Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: An Extreme Interaction
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Jun 3, 2015
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a multifactorial and complex chronic inflammatory and infectious disease which has been linked to various systemic complications, including cardiovascular disease. This association has been difficult to prove because epidemiological studies are biased or classic risk factors that are difficult to control, cardiovascular disease also includes a variety of multifactorial diseases also making it even more difficult to determine the cause-effect. The studies reported in the literature that attempt to explain the relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease, from their different methodological designs, show sufficient evidence to consider periodontal disease as an indicator of cardiovascular risk, supremely necessary information for Physicians and dentists who in their clinical practice protocols should include interdisciplinary work, seeking for comprehensive management of the individual.
Keywords
periodontitis, cardiovascular diseases, microbiology, inflammation, periodontitis, enfermedades cardiovasculares, microbiología, inflamación,
References
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2. Yin G, Ryan ME. Presentación de la enfermedad periodontal: causas, patogénesis y características. En Enfermedad periodontal y salud general: una guía para el clínico. Bogotá: Colgate; 2010. p. 4-21.
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4. Echeverría García JJ. Enfermedades periodontales y periimplantarias: factores de riesgo y su diagnóstico. Av Periodon Implantol. 2003;15(3):149-56.
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8. Persson GR, Persson RE. Cardiovascular disease and periodontitis: an update on the associations and risk. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(8):362-79.
9. Maruhashi T, Soga J, Fujimura N et al. Relationship between flow-mediated vasodilation and cardiovascular risk factors in a large community-based study. Heart. 2013;99:1837-42.
10. Macedo Paizan ML, Vilela-Martin JF. Is there an association between periodontitis and hypertension? Curr Cardiol Rev. 2014;10(4):355-61.
11. Persson GR, Ohlsson O, Petterssond T, Renvert S. Chronic periodontitis, a significant relationship with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(23):2108-15.
12. López NJ, Chamorro A, Llancaqueo M. Association between atherosclerosis and periodontitis. Rev Med Chil. 2011;139(6):717-24.
13. Khosravi Samani M, Jalali F, Seyyed Ahadi S, Reza Hoseini S, Dabbagh Sattari F. The relationship between acute myocardial infarction and periodontitis. Caspian J Intern Med. 2013;4(2):667-71.
14. Amar S, Gokce N, Morgan S, Loukideli M, Van Dyke T, Vita J. Periodontal disease is associated with brachial artery endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:1245-49.
15. Tonetti M, D’Aiuto F, Nibali L, Donald A, Storry C, Parkar M et al. Treatment of Periodontitis and Endothelial function. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(9):911-20.
16. Pussinen P, Tuomisto K, Jousilahti P, Havulinna A, Sundvall J, Salomaa V. Endotoxemia, immune response to periodontal pathogens, and Systemic Inflammation Associate With Incident Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1433-39.
17. Higashi Y, Goto C, Jitsuiki D, Umemura T, Nishioka K, Hidaka T, et al. Periodontal infection is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2008;51:446-53.
18. Thakare KS, Deo V, Bhongade ML. Evaluation of the C-reactive protein serum levels in periodontitis patients with or without atherosclerosis. Indian J Dent Res. 2010;21(3):326-29.
19. Brito L, DalBo´ S, Striechen T, Farias J, Olchanheski Jr. L, Mendes R, et al. Experimental periodontitis promotes transient vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2013;58(9):1187-98.
20. Holtfreter B, Empen K, Gläser S, Lorbeer R, Völzke H, et al. Periodontitis is associated with endothelial dysfunction in a general population: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e84603.
21. Ramesh A, Thomas B, Amitha R. Evaluation of the association between chronic periodontitis and acute coronary syndrome: A case control study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2013;17(2):210-3.
22. Suresh S, Narayana S, Jayakumar P, Sudhakar U, Pramod V. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of statins in chronic periodontitis. Indian J Pharmacol. 2013;41(4):391-4.
23. Eberhard J, Grote K, Luchtefeld M, Heuer W, Schuett H, Divchev D, et al. Experimental gingivitis induces systemic inflammatory markers in young healthy individuals: A single-subject interventional study. Plos One. 2013;8(2):e 55265
24. Ramirez J, Parra B, Gutierrez S, Arce R, Jaramillo A, Ariza Y, Contreras A. Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease are increased in untreated chronic periodontitis: a case control study. Aust Dent J. 2014;59(1):29-36.
25. Sandi RM, Pol KG, Basavaraj P, Khuller N, Singh S. Association of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, high and low density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) levels in chronic periodontitis subjects with risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD): A cross sectional study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(1):214-6.
26. Pires JR, dos Santos IP, de Camargo LF,
Zuza EP, de Toledo BE, Monteiro SC. Framingham cardiovascular risk in patients with obesity and periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2014;18(1):14-8.
27. Vedin O, Hagström E, Gallup D, Neely ML, Stewart R, Koenig W, et al. Periodontal disease in patients with chronic coronary heart disease: Prevalence and association with cardiovascular risk factors. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(6):771-8.
28. Leite ACE, de Araújo V, Machado M. Effects of periodontal therapy on C-reactive protein and HDL in serum of subjects with periodontitis. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2014;29(1):69-77.
29. Telen MJ. Cellular adhesion and the endothelium E-selectin, L-Selectin, and Pan-selectin inhibitors. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am. 2014;28:341-54.
30. Angelovich TA, Hearps AC, Jaworowsky A. Inflammation-induces foam cell formation in chronic inflammatory disease. Immunol Cell Biol. 2015;93(8):683-93.
