Palabras clave
Hydrothermal conversion
kaolinite
metakaolin
fluorinated media
zeolitic products
kaolinite
metakaolin
fluorinated media
zeolitic products
Cómo citar
Reactivity study of kaolinite and metakaolinite in fluoride media under hydrothermal conditions. (2013). Ingenieria Y Universidad, 17(1), 183-204. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.iyu17-1.rskm
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This paper studies the reactivity of kaolinite and metakaolin in a fluorinated medium under hydrothermal conditions. This path of conventional zeolite synthesis did not yield promising results, although traces of different zeotypes did crystallize, such as the crystal structures Linde type Y (LTY), zeolite Na-P1 (GIS), chabazite-ca(CHA), sodalite (SOD), cancrinite (CAN) and Linde type A (LTA). Other zeolites reported in this study were zeolite ZSM-5 (MFI type structure)and zeolite ITQ (ISV type structure).The non-reacting starting material and the synthe sized products where characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transformand thermogravimetric analysis. Theproducts of the synthesis are of interest because they can be used in different industrial applications.
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ALKAN, M.; HOPA, C.; YILMAZ, Z. & GULER, H. The effect of alkali concentration and solid/liquid ratio on the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite NaA from natural kaolinite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2005, vol. 86, num. 1-3, pp. 176-184.
BACCOUCHE, A.; SRASRA, E. & MAAOUI, M.E. Preparation of Na-P1 and sodaliteoctahydrate zeolites from interstratified illite–smectite. Applied Clay Science. 1998, vol. 13, num. 4, pp. 255-273.
BALEK, V. & MURAT, M. The emanation thermal analysis of kaolinite clay minerals. Thermochimica Acta. 1996, nums. 282-283, pp. 385-397.
BARRER, R.M. Hydrothermal chemistry of zeolites. 1st ed. London: Academic Press, 1982.
BARRER, R.M.; COLE, J.F. & STICHER, H. Chemistry of soil minerals. Part V. Low temperature hydrotermal transformations of kaolinite. Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical. 1968, pp. 2475-2485.
BARRET, P.A.; CAMBLOR, M.A.; CORMA, A.; Jones, R.H. & VILLAESCUSA , L.A. Synthesis and Structure of As-Prepared ITQ-4, A Large Pore Pure Silica Zeolite: The Role and Location of Fluoride Anions and Organic Cations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 1998, vol. 102, num. 21, pp. 4147-4155.
BAUER, A. & Berger, G. Kaolinite and smectite dissolution rate in high molar KOH solutions at 35 ° and 80 °C. Applied Geochemistry. 1998, vol. 13, num.7, pp. 905-916.
BAUER, A.; VELDE, B. & BERGER, G. Kaolinite transformation in high molar KOH solutions. Applied Geochemistry. 1998, vol. 13, núm. 5, pp. 619-629.
BOUKADIR, D.; BETTAHAR N. & DERRICHE, Z. Synthesis of zeolites 4A and HS from natural materials. Annales de Chimie Science des Matériaux. 2002, vol. 27, num. 4, pp. 1-13.
BRECK, D.W. Zeolite molecular sieves: structure, chemistry and use. New York: John Wiley, 1974.
CAMA, J.; AYORA, C.; QUEROL, X. & GANOR, J. Dissolution kinetics of synthetic zeolite NaP1 and its implication to zeolite treatment of contaminated waters. Environmental Science and Technology. 2005, vol. 39, num. 13, pp. 4871-4877.
CAMBLOR, M.A.; CORMA, A. & VALENCIA, S. Synthesis in fluoride media and characterisation of aluminosilicate zeolite beta. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 1998, vol. 8, num. 9, pp. 2137-2145.
CAÑIZARES, P.; DURÁN, A.; DORADO, F. & CARMONA, M. The role of sodium montmorillonite on bounded zeolite-type catalysts. Applied Clay Science. 2000, vol. 16, nums. 5-6, pp. 273-287.
CHANDRASEKHAR, S. & PRAMADA, P.N. Investigation on the synthesis of zeolite NaX from Kerala kaolin. Journal of Porous Materials. 1999, vol. 6, num. 4, pp. 283-297.
CHEZEAU, J.M.; DELMOTTE, L.; GUTH, J.L. & SOULARD, M. High-resolution solid-state 29Si and 13C n.m.r. on highly siliceous MFI-type zeolites synthesized in nonalkaline fluoride medium. Zeolites, 1989, vol. 9, núm. 1, pp. 78-80.
