leadership through strategic alignment: an empirical study of small- and medium-sized enterprises in the digital age. Journal of Information Technology, 31(2), 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2016.10
Liu, C., Ready, D., Roman, A., Van Wart, M., Wang, X., McCarthy, A., & Kim, S. (2018). E-leadership: an empirical study of organizational leaders’ virtual communication adoption. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(7), 826-843. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2017-0297
Meghana, J. & Vijaya, R. (2019). E-leadership, Psychological Contract and Real-time Performance Management: Remotely Working Professionals. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 16(3), 101-110. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2403305052?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
Mendoza, I., García, B., & Uribe, J. (2014). Liderazgo y su relación con variables de resultado: un modelo estructural comparativo entre liderazgo transformacional y transaccional en una empresa de entretenimiento en México. Acta de investigación psicológica, 4(1), 1412-1429. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S2007-48322014000100008&script=sci_abstract
Northouse, P. (2016). Leadership. Theory and Practice. California: SAGE Publications.
Organización Internacional del Trabajo –OIT–. (2020a). Guía para empleadores sobre el trabajo desde casa en respuesta al brote de la COVID-19. Organización Internacional del Trabajo, 1-39. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---act_emp/documents/publication/wcms_747014.pdf
Organización Internacional del Trabajo –OIT–. (2020b). Panorama Laboral 2020 América Latina y del Caribe. Lima: OIT. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_764630.pdf
Peiró, J. M., Soriano, A., & Montesa, D. (2020). Revisión sistemática de la investigación sobre las relaciones entre el bienestar y desempeño laborales en Iberoamérica. Anuario Internacional de revisiones en Psicología, (1), 95-121. https://doi.org/10.14635/REVPSY.0.5
Perilla-Toro, L., & Gómez-Ortiz, V. (2017). Relación del estilo de liderazgo transformacional con la salud y el bienestar del empleado: el rol mediador de la confianza en el líder. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33(2), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2017.02.005
Politis, J. (2014). The Effect of e-Leadership on Organisational Trust and Commitment of Virtual Teams. En V. Grozdani (ed.), Proceedings of The 10th European Conference on Management, pp. 254-261. ACPIL. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1674836008?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
Poole, M. S. (2009). Adaptive Structuration Theory. En E. Griffin (ed.), A First Look at Communication Theory, pp. 235-246. Mc Graw Hill.
Ravesteijn, P. & Ongena, G. (2019). The role of e-leadership in relation to it capabilities and digital transformation. International Conference Information Systems 2019, 171-179. https://doi.org/10.33965/is2019_201905L022
Renecle, M., Gracia, F., Tomas, I., & Peiró, J. M. (2020). Developing mindful organizing in teams: A participation climate is not enough, teams need to feel safe to challenge their leaders. Journal of work and organizational psychology, 36(3), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2020a18
Sánchez-Cardona, I., Salanova Soria, M., & Llorens-Gumbau, S. (2016). Leadership intelectual stimulation and team learning: the mediating role of team positive affect. Universitas Psychologica, 17(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-1.list
Savolainen, T. (2014). Trust-Building in e-Leadership: A Case Study of Leaders' Challenges and Skills in Technology-Mediated Interaction. Journal of Global Business Issues, 8(2), 45-56. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=100377206&lang=es&site=eds-live
Schwab, K. (2017). The fourth Industrial Revolution. Penguin Random House. https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/3385454/Schwab-The_Fourth_Industrial_Revolution_Klaus_S.pdf
Sharpp, T. J., Lovelace, K., Cowan, L. D., & Baker, D. (2019). Perspectives of nurse managers on information communication technology and e-Leadership. John Wiley Sons, 27(7), 1554-1562. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12845
Sumanasiri, E. A. (2020). Exploring E-leadership Behaviour of Sri Lankan Small and Medium Enterprises. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 25(6),1-19. https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2019/v25i630213
Tintore, M., Canton Mayo, I., Quiroga Lobos, M., & Pares, I. (2019). Leadership and e-leadership in the life histories of educational leaders throughout the world. Revista de Educación Mediática y TIC, 8(2), 17-36. https://doi.org/10.21071/edmetic.v8i2.11700
Torre, T. & Sarti, D. (2020). The “Way” Toward E-leadership: Some Evidence from the Field. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554253
Twum-Darko, M. (2020). E-Leadership: The Implication of Digital Transformation for Leadership in Organizations in Africa. En M. Gnana Sheela (ed.), Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research, pp. 75-87. Book Publisher International.
