Keywords
religious orientation scale
construct validity
exploratory factor analysis
confirmatory factor analysis
internal consistency
catholic people
construct validity
exploratory factor analysis
confirmatory factor analysis
internal consistency
catholic people
How to Cite
The Religious Orientation Scale Revised among Spanish Catholic People: Structural Validity and Internal Consistency of a 21-item Model. (2019). Universitas Psychologica, 18(3), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-3.rosr
Almetrics
Dimensions
Google Scholar
Abstract
The personal religious orientation understood as the motivation behind religious behaviors must be considered as the process that manages and organizes the behavior of those who are religious. Thus, identifying the dimensionality of religiosity is important (Francis, 2007; Kirkpatrick & Hood, 1990). This paper analyzed the structural validity and internal consistency of the 31-item Batson and Ventis Religious Orientation Scale. Participants were 529 Spanish Catholic undergraduates aged between 18 and 55 years, M = 21.55, SD = 4.39. A Principal Component Analysis with Equamax rotation method was performed on the ROS-31 with the randomized 50% of the sample, obtaining a 21-item three-component model (intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest religious orientations). Then, a CFA carried out with the other 50% of the sample showed an adequate fit of the obtained model, SBχ2(186) = 352.45, p < 0.01, CFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.059 (CI 90% [0.049, 0.067]). The intrinsic scale showed an excellent internal consistency, the quest scale showed good internal consistency, and the extrinsic scale showed an acceptable internal consistency. Future lines of research are suggested in order to clarify the relationship between the religious orientation scales and some psychosocial variables.
Allen, R. O., & Spilka, B. (1967). Committed and Consensual Religion: A Specification of Religion-Prejudice Relationships. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 6(2), 191-206. https://doi.org/10.2307/1384046
Allport, G. W. (1950). The individual and his religion. New York, NY: MacMillan.
Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432-443. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0021212
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113-133. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
Barrett, D. W., Patock-Peckham, J. A., Hutchinson, G. T., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2005). Cognitive motivation and religious orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(2), 461-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.004
Batson, C. D. (1976). Religion as prosocial: Agent or double agent? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 15(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.2307/1384312
Batson, C. D., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1991a). Measuring Religion as Quest: 1) Validity Con-cerns. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(4), 416-429. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387277
Batson, C. D., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1991b). Measuring Religion as Quest: 2) Reliability Concerns. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(4), 430-447. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387278
Batson, C. D., & Ventis, W. L. (1982). The religious experience: A social-psychological per-spective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Batson, C. D., & Ventis, W. L. (1985). Misconception of quest: A reply to Hood and Morris. Review of Religious Research, 26(4), 398-407. https://doi.org/10.2307/3511053
Batson, C. D., Schoenrade, P. A., & Ventis, W. L. (1993). Religion and the individual: A so-cial-psychological perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Beck, R., Baker, L., Robbins, M., & Dow, S. (2001). A second look at Quest motivation: Is Quest unidimensional or multidimensional? Journal of Psychology and Theology, 29(2), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710102900206
Beck, R., & Jessup, R. K. (2004). The Multidimensional Nature of Quest Motivation. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(4), 283-294. https://doi.org/10.1037/t22533-000
Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS (Version 6.1) [Computer software]. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
Brewczynski, J., & MacDonald, D. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Allport and Ross Religious Orientation Scale with a Polish Sample. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 16(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1601_6
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Brown, S. R., & Westman, A. (2011). Refining Christian Religious Orientations through Cluster Analyses. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 33(2), 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1163/157361211X570056
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bol-len & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Parck, CA: Sage.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Erlbaum.