CHOROVER, J.; CHOI, S.; AMISTADI, M.K.; KARTHIKEYAN , K.G.; CROSSON , G. & MUELLER, K.T. Linking Cesium and Strontium uptake to kaolinite weathering in simulated tank waste leachate. Environmental Science Technology. 2003, vol. 37, núm. 10, pp. 2200-2208.
CORMA, A. Towards a rationalization of zeolite and zeolitic materials synthesis. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. 2004, vol. 154, num. 1, pp. 25-40.
COVARRUBIAS, C.; GARCÍA, R.; ARRIAGADA, R.; YANEZ, J. & GARLAND, T. CR(III) exchange on zeolites obtained from kaolin and natural mordenite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2006, vol. 88, num. 1-3, pp. 220-231.
DAVIS, M.E. & ZONES, S.I. A perspective on zeolite synthesis: How do you know what you’ll get? In: Synthesis of Porous Materials: Zeolites, Clays and Nanostructures, M.L. Occelli and H. Kessler (Eds.). New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997, pp. 1-34.
DEMORTIER, A.; GOBELTZ, N.; LELIEUR, J.P. & DUHAYON, C. Infrared evidence for the formation of an intermediate compound during the synthesis of zeolite Na–A from metakaolin. International Journal of Inorganic Materials. 1999, vol. 1, num. 2, pp. 129-134.
EGEBLAD, K.; KUSTOVA, M.; KLITGAARD , S.K.; ZHU, K. & CHRISTENSEN, C.H. Mesoporous zeolite and zeotype single crystals synthesized in fluoride media. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2007, vol. 101, num. 1-2, pp. 214-223.
FÉRONA, B.; GUTH, J.L. & MIMOUNI-ERDDALANEA , N. Influence of the presence of NaF on the crystallization of zeolite A (LTA): First evidence for the existence of fluorosodalite, the missing end-member of the halosodalite series. Zeolites. 1994, vol. 14, num. 3, pp. 177-181.
FLANIGEN, E.M. & PATTON, R.L. US 4 073 865 (1978). FROST, R.L.; HORVÁTH, E.; MAKÓ, E.; KRISTÓF, J. & RÉDEY, A. Slow transformation of mechanically dehydroxylated kaolinite to kaolinite - an aged mechanochemically activated formamide - intercalated kaolinite study. ThermochimicaActa. 2003, vol. 408, nums. 1-2, pp. 103-113.
FROST, R.L.; MAKÓ, E.; KRISTÓF, J. & KLOPROGGE, J.T. Modification of kaolinite surfaces through mechanochemical treatment - a mid-IR and near-IR spectroscopic study. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2002, vol. 58, num. 13, pp. 2849-2859.
HOCH, M. & BANDARA, A. Determination of the adsorption process of tributyltin (TBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) onto kaolinite surface using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2005, vol. 253, nums. 1-3, pp. 117-124.
HOUSSIN , CH.J.Y. Nanoparticles in zeolite synthesis. PhD Thesis. Eindhoven, North Brabant: Eindhoven University of Technology, 2003.
JACOBS, P.A. & MARTENS, J.A. Synthesis of high-silica aluminosilicate zeolites. New York: Elsevier Science, 1987. Jiang, J.; Jorda , J.L.; Yu, J.; Baumes , L.A.; Mugnaioli, E.; Diaz-Cabanas, M.J.;
KOLB, U. & CORMA, A. Synthesis and structure determination of the hierarchical mesomicroporous zeolite ITQ-43. Science. 2011, vol. 333, num. 6046, pp. 1131-1134.
KAKALI, G.; PERRAKI, T.; TSIVILIS, S. & BADOGIANNIS, E. Thermal treatment of kaolin: the effect of mineralogy on the pozzolanic activity. Applied Clay Science. 2001, vol. 20, nums.1-2, pp.73-80.
KATO, M.; ITABASHI, K.; MATSUMOTO, A. & TSUTSUMI, K. Characteristics of MORframework zeolites synthesized in fluoride-containing media and related ordered distribution of Al atoms in the framework. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2003, vol. 107, num. 8, pp. 1788-1797.
