La integración de la inteligencia artificial en la atención médica: desafíos éticos y de implementación
Publicado
ago 28, 2023
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Andrea Garcia-Lopez
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3940-1413
Fernando Girón-Luque
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-0848
Diego Rosselli
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0960-9480
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3940-1413
Fernando Girón-Luque
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-0848
Diego Rosselli
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0960-9480
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Resumen
El desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial (IA), así como la mejora evidente que han tenido las tecnologías digitales en el campo de la salud, obliga a plantearnos dos preguntas importantes que surgen al incorporar la IA como instrumento para una mejora en la calidad de atención. 1) ¿Podrá la IA reemplazar a los médicos? y 2) ¿Cuáles son las consideraciones éticas de la implementación de la IA en el campo de la salud? Concluimos que, con algunas pocas excepciones, por ahora la IA no parece que pueda sustituir al ser humano, pero sí lo puede complementar y extender su labor. Existen tres consideraciones éticas en el uso de la IA: el paciente debe estar informado del uso de estos sistemas; los profesionales de la salud deben conocer y aprender sobre la tecnología que se va a implementar, además asegurarse de que traerá un beneficio para el paciente, y, por último, se vuelve fundamental aplicar los principios básicos de la ética médica.
Keywords
Artificial Intelligence, Physicians, EthicsInteligencia Artificial, Médicos, Ética
References
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2. Shaw J, Rudzicz F, Jamieson T, Goldfarb A. Artificial intelligence and the implementation challenge. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(7):1-18. https://doi.org/10.2196/13659
3. Char DS, Shah NH, Magnus D. Implementing machine learning in health care- addressing ethical challenges. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(11):981-3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1714229
4. Castro E, Melo JAG de ME, Faria Araújo NM. Impact of the fourth industrial revolution on the health sector: a qualitative study. Healthc Inform Res. 2020;26(4):328-34. https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2020.26.4.328
5. Habli I, Lawtonb T, Porter Z. Artificial intelligence in health care: accountability and safety. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98:251-56. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.19.237487
6. Keskinbora KH. Medical ethics considerations on artificial intelligence. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;64:277-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.03.001
7. López de Mántaras Badia R. Algunas reflexiones sobre el presente y futuro de la Inteligencia Artificial. Novática. 2015;40:96-101.
8. Belciug S, Gorunescu F. Intelligent systems and the healthcare revolution. Intell Syst Ref Libr. 2020;157:259-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14354-1_5
9. IBM. No time for downtime [internet]. [Citado 2021 nov 10]. DIsponible en: https://www.ibm.com/case-studies/healthpartners-watson-health-iconnect/
10. Dalton-Brown S. The ethics of medical AI and the physician-patient relationship. Cambridge Q Healthc Ethics. 2020;29(1):115-21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180119000847
11. Obermeyer Z, Emanuel EJ. Predicting the future-big data, machine learning, and clinical medicine. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(13):1216-9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1606181
12. Gálvez Moya M. Inteligencia artificial en radiología: ¿seremos reemplazados por las máquinas? Rev Chil Radiol. 2017;23:90.
13. Expósito Gallardo M del C, Ávila Ávila R. Aplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial en la medicina: perspectivas y problemas. Acimed. 2008;17(5):1-12.
14. Rhoads PS. Sir William Osler: aphorisms from his bedside teachings and writings. Arch Intern Med. 1961;108(3):507-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1961.03620090179021
15. Kluge EHW. Artificial intelligence in healthcare: ethical considerations. Healthc Manag Forum. 2020;33(1):47-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0840470419850438
16. Gurupur V, Wan TTH. Inherent bias in artificial intelligence-based decision support systems for healthcare. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020;56(3):141. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56030141
17. Anderson JG, Abrahamson K. Your health care may kill you: medical errors. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2017;234:13-17.
18. Cabrol M, Pombo C, Gonzalez N, Sánchez R. Adopción ética y responsable de la inteligencia artificial en América Latina y el Caribe [internet]. Interamerican Development Bank. Disponible en: https://publications.iadb.org/publications/spanish/document/fAIr_LAC_Adopci% C3%B3n_%C3%A9tica_y_responsable_de_la_inteligencia_artifcial_en_Am%C3% A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe_es.pdf
19. D’antonoli TA. Ethical considerations for artificial intelligence: an overview of the current radiology landscape. Diagnostic Interv Radiol. 2020;26(5):504-11. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2020.19279
20. Guío Español A, Tamayo Uribe E, Gómez Ayerbe P, Mujica MP. Marco ético para inteligencia artificial en colombia [internet]. Vol 1. Bogotá: Gobierno de Colombia, Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; 2021. Disponible en: https://inteligenciaartificial.gov.co/static/img/MARCO_ETICO.pdf
21. González Arencibia M, Martínez Cardero D. Dilemas éticos en el escenario de la inteligencia artificial. Econ Soc. 2020;25(57):1-18. https://doi.org/10.15359/eys.25-57.5
22. Samek W, Wiegand T, Müller K-R. Explainable artificial intelligence: understanding, visualizing and interpreting deep learning models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.08296. 2017 Aug 28.
23. Gostin LO, Halabi SF, Wilson K. Health data and privacy in the digital era. JAMA. 2018;320(3):233-4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.8374
24. Grundy Q, Held FP, Bero LA. Tracing the potential flow of consumer data: a network analysis of prominent health and fitness apps. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(6):e233. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7347
25. Safdar NM, Banja JD, Meltzer CC. Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence. Eur J Radiol. 2020;122(July 2019):2019-2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.108768
26. Zuiderveen Borgesius FJ. Discrimination, artificial intelligence, and algorithmic decision-making [internet]. Estrasburgo: Council of Europe; 2018. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/discrimination-artificial-intelligence-and-algorithmic-decision-making/1680925d73
27. Zuiderveen Borgesius FJ. Strengthening legal protection against discrimination by algorithms and artificial intelligence. Int J Hum Rights. 2020;24(10):1572-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1743976
28. Köchling A, Wehner MC. Discriminated by an algorithm: a systematic review of discrimination and fairness by algorithmic decision-making in the context of HR recruitment and HR development. Bus Res. 2020;13(3):795-848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-020-00134-w
29. European Comission. White paper on artificial intelligence: European approach to excellence and trust. J Chem Inf Model. 2013;53(9):1689-99.
30. Crawford K, Dobbe R, Dryer T, Fried G, Green B, Kaziunas E, et al. AI Now 2019 Report [internet]. New York: AI Now Institute; 2019. Disponible en: https://ainowinstitute.org/publication/ai-now-2019-report-2
31. International Center for Scientific Debate Barcelona. Artificial intelligence dreams, risks, and reality [internet]. 2017:4-7. Disponible en: https://www.bdebate.org/en/synopsis/artificial-intelligence-dreams-risks-and-reality
32. Muñoz VM, Tamayo Uribe E, Guio Español A. The Colombian case: A new path for developing countries addressing the risks of artificial intelligence. 2021;(May):1-13
33. Matheny ME, Whicher D, Thadaney Israni S. Artificial intelligence in health care: a report from the National Academy of Medicine. JAMA. 2020;323(6):509-10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.21579
34. Garcia-Vigil JL. Reflections on ethics, human intelligence and artificial intelligence (AI). J Biol Today's World. 2020;9(11):1-2.
Cómo citar
Garcia-Lopez, A., Girón-Luque, F., & Rosselli, D. (2023). La integración de la inteligencia artificial en la atención médica: desafíos éticos y de implementación. Universitas Medica, 64(3). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed64-3.inte
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