Darvyri, P., Galanakis, M., Avgoustidis, A. G., Pateraki1, N., Vasdekis, S., & Darviri, C. (2014). The Revised Intrinsic/Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale in a Sample of Atti-ca’s Inhabitants. Psychology, 5(13), 1557-1567. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.513166
Donahue, M. J. (1985). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(2), 400-419. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.400
Feagin, J. R. (1964). Prejudice and Religious Types: A Focused Study of Southern Funda-mentalists. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 4(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.2307/1385200
Flere, S., & Lavrič, M. (2008). Is intrinsic religious orientation a culturally specific American Protestant concept? The fusion of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation among non-Protestants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(3), 521-530. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.437
Flere, S., Edwards, K. J., & Klanjsek, R. (2008). Religious Orientation in Three Central Euro-pean environments: Quest, Intrinsic, and Extrinsic Dimensions. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610701719280
Francis, L. J. (2007). Introducing the New Indices of Religious Orientation (NIRO): Concep-tualization and measurement. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10(6), 585-602. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670601035510
García-Alandete, J., & Bernabé, G. (2013). Religious orientation and psychological well-being among Spanish undergraduates. Acción Psicológica, 10(1), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.5944/ap.10.1.7040
García-Alandete, J., Rosa, E., Sellés, P., & Soucase, B. (2013). Orientación religiosa y sentido de la vida [Religious Orientation and Meaning in Life]. Universitas Psychologica, 12(2), 363-374. https://doi.org/10.1114 4/ Javeriana.UPSY12-2.orsv
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Gharamaleki, A. F., Morris, R. J., & Hood, R. W. (2002). Mus-lim-Christian Religious Orientations Scale: Distinction, correlations, and cross-cultural analysis in Iran and the United States. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 12(2), 69-91. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1202_01
Gorsuch, R. L., & McPherson, S. E. (1989). Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E revised and single-item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(3), 348-354. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386745
Gorsuch, R. L., & Venable, G. D. (1983). Development of an “Age Universal” I-E Scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 22(2), 181-187. https://doi.org/10.2307/1385677
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate Data Analy-sis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hunt, R. A., & King, M. B. (1971). The intrinsic-extrinsic concept: A review and evaluation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 10(4), 339-356. https://doi.org/10.2307/1384780
IBM. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Jaume, L., Simkin, H., & Etchezahar, E. (2013). Religious as quest and its relationship with intrinsic and extrinsic orientation. International Journal of Psychological Research, 6(2), 71-78. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/ijpr/v6n2/v6n2a08.pdf
Johnstone, B., Yoon, D. P., Cohen, D., Schopp, L. H., McCormack, G., Campbell, J., & Smith, M. (2012). Relationships among Spirituality, Religious Practices, Personality Fac-tors, and Health for Five Different Faith Traditions. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(4), 1017-1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9615-8.
Khodadady, E., & Bagheri, N. (2012). Construct Validation of a Modified Religious Orientation Scale within an Islamic Context. International Journal of Business and Social Sci-ence, 3(11), 237-246. Retrieved from http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_11_June_2012/26.pdf
Khodadady, E., & Golparvar, E. (2011). Factors underlying religious orientation scale: A methodological approach. Ilahiyat Studies: A Journal on Islamic and Religious Studies, 2(2), 215235. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2011.22.38
Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1989). A Psychometrick Analysis of the Allport-Ross and Feagin Measures of Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religious Orientation. In D. O. Moberg & M. L. Lynn (Eds.), Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 1 (pp. 1-30). Greenwich, UK: JAI Press.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Hood, R. W. (1990). Intrinsic-Extrinsic religious orientation: The boon or bane of contemporary psychology of religion? Journal for the Scientific Study of Reli-gion, 29(4), 442-462. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387311
Klaassen, D. W., & McDonald, M. J. (2002). Quest and identity development: Re-examining pathways for existential search. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 12(3), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1203_05
Kojetin, B. A., McIntosh, D. N., Bridges, R. A., & Spilka, B. (1987). Quest: Constructive Search or Religious Conflict? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 26(1), 111- https://doi.org/115. doi:10.2307/1385845
Kristensen, K. B., Pedersen, D. M., & Williams, R. N. (2002). Profiling religious maturity: The relationship of religious attitude components to religious orientations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00039
Leak, G. K. (2011). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Quest Religious Orientation Scale. Social Behavior and Personality, 39(9), 1289-1290. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.9.1289
Liu, C. C. (2010). The Relationship between Personal Religious Orientation and Emotional intelligence. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(4), 461-468. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.4.461
Maltby, J. (1998). Religious Orientation and Rigidity. The Journal of Psychology, 132(6), 674-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599299
Maltby, J. (1999a). The internal structure of a derived, revised, and amended measure of the Religious Orientation Scale: the ‘Age-Universal’ I-E Scale-12. Social Behaviour and Per-sonality, 27(4), 407-412. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1999.27.4.407
Maltby, J. (1999b). Personality Dimensions of Religious Orientation. The Journal of Psychol-ogy, 133(6), 631-640. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989909599769
Maltby, J. (2002). The Age Universal I-E Scale-12 and orientation toward religion: Confirma-tory factor analysis. The Journal of Psychology, 136(5), 555-560. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980209605550