KIM, D.S.; CHANG, J-S.; HWANG, J-S.; PARK, S-E. & KIM, J.M. Synthesis of zeolite beta in fluoride media under microwave irradiation. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2004, vol. 68, nums. 1-3, pp. 77-82.
KLIMKIEWICZ, R. & DRAG, E.B. Catalytic activity of carbonaceous deposits in zeolite from halloysite in alcohol conversions. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 2004, vol. 65, num. 2-3, pp. 459-464.
KOLLER, H.; WOLKER, A.; VILLAESCUSA, L.A.; DÍAZ-CABAÑAS, M.J.; VALENCIA, S. & CAMBLOR, M.A. Five-coordinate silicon in high-silica zeolites. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1999, vol. 121, num. 14, pp. 3368-3376.
KRISTÓF, J.; MINK, J.; HIRVATH, E. & GABOR, M. Intercalation study of clay minerals by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Vibrational Spectroscopy. 1993, vol. 5, num. 1, pp. 61-67.
KUBOTA, Y., HELMKAMP , M.M., ZONES, S.I. & DAVIS , M.E. Properties of organic cations that lead to the structure-direction of high silica molecular sieves. Microporous Materials. 1996, vol. 6, num. 4, pp. 213-229.
KUPERMAN, A.S.; OLIVER , S.; OZIN , G.A.; GARCES , J.M. & OLKEN , M.M. Non-aqueous synthesis of giant crystals of zeolites and molecular sieves. Nature. 1993, vol. 365, num. 6443, pp. 239-242.
LAMBERT, J.F.; MINMAN, W.S. & FRIPIAT, J.J. Revisiting kaolinite dehydroxylation: A silicon-29 and aluminum-27 MAS NMR study. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1989, vol. 111, num. 10, pp. 3517-3522.
LIN, D.-Ch.; XU, X.-W.; ZUO, F. & LONG, Y.-C.Crystallization of JBW, CAN, SOD and ABW type zeolite from transformation of meta-kaolin. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2004, vol. 70, nums. 1-3, pp. 63-70.
LIU, Q.; SPEARS, D.A. & LIU, Q. MAS NMR study of surface-modified calcined kaolin. Applied Clay Science. 2001, vol. 19, num. 1-6, pp. 89-94.
LOBO, R.F., ZONES, S.I. & DAVIS, M.E. Structure-direction in zeolite synthesis. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry. 1995, vol. 21, nums. 1-4, pp. 47-78.
LUSSIER, R. A novel clay-based catalytic material-preparation and properties. Journal of Catalysis. 1991, vol. 129, num. 1, pp. 225-237.
MACKENZIE, R.C. Differential thermal analysis. Vol. 1. London: Academic Press, 1970.
MURAT, M.; AMORKRANE, A.; BASTIDE, J.P. & MONTANARO, L. Synthesis of zeolites from thermally activated kaolinite.Some observations on nucleation and growth. Clay Minerals. 1992, vol. 27, num. 1, pp. 119-130.
PERISSINOTTO, M.; STORARO , L.; LENARDA , M. & GANZERLA , R.J. Solid acid catalysts from clays: Acid leached metakaolin as isopropanol. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 1997, vol. 121, num. 1, pp. 1103-109.
QIU, G.; JIANG, T.; LI, G.; FAN, X. & HUANG , Z. Activation and removal of silicon in kaolinite by thermochemical process. Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy. 2004, vol. 33, num. 2, pp. 121-128.
REES, L.V.C. & CHANDRASEKHAR, S. Hydrothermal reaction of kaolinite in presence of fluoride ions at pH less than 10. Zeolites. 1993, vol. 13, num.1, pp. 534-541.
RÍOS, C.A. Synthesis of zeolites from geological materials and industrial wastes for potential application in environmental problems. PhD Thesis. Wolverhampton, West Midlands: University of Wolverhampton, 2008.
RÍOS, C.A.; WILIAMS, C.D. & FULLEN, M.A. Nucleation and growth history of zeolite LTA synthesized from kaolinite by two different methods. Applied Clay Science. 2009, vol. 42, nums. 3-4, pp. 446-454.
SAIKIA, N.J.; BHARALI, D.J.; SENGUPTA, P.; BORDOLOI, D.; GOSWAMEE, R.L.; SAIKIA, P.C. & BOTHAKUR, P.C. Characterization, beneficiation and utilization of a kaolinite clay from Assam, India. Applied Clay Science. 2003, vol. 24, nums. 1-2, pp. 93-103.