Van Wart, M., Roman, A., Wang, X., & Liu, C. (2016). Operationalizing the definition of e-leadership: identifying the elements of e-leadership. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 85(1), 80-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316681446
Vesga, J. J. (2017). Conceptualización en la psicología organizacional y del trabajo: necesidad de congruencia con fenómenos y hechos. Quaderns de Psicología, 19(1), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1385
Wolor, C., Solikhah, S., Fidhyallah, N., & Lestari, D. (2020). Effectiveness of E-Training, E-Leadership, and Work Life Balance on Employee Performance during COVID-19. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business,7(10), 443-450. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.443
Zhou, Y., Liu, G., Chang, X., & Wang, L. (2021). The impact of HRM digitalization on firm performance: investigating three-way interactions. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 59(1)20-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12258
Ahmed, Z., Nawaz, A. & Khan, I. (2016). Leadership Theories and Styles: A Literature Review. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 16, 1-8. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234696192.pdf
Alfehaid, L. & Mohamed, E. E. (2019). Understanding the influence of E-leadership on Virtual Team Performance Empirical Study. International Journal of Business and Applied Social Science (IJBASS), 5(10), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.33642/ijbass.v5n10p3
Avolio, B., Kahai, S., & Dodge, G. (2000). E-leadership: Implications for theory, research and practice. Leadership Quarterly,11(4), 615-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(00)00062-X
Avolio, B., Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Baker, B. (2014). E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission. The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), 105-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.003
Backes, D. A., Arias, M. I., Storopoli, J. E., & Ramos, H. R. (2020). Los efectos de la pandemia de Covid-19 en las organizaciones: una mirada al futuro. Iberoamerican Journal of Strategic Management, 19(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5585/riae.v19i4.18987
Barrios-Hernández, K., Olivero-Vega, E., & Figueroa-Saumet, B. (2020). Condiciones de la gestión del talento humano que favorecen el desarrollo de capacidades dinámicas. Información Tecnológica, 31(2), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642020000200055
Bass, B. & Riggio, R. (2005). Transformational leadership. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
Belitski, M. & Liversage, B. (2019). E-Leadership in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Developing World. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9(1), 64-74. http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1212
Braun, S., Bark, A. H., Kirchner, A., Stegmann, S., & Van Dick, R. (2019). Emails From the Boss—Curse or Blessing? Relations Between Communication Channels, Leader Evaluation, and Employees’ Attitudes. International Journal of Business Communication, 56(1)1-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488415597516
Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The Role of Leadership in a Digitalized World: A Review. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938
Contreras, F., & Barbosa, D. (2013). Del liderazgo transaccional al liderazgo transformacional: implicaciones para el cambio organizacional. Revista Virtual Universidad Católica del Norte 2(39), 152-164. https://revistavirtual.ucn.edu.co/index.php/RevistaUCN/article/view/433
Contreras, F., Baykal, E. & Abid, G. (2020). E-Leadership and Teleworking in Times of COVID-19 and Beyond: What We Know and Where Do We Go. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590271
DeSanctis, G. & Poole, M. S. (1994). Capturing the complexity in advanced technology use adaptive. Organization Science, 5(2), 121-147. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.2.121
Doghri, S. B., Horchani, S. C., & Mouelhi, M. (2020). The e-leadership linking inter-organisational collaboration and ambidextrous innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 25(4), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919621500432
Elkhouly, S., Ossman, M., Selim, M., & Zaghloul, M. (2014). Impact of E-Leadership on Leadership Styles within the Egyptian Government Sector. Competition Forum, 12(1), 1-13. https://search.proquest.com/openview/77468901e12502165ff471dc329206ce/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=39801
Esguerra, G. A. E. & Contreras, F. (2016). Liderazgo electrónico, un reto ineludible para las organizaciones de hoy. Estudios Gerenciales, 32(140), 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estger.2016.08.003
Graen, G. & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly,6(2), 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
Gutiérrez Falcon, P. C. (2020). El teletrabajo como estrategia empresarial sostenible en una empresa de servicios de consultoría. Revista Iberica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informacao, E31, 390-403. https://repositorio.utp.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12867/3077
Ibanez-Cubillas, P. & Miranda Pinto, M. (2019). An exploration of e-leadership in virtual communities of practice. Revista de Educación Mediática y TIC, 77, 25-43. https://doi.org/10.7595/management.fon.2015.0027
Ibrahim, M. (2014). Model of E-Leadership, Intra-team Communication and Job Satisfaction among School Leaders in Malaysia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(23), 1927-1931. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p1927
Iriqat, R. A. & Khalaf, D. M. (2017). Using E-Leadership as a Strategic Tool in Enhancing Organizational Commitment of Virtual Teams in Foreign Commercial Banks in North West Bank -Palestine. International Journal of Business Administration, 8(7), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v8n7p25
Li, W., Liu, K., Belitski, M., Ghobadian, A., & O'Regan, N. (2016). E-Leadership through strategic alignment: an empirical study of small- and medium-sized enterprises in the digital age. Journal of Information Technology, 31(2), 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2016.10
Liu, C., Ready, D., Roman, A., Van Wart, M., Wang, X., McCarthy, A., & Kim, S. (2018). E-leadership: an empirical study of organizational leaders’ virtual communication adoption. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(7), 826-843. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2017-0297
Meghana, J. & Vijaya, R. (2019). E-leadership, Psychological Contract and Real-time Performance Management: Remotely Working Professionals. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 16(3), 101-110. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2403305052?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
Mendoza, I., García, B., & Uribe, J. (2014). Liderazgo y su relación con variables de resultado: un modelo estructural comparativo entre liderazgo transformacional y transaccional en una empresa de entretenimiento en México. Acta de investigación psicológica, 4(1), 1412-1429. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S2007-48322014000100008&script=sci_abstract
Northouse, P. (2016). Leadership. Theory and Practice. California: SAGE Publications.