Maltby, J., & Day, L. (1998). Amending a measure of the Quest religious orientation: applica-bility of the scale's use among religious and non-religious persons. Personality and Indi-vidual Differences, 25(3), 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00078-6
Maltby, J., & Lewis, C. A. (1996). Measuring intrinsic and extrinsic orientation toward reli-gion: Amendments for its use among religious and non-religious samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(6), 937-946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00154-7
Maltby, J., Lewis, C. A., Freeman, A., Day, L., Cruise, S. M., & Breslin, M. J. (2010). Reli-gion and health: The application of a cognitive-behavioural framework. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 13(7-8), 749-759. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670802596930
Miner, M. H. (2008). Healthy questing and mature religious reflection: Critique, antecedents, and relevance of attachment theory? Journal of Psychology and Theology, 36(3), 222-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710803600305
Neyrinck, B., Lens, W., Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2010). Updating Allport's and Batson's Framework of Religious Orientations: A Reevaluation from the Perspective of Self-Determination Theory and Wulff's Social Cognitive Model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49(3), 425-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01520.x
Núñez-Alarcón, M., Moreno-Jiménez, M. P., Moral-Toranzo, F., & Sánchez, M. (2011). Vali-dation of a religious orientation scale in Christian and Muslim samples. Metodología de Encuestas, 13, 97-119. Retrieved from http://casus.usal.es/pkp/index.php/MdE/issue/view/144
Ramírez, M. C. (2006). Una adaptación española de la Escala de Orientación Religiosa de Batson y Ventis [A Spanish adaptation of the Batson and Ventis’ Religious Orientation Scale]. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 59(1-2), 309-318. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313377133_Una_adaptacion_espanola_de_la_Escala_de_Orientacion_Religiosa_de_Batson_y_Ventis
Ryan, R. M., Rigby, S., & King, K. (1993). Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientations and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(3), 586-596. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.586
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192
Simkin, H., & Etchezahar, E. (2013). The Extrinsic and Intrinsic Religious Orientations: Vali-dation of the “Age Universal” I-E Scale in the Argentinian Context. Psykhe, 22(1), 97-106. https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.22.1.477
Spilka, B., Kojetin, B. A., & McIntosh, D. N. (1985). Forms and Measures of Personal Faith: Questions, Correlates, and Distinctions. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 24(4), 437-442. https://doi.org/10.2307/1385997
Voci, A., Bosetti, G., & Veneziani, C. A. (2017). Measuring religion as end, means, and quest: The Religious Life and Orientation Scale. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 24, 83-98, https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM24.1.5
Watson, P. J., Morris, R. J., & Hood, R. W. (1989). Interactional factor correlations with Means and End religiousness. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(3), 337-347. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386744
Watson, P. J., Hood, R.W., Morris, R. J., & Hall, J. R. (1984). Empathy, Religious Orienta-tion, and Social Desirability. The Journal of Psychology, 117(2), 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1984.9923679
Watson, P. J., Morris, R. J., & Hood, R. W. (1992). Quest and identity within a religious ideological surround. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 20(4), 376-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164719202000405
Allport, G. W. (1950). The individual and his religion. New York, NY: MacMillan.
Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432-443. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0021212
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, Religious Fundamentalism, Quest, and Prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113-133. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
Barrett, D. W., Patock-Peckham, J. A., Hutchinson, G. T., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2005). Cognitive motivation and religious orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(2), 461-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.004
Batson, C. D. (1976). Religion as prosocial: Agent or double agent? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 15(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.2307/1384312
Batson, C. D., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1991a). Measuring Religion as Quest: 1) Validity Con-cerns. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(4), 416-429. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387277
Batson, C. D., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1991b). Measuring Religion as Quest: 2) Reliability Concerns. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30(4), 430-447. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387278
Batson, C. D., & Ventis, W. L. (1982). The religious experience: A social-psychological per-spective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Batson, C. D., & Ventis, W. L. (1985). Misconception of quest: A reply to Hood and Morris. Review of Religious Research, 26(4), 398-407. https://doi.org/10.2307/3511053
Batson, C. D., Schoenrade, P. A., & Ventis, W. L. (1993). Religion and the individual: A so-cial-psychological perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Beck, R., Baker, L., Robbins, M., & Dow, S. (2001). A second look at Quest motivation: Is Quest unidimensional or multidimensional? Journal of Psychology and Theology, 29(2), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710102900206
Beck, R., & Jessup, R. K. (2004). The Multidimensional Nature of Quest Motivation. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(4), 283-294. https://doi.org/10.1037/t22533-000
Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS (Version 6.1) [Computer software]. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
Brewczynski, J., & MacDonald, D. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Allport and Ross Religious Orientation Scale with a Polish Sample. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 16(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1601_6
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Brown, S. R., & Westman, A. (2011). Refining Christian Religious Orientations through Cluster Analyses. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 33(2), 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1163/157361211X570056
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bol-len & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Parck, CA: Sage.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Erlbaum.