SCHMIDT-WINKEL, P.; YANG, P.; MARGOLESE, D.I.; CHMELKA , B.F. & Stucky , G.D. Fluoride-induced hierarchical ordering of mesoporous silica in aqueous acid-syntheses. Advanced Materials. 1999, vol. 11, num. 4, pp. 303-307.
SERRANO , D.P.; VAN GRIEKEN , R.; SANCHEZ , P.; Sanz , R. & Rodriguez , L. Crystallization mechanism of all-silica zeolite beta in fluoride medium. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2001, vol. 46, num. 1, pp. 35-46.
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ZONES, S.I.; DARTON, R.J.; MORRIS, R. & HWANG , S.-J. Studies on the role of fluoride ion vs. reaction concentration in zeolite synthesis. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2005, vol. 109, num. 1, pp. 652-661.
ALKAN, M.; HOPA, C.; YILMAZ, Z. & GULER, H. The effect of alkali concentration and solid/liquid ratio on the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite NaA from natural kaolinite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2005, vol. 86, num. 1-3, pp. 176-184.
BACCOUCHE, A.; SRASRA, E. & MAAOUI, M.E. Preparation of Na-P1 and sodaliteoctahydrate zeolites from interstratified illite–smectite. Applied Clay Science. 1998, vol. 13, num. 4, pp. 255-273.
BALEK, V. & MURAT, M. The emanation thermal analysis of kaolinite clay minerals. Thermochimica Acta. 1996, nums. 282-283, pp. 385-397.
BARRER, R.M. Hydrothermal chemistry of zeolites. 1st ed. London: Academic Press, 1982.
BARRER, R.M.; COLE, J.F. & STICHER, H. Chemistry of soil minerals. Part V. Low temperature hydrotermal transformations of kaolinite. Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical. 1968, pp. 2475-2485.
BARRET, P.A.; CAMBLOR, M.A.; CORMA, A.; Jones, R.H. & VILLAESCUSA , L.A. Synthesis and Structure of As-Prepared ITQ-4, A Large Pore Pure Silica Zeolite: The Role and Location of Fluoride Anions and Organic Cations. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 1998, vol. 102, num. 21, pp. 4147-4155.
BAUER, A. & Berger, G. Kaolinite and smectite dissolution rate in high molar KOH solutions at 35 ° and 80 °C. Applied Geochemistry. 1998, vol. 13, num.7, pp. 905-916.
BAUER, A.; VELDE, B. & BERGER, G. Kaolinite transformation in high molar KOH solutions. Applied Geochemistry. 1998, vol. 13, núm. 5, pp. 619-629.
BOUKADIR, D.; BETTAHAR N. & DERRICHE, Z. Synthesis of zeolites 4A and HS from natural materials. Annales de Chimie Science des Matériaux. 2002, vol. 27, num. 4, pp. 1-13.
BRECK, D.W. Zeolite molecular sieves: structure, chemistry and use. New York: John Wiley, 1974.
CAMA, J.; AYORA, C.; QUEROL, X. & GANOR, J. Dissolution kinetics of synthetic zeolite NaP1 and its implication to zeolite treatment of contaminated waters. Environmental Science and Technology. 2005, vol. 39, num. 13, pp. 4871-4877.
CAMBLOR, M.A.; CORMA, A. & VALENCIA, S. Synthesis in fluoride media and characterisation of aluminosilicate zeolite beta. Journal of Materials Chemistry. 1998, vol. 8, num. 9, pp. 2137-2145.
CAÑIZARES, P.; DURÁN, A.; DORADO, F. & CARMONA, M. The role of sodium montmorillonite on bounded zeolite-type catalysts. Applied Clay Science. 2000, vol. 16, nums. 5-6, pp. 273-287.
CHANDRASEKHAR, S. & PRAMADA, P.N. Investigation on the synthesis of zeolite NaX from Kerala kaolin. Journal of Porous Materials. 1999, vol. 6, num. 4, pp. 283-297.
CHEZEAU, J.M.; DELMOTTE, L.; GUTH, J.L. & SOULARD, M. High-resolution solid-state 29Si and 13C n.m.r. on highly siliceous MFI-type zeolites synthesized in nonalkaline fluoride medium. Zeolites, 1989, vol. 9, núm. 1, pp. 78-80.