Organización Internacional del Trabajo –OIT–. (2020a). Guía para empleadores sobre el trabajo desde casa en respuesta al brote de la COVID-19. Organización Internacional del Trabajo, 1-39. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---act_emp/documents/publication/wcms_747014.pdf
Organización Internacional del Trabajo –OIT–. (2020b). Panorama Laboral 2020 América Latina y del Caribe. Lima: OIT. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_764630.pdf
Peiró, J. M., Soriano, A., & Montesa, D. (2020). Revisión sistemática de la investigación sobre las relaciones entre el bienestar y desempeño laborales en Iberoamérica. Anuario Internacional de revisiones en Psicología, (1), 95-121. https://doi.org/10.14635/REVPSY.0.5
Perilla-Toro, L., & Gómez-Ortiz, V. (2017). Relación del estilo de liderazgo transformacional con la salud y el bienestar del empleado: el rol mediador de la confianza en el líder. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33(2), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2017.02.005
Politis, J. (2014). The Effect of e-Leadership on Organisational Trust and Commitment of Virtual Teams. En V. Grozdani (ed.), Proceedings of The 10th European Conference on Management, pp. 254-261. ACPIL. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1674836008?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
Poole, M. S. (2009). Adaptive Structuration Theory. En E. Griffin (ed.), A First Look at Communication Theory, pp. 235-246. Mc Graw Hill.
Ravesteijn, P. & Ongena, G. (2019). The role of e-leadership in relation to it capabilities and digital transformation. International Conference Information Systems 2019, 171-179. https://doi.org/10.33965/is2019_201905L022
Renecle, M., Gracia, F., Tomas, I., & Peiró, J. M. (2020). Developing mindful organizing in teams: A participation climate is not enough, teams need to feel safe to challenge their leaders. Journal of work and organizational psychology, 36(3), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2020a18
Sánchez-Cardona, I., Salanova Soria, M., & Llorens-Gumbau, S. (2016). Leadership intelectual stimulation and team learning: the mediating role of team positive affect. Universitas Psychologica, 17(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-1.list
Savolainen, T. (2014). Trust-Building in e-Leadership: A Case Study of Leaders' Challenges and Skills in Technology-Mediated Interaction. Journal of Global Business Issues, 8(2), 45-56. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=100377206&lang=es&site=eds-live
Schwab, K. (2017). The fourth Industrial Revolution. Penguin Random House. https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/3385454/Schwab-The_Fourth_Industrial_Revolution_Klaus_S.pdf
Sharpp, T. J., Lovelace, K., Cowan, L. D., & Baker, D. (2019). Perspectives of nurse managers on information communication technology and e-Leadership. John Wiley Sons, 27(7), 1554-1562. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12845
Sumanasiri, E. A. (2020). Exploring E-leadership Behaviour of Sri Lankan Small and Medium Enterprises. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 25(6),1-19. https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2019/v25i630213
Tintore, M., Canton Mayo, I., Quiroga Lobos, M., & Pares, I. (2019). Leadership and e-leadership in the life histories of educational leaders throughout the world. Revista de Educación Mediática y TIC, 8(2), 17-36. https://doi.org/10.21071/edmetic.v8i2.11700
Torre, T. & Sarti, D. (2020). The “Way” Toward E-leadership: Some Evidence from the Field. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554253
Twum-Darko, M. (2020). E-Leadership: The Implication of Digital Transformation for Leadership in Organizations in Africa. En M. Gnana Sheela (ed.), Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research, pp. 75-87. Book Publisher International.
Van Wart, M., Roman, A., Wang, X., & Liu, C. (2016). Operationalizing the definition of e-leadership: identifying the elements of e-leadership. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 85(1), 80-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852316681446
Vesga, J. J. (2017). Conceptualización en la psicología organizacional y del trabajo: necesidad de congruencia con fenómenos y hechos. Quaderns de Psicología, 19(1), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1385
Wolor, C., Solikhah, S., Fidhyallah, N., & Lestari, D. (2020). Effectiveness of E-Training, E-Leadership, and Work Life Balance on Employee Performance during COVID-19. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business,7(10), 443-450. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.443
Zhou, Y., Liu, G., Chang, X., & Wang, L. (2021). The impact of HRM digitalization on firm performance: investigating three-way interactions. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 59(1)20-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12258
Cómo citar
Jiménez Carranza, C. C., Aguilar Bustamante, M. C., & Peiró, J. M. (2022). Revisión sistemática de estudios empíricos en el liderazgo electrónico. Universitas Psychologica, 20. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy20.rvee
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.