2. Yin G, Ryan ME. Presentación de la enfermedad periodontal: causas, patogénesis y características. En Enfermedad periodontal y salud general: una guía para el clínico. Bogotá: Colgate; 2010. p. 4-21.
3. Herrera C, Arcos J. Relación entre la enfermedad periodontal y la enfermedad cardiovascular: una revisión de tema. Rev Estomatol. 2012;20(2):45-52.
4. Echeverría García JJ. Enfermedades periodontales y periimplantarias: factores de riesgo y su diagnóstico. Av Periodon Implantol. 2003;15(3):149-56.
5. Contreras A, Moreno S, Jaramillo A, Peláez M, Duque A, Botero JE, Slots J. Periodontal microbiology in Latin America. Periodontology 2000. 2015;67(1):58-86.
6. Gaziano JM. Global burden of cardiovascular disease. En Braundwald´s heart disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2008.
7. Ramírez J. ¿Es la enfermedad periodontal un factor de riesgo cardiovascular?: revisión de la evidencia experimental y clínica. Rev Estomatol. 2005;13(2):18-26.
8. Persson GR, Persson RE. Cardiovascular disease and periodontitis: an update on the associations and risk. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(8):362-79.
9. Maruhashi T, Soga J, Fujimura N et al. Relationship between flow-mediated vasodilation and cardiovascular risk factors in a large community-based study. Heart. 2013;99:1837-42.
10. Macedo Paizan ML, Vilela-Martin JF. Is there an association between periodontitis and hypertension? Curr Cardiol Rev. 2014;10(4):355-61.
11. Persson GR, Ohlsson O, Petterssond T, Renvert S. Chronic periodontitis, a significant relationship with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(23):2108-15.
12. López NJ, Chamorro A, Llancaqueo M. Association between atherosclerosis and periodontitis. Rev Med Chil. 2011;139(6):717-24.
13. Khosravi Samani M, Jalali F, Seyyed Ahadi S, Reza Hoseini S, Dabbagh Sattari F. The relationship between acute myocardial infarction and periodontitis. Caspian J Intern Med. 2013;4(2):667-71.
14. Amar S, Gokce N, Morgan S, Loukideli M, Van Dyke T, Vita J. Periodontal disease is associated with brachial artery endothelial dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:1245-49.
15. Tonetti M, D’Aiuto F, Nibali L, Donald A, Storry C, Parkar M et al. Treatment of Periodontitis and Endothelial function. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(9):911-20.
16. Pussinen P, Tuomisto K, Jousilahti P, Havulinna A, Sundvall J, Salomaa V. Endotoxemia, immune response to periodontal pathogens, and Systemic Inflammation Associate With Incident Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1433-39.
17. Higashi Y, Goto C, Jitsuiki D, Umemura T, Nishioka K, Hidaka T, et al. Periodontal infection is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2008;51:446-53.
18. Thakare KS, Deo V, Bhongade ML. Evaluation of the C-reactive protein serum levels in periodontitis patients with or without atherosclerosis. Indian J Dent Res. 2010;21(3):326-29.
19. Brito L, DalBo´ S, Striechen T, Farias J, Olchanheski Jr. L, Mendes R, et al. Experimental periodontitis promotes transient vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2013;58(9):1187-98.
20. Holtfreter B, Empen K, Gläser S, Lorbeer R, Völzke H, et al. Periodontitis is associated with endothelial dysfunction in a general population: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e84603.
21. Ramesh A, Thomas B, Amitha R. Evaluation of the association between chronic periodontitis and acute coronary syndrome: A case control study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2013;17(2):210-3.
22. Suresh S, Narayana S, Jayakumar P, Sudhakar U, Pramod V. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of statins in chronic periodontitis. Indian J Pharmacol. 2013;41(4):391-4.
23. Eberhard J, Grote K, Luchtefeld M, Heuer W, Schuett H, Divchev D, et al. Experimental gingivitis induces systemic inflammatory markers in young healthy individuals: A single-subject interventional study. Plos One. 2013;8(2):e 55265
24. Ramirez J, Parra B, Gutierrez S, Arce R, Jaramillo A, Ariza Y, Contreras A. Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease are increased in untreated chronic periodontitis: a case control study. Aust Dent J. 2014;59(1):29-36.
25. Sandi RM, Pol KG, Basavaraj P, Khuller N, Singh S. Association of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, high and low density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) levels in chronic periodontitis subjects with risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD): A cross sectional study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(1):214-6.
26. Pires JR, dos Santos IP, de Camargo LF,
Zuza EP, de Toledo BE, Monteiro SC. Framingham cardiovascular risk in patients with obesity and periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2014;18(1):14-8.
27. Vedin O, Hagström E, Gallup D, Neely ML, Stewart R, Koenig W, et al. Periodontal disease in patients with chronic coronary heart disease: Prevalence and association with cardiovascular risk factors. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(6):771-8.
28. Leite ACE, de Araújo V, Machado M. Effects of periodontal therapy on C-reactive protein and HDL in serum of subjects with periodontitis. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2014;29(1):69-77.
29. Telen MJ. Cellular adhesion and the endothelium E-selectin, L-Selectin, and Pan-selectin inhibitors. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am. 2014;28:341-54.
30. Angelovich TA, Hearps AC, Jaworowsky A. Inflammation-induces foam cell formation in chronic inflammatory disease. Immunol Cell Biol. 2015;93(8):683-93.
How to Cite
Cruz Rodríguez, M., Cárdenas, S., Moreno, F., & Moreno, S. (2015). Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: An Extreme Interaction. Universitas Medica, 56(4), 491–508. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed56-4.epec
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