Darvyri, P., Galanakis, M., Avgoustidis, A. G., Pateraki1, N., Vasdekis, S., & Darviri, C. (2014). The Revised Intrinsic/Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale in a Sample of Atti-ca’s Inhabitants. Psychology, 5(13), 1557-1567. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.513166
Donahue, M. J. (1985). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(2), 400-419. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.400
Feagin, J. R. (1964). Prejudice and Religious Types: A Focused Study of Southern Funda-mentalists. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 4(1), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.2307/1385200
Flere, S., & Lavrič, M. (2008). Is intrinsic religious orientation a culturally specific American Protestant concept? The fusion of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation among non-Protestants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(3), 521-530. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.437
Flere, S., Edwards, K. J., & Klanjsek, R. (2008). Religious Orientation in Three Central Euro-pean environments: Quest, Intrinsic, and Extrinsic Dimensions. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610701719280
Francis, L. J. (2007). Introducing the New Indices of Religious Orientation (NIRO): Concep-tualization and measurement. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 10(6), 585-602. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670601035510
García-Alandete, J., & Bernabé, G. (2013). Religious orientation and psychological well-being among Spanish undergraduates. Acción Psicológica, 10(1), 133-148. https://doi.org/10.5944/ap.10.1.7040
García-Alandete, J., Rosa, E., Sellés, P., & Soucase, B. (2013). Orientación religiosa y sentido de la vida [Religious Orientation and Meaning in Life]. Universitas Psychologica, 12(2), 363-374. https://doi.org/10.1114 4/ Javeriana.UPSY12-2.orsv
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Gharamaleki, A. F., Morris, R. J., & Hood, R. W. (2002). Mus-lim-Christian Religious Orientations Scale: Distinction, correlations, and cross-cultural analysis in Iran and the United States. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 12(2), 69-91. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1202_01
Gorsuch, R. L., & McPherson, S. E. (1989). Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E revised and single-item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(3), 348-354. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386745
Gorsuch, R. L., & Venable, G. D. (1983). Development of an “Age Universal” I-E Scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 22(2), 181-187. https://doi.org/10.2307/1385677
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate Data Analy-sis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hunt, R. A., & King, M. B. (1971). The intrinsic-extrinsic concept: A review and evaluation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 10(4), 339-356. https://doi.org/10.2307/1384780
IBM. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Jaume, L., Simkin, H., & Etchezahar, E. (2013). Religious as quest and its relationship with intrinsic and extrinsic orientation. International Journal of Psychological Research, 6(2), 71-78. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/ijpr/v6n2/v6n2a08.pdf
Johnstone, B., Yoon, D. P., Cohen, D., Schopp, L. H., McCormack, G., Campbell, J., & Smith, M. (2012). Relationships among Spirituality, Religious Practices, Personality Fac-tors, and Health for Five Different Faith Traditions. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(4), 1017-1041. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9615-8.
Khodadady, E., & Bagheri, N. (2012). Construct Validation of a Modified Religious Orientation Scale within an Islamic Context. International Journal of Business and Social Sci-ence, 3(11), 237-246. Retrieved from http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_11_June_2012/26.pdf
Khodadady, E., & Golparvar, E. (2011). Factors underlying religious orientation scale: A methodological approach. Ilahiyat Studies: A Journal on Islamic and Religious Studies, 2(2), 215235. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2011.22.38
Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1989). A Psychometrick Analysis of the Allport-Ross and Feagin Measures of Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religious Orientation. In D. O. Moberg & M. L. Lynn (Eds.), Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 1 (pp. 1-30). Greenwich, UK: JAI Press.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Hood, R. W. (1990). Intrinsic-Extrinsic religious orientation: The boon or bane of contemporary psychology of religion? Journal for the Scientific Study of Reli-gion, 29(4), 442-462. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387311
Klaassen, D. W., & McDonald, M. J. (2002). Quest and identity development: Re-examining pathways for existential search. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 12(3), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327582IJPR1203_05
Kojetin, B. A., McIntosh, D. N., Bridges, R. A., & Spilka, B. (1987). Quest: Constructive Search or Religious Conflict? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 26(1), 111- https://doi.org/115. doi:10.2307/1385845
Kristensen, K. B., Pedersen, D. M., & Williams, R. N. (2002). Profiling religious maturity: The relationship of religious attitude components to religious orientations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00039
Leak, G. K. (2011). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Quest Religious Orientation Scale. Social Behavior and Personality, 39(9), 1289-1290. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.9.1289
Liu, C. C. (2010). The Relationship between Personal Religious Orientation and Emotional intelligence. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(4), 461-468. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.4.461
Maltby, J. (1998). Religious Orientation and Rigidity. The Journal of Psychology, 132(6), 674-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599299