CHOROVER, J.; CHOI, S.; AMISTADI, M.K.; KARTHIKEYAN , K.G.; CROSSON , G. & MUELLER, K.T. Linking Cesium and Strontium uptake to kaolinite weathering in simulated tank waste leachate. Environmental Science Technology. 2003, vol. 37, núm. 10, pp. 2200-2208.
CORMA, A. Towards a rationalization of zeolite and zeolitic materials synthesis. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis. 2004, vol. 154, num. 1, pp. 25-40.
COVARRUBIAS, C.; GARCÍA, R.; ARRIAGADA, R.; YANEZ, J. & GARLAND, T. CR(III) exchange on zeolites obtained from kaolin and natural mordenite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2006, vol. 88, num. 1-3, pp. 220-231.
DAVIS, M.E. & ZONES, S.I. A perspective on zeolite synthesis: How do you know what you’ll get? In: Synthesis of Porous Materials: Zeolites, Clays and Nanostructures, M.L. Occelli and H. Kessler (Eds.). New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997, pp. 1-34.
DEMORTIER, A.; GOBELTZ, N.; LELIEUR, J.P. & DUHAYON, C. Infrared evidence for the formation of an intermediate compound during the synthesis of zeolite Na–A from metakaolin. International Journal of Inorganic Materials. 1999, vol. 1, num. 2, pp. 129-134.
EGEBLAD, K.; KUSTOVA, M.; KLITGAARD , S.K.; ZHU, K. & CHRISTENSEN, C.H. Mesoporous zeolite and zeotype single crystals synthesized in fluoride media. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2007, vol. 101, num. 1-2, pp. 214-223.
FÉRONA, B.; GUTH, J.L. & MIMOUNI-ERDDALANEA , N. Influence of the presence of NaF on the crystallization of zeolite A (LTA): First evidence for the existence of fluorosodalite, the missing end-member of the halosodalite series. Zeolites. 1994, vol. 14, num. 3, pp. 177-181.
FLANIGEN, E.M. & PATTON, R.L. US 4 073 865 (1978). FROST, R.L.; HORVÁTH, E.; MAKÓ, E.; KRISTÓF, J. & RÉDEY, A. Slow transformation of mechanically dehydroxylated kaolinite to kaolinite - an aged mechanochemically activated formamide - intercalated kaolinite study. ThermochimicaActa. 2003, vol. 408, nums. 1-2, pp. 103-113.
FROST, R.L.; MAKÓ, E.; KRISTÓF, J. & KLOPROGGE, J.T. Modification of kaolinite surfaces through mechanochemical treatment - a mid-IR and near-IR spectroscopic study. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2002, vol. 58, num. 13, pp. 2849-2859.
HOCH, M. & BANDARA, A. Determination of the adsorption process of tributyltin (TBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) onto kaolinite surface using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2005, vol. 253, nums. 1-3, pp. 117-124.
HOUSSIN , CH.J.Y. Nanoparticles in zeolite synthesis. PhD Thesis. Eindhoven, North Brabant: Eindhoven University of Technology, 2003.
JACOBS, P.A. & MARTENS, J.A. Synthesis of high-silica aluminosilicate zeolites. New York: Elsevier Science, 1987. Jiang, J.; Jorda , J.L.; Yu, J.; Baumes , L.A.; Mugnaioli, E.; Diaz-Cabanas, M.J.;
KOLB, U. & CORMA, A. Synthesis and structure determination of the hierarchical mesomicroporous zeolite ITQ-43. Science. 2011, vol. 333, num. 6046, pp. 1131-1134.
KAKALI, G.; PERRAKI, T.; TSIVILIS, S. & BADOGIANNIS, E. Thermal treatment of kaolin: the effect of mineralogy on the pozzolanic activity. Applied Clay Science. 2001, vol. 20, nums.1-2, pp.73-80.
KATO, M.; ITABASHI, K.; MATSUMOTO, A. & TSUTSUMI, K. Characteristics of MORframework zeolites synthesized in fluoride-containing media and related ordered distribution of Al atoms in the framework. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2003, vol. 107, num. 8, pp. 1788-1797.
KIM, D.S.; CHANG, J-S.; HWANG, J-S.; PARK, S-E. & KIM, J.M. Synthesis of zeolite beta in fluoride media under microwave irradiation. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2004, vol. 68, nums. 1-3, pp. 77-82.
KLIMKIEWICZ, R. & DRAG, E.B. Catalytic activity of carbonaceous deposits in zeolite from halloysite in alcohol conversions. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 2004, vol. 65, num. 2-3, pp. 459-464.
KOLLER, H.; WOLKER, A.; VILLAESCUSA, L.A.; DÍAZ-CABAÑAS, M.J.; VALENCIA, S. & CAMBLOR, M.A. Five-coordinate silicon in high-silica zeolites. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1999, vol. 121, num. 14, pp. 3368-3376.
KRISTÓF, J.; MINK, J.; HIRVATH, E. & GABOR, M. Intercalation study of clay minerals by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Vibrational Spectroscopy. 1993, vol. 5, num. 1, pp. 61-67.
KUBOTA, Y., HELMKAMP , M.M., ZONES, S.I. & DAVIS , M.E. Properties of organic cations that lead to the structure-direction of high silica molecular sieves. Microporous Materials. 1996, vol. 6, num. 4, pp. 213-229.
KUPERMAN, A.S.; OLIVER , S.; OZIN , G.A.; GARCES , J.M. & OLKEN , M.M. Non-aqueous synthesis of giant crystals of zeolites and molecular sieves. Nature. 1993, vol. 365, num. 6443, pp. 239-242.
LAMBERT, J.F.; MINMAN, W.S. & FRIPIAT, J.J. Revisiting kaolinite dehydroxylation: A silicon-29 and aluminum-27 MAS NMR study. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1989, vol. 111, num. 10, pp. 3517-3522.
LIN, D.-Ch.; XU, X.-W.; ZUO, F. & LONG, Y.-C.Crystallization of JBW, CAN, SOD and ABW type zeolite from transformation of meta-kaolin. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials. 2004, vol. 70, nums. 1-3, pp. 63-70.
LIU, Q.; SPEARS, D.A. & LIU, Q. MAS NMR study of surface-modified calcined kaolin. Applied Clay Science. 2001, vol. 19, num. 1-6, pp. 89-94.
LOBO, R.F., ZONES, S.I. & DAVIS, M.E. Structure-direction in zeolite synthesis. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry. 1995, vol. 21, nums. 1-4, pp. 47-78.
LUSSIER, R. A novel clay-based catalytic material-preparation and properties. Journal of Catalysis. 1991, vol. 129, num. 1, pp. 225-237.
MACKENZIE, R.C. Differential thermal analysis. Vol. 1. London: Academic Press, 1970.
MURAT, M.; AMORKRANE, A.; BASTIDE, J.P. & MONTANARO, L. Synthesis of zeolites from thermally activated kaolinite.Some observations on nucleation and growth. Clay Minerals. 1992, vol. 27, num. 1, pp. 119-130.
PERISSINOTTO, M.; STORARO , L.; LENARDA , M. & GANZERLA , R.J. Solid acid catalysts from clays: Acid leached metakaolin as isopropanol. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical. 1997, vol. 121, num. 1, pp. 1103-109.
QIU, G.; JIANG, T.; LI, G.; FAN, X. & HUANG , Z. Activation and removal of silicon in kaolinite by thermochemical process. Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy. 2004, vol. 33, num. 2, pp. 121-128.
REES, L.V.C. & CHANDRASEKHAR, S. Hydrothermal reaction of kaolinite in presence of fluoride ions at pH less than 10. Zeolites. 1993, vol. 13, num.1, pp. 534-541.
RÍOS, C.A. Synthesis of zeolites from geological materials and industrial wastes for potential application in environmental problems. PhD Thesis. Wolverhampton, West Midlands: University of Wolverhampton, 2008.
RÍOS, C.A.; WILIAMS, C.D. & FULLEN, M.A. Nucleation and growth history of zeolite LTA synthesized from kaolinite by two different methods. Applied Clay Science. 2009, vol. 42, nums. 3-4, pp. 446-454.
SAIKIA, N.J.; BHARALI, D.J.; SENGUPTA, P.; BORDOLOI, D.; GOSWAMEE, R.L.; SAIKIA, P.C. & BOTHAKUR, P.C. Characterization, beneficiation and utilization of a kaolinite clay from Assam, India. Applied Clay Science. 2003, vol. 24, nums. 1-2, pp. 93-103.
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