Maltby, J. (1999a). The internal structure of a derived, revised, and amended measure of the Religious Orientation Scale: the ‘Age-Universal’ I-E Scale-12. Social Behaviour and Per-sonality, 27(4), 407-412. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1999.27.4.407
Maltby, J. (1999b). Personality Dimensions of Religious Orientation. The Journal of Psychol-ogy, 133(6), 631-640. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989909599769
Maltby, J. (2002). The Age Universal I-E Scale-12 and orientation toward religion: Confirma-tory factor analysis. The Journal of Psychology, 136(5), 555-560. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980209605550
Maltby, J., & Day, L. (1998). Amending a measure of the Quest religious orientation: applica-bility of the scale's use among religious and non-religious persons. Personality and Indi-vidual Differences, 25(3), 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00078-6
Maltby, J., & Lewis, C. A. (1996). Measuring intrinsic and extrinsic orientation toward reli-gion: Amendments for its use among religious and non-religious samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(6), 937-946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00154-7
Maltby, J., Lewis, C. A., Freeman, A., Day, L., Cruise, S. M., & Breslin, M. J. (2010). Reli-gion and health: The application of a cognitive-behavioural framework. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 13(7-8), 749-759. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670802596930
Miner, M. H. (2008). Healthy questing and mature religious reflection: Critique, antecedents, and relevance of attachment theory? Journal of Psychology and Theology, 36(3), 222-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710803600305
Neyrinck, B., Lens, W., Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2010). Updating Allport's and Batson's Framework of Religious Orientations: A Reevaluation from the Perspective of Self-Determination Theory and Wulff's Social Cognitive Model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49(3), 425-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01520.x
Núñez-Alarcón, M., Moreno-Jiménez, M. P., Moral-Toranzo, F., & Sánchez, M. (2011). Vali-dation of a religious orientation scale in Christian and Muslim samples. Metodología de Encuestas, 13, 97-119. Retrieved from http://casus.usal.es/pkp/index.php/MdE/issue/view/144
Ramírez, M. C. (2006). Una adaptación española de la Escala de Orientación Religiosa de Batson y Ventis [A Spanish adaptation of the Batson and Ventis’ Religious Orientation Scale]. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 59(1-2), 309-318. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313377133_Una_adaptacion_espanola_de_la_Escala_de_Orientacion_Religiosa_de_Batson_y_Ventis
Ryan, R. M., Rigby, S., & King, K. (1993). Two types of religious internalization and their relations to religious orientations and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(3), 586-596. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.586
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507-514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192
Simkin, H., & Etchezahar, E. (2013). The Extrinsic and Intrinsic Religious Orientations: Vali-dation of the “Age Universal” I-E Scale in the Argentinian Context. Psykhe, 22(1), 97-106. https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.22.1.477
Spilka, B., Kojetin, B. A., & McIntosh, D. N. (1985). Forms and Measures of Personal Faith: Questions, Correlates, and Distinctions. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 24(4), 437-442. https://doi.org/10.2307/1385997
Voci, A., Bosetti, G., & Veneziani, C. A. (2017). Measuring religion as end, means, and quest: The Religious Life and Orientation Scale. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 24, 83-98, https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM24.1.5
Watson, P. J., Morris, R. J., & Hood, R. W. (1989). Interactional factor correlations with Means and End religiousness. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(3), 337-347. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386744
Watson, P. J., Hood, R.W., Morris, R. J., & Hall, J. R. (1984). Empathy, Religious Orienta-tion, and Social Desirability. The Journal of Psychology, 117(2), 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1984.9923679
Watson, P. J., Morris, R. J., & Hood, R. W. (1992). Quest and identity within a religious ideological surround. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 20(4), 376-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164719202000405
This journal is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. Thus, this work may be reproduced, distributed, and publicly shared in digital format, as long as the names of the authors and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana are acknowledged. Others are allowed to quote, adapt, transform, auto-archive, republish, and create based on this material, for any purpose (even commercial ones), provided the authorship is duly acknowledged, a link to the original work is provided, and it is specified if changes have been made. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana does not hold the rights of published works and the authors are solely responsible for the contents of their works; they keep the moral, intellectual, privacy, and publicity rights. Approving the intervention of the work (review, copy-editing, translation, layout) and the following outreach, are granted through an use license and not through an assignment of rights. This means the journal and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana cannot be held responsible for any ethical malpractice by the authors. As a consequence of the protection granted by the use license, the journal is not required to publish recantations or modify information already published, unless the errata stems from the editorial management process. Publishing contents in this journal does not generate royalties for contributors.