Síndrome de lesión por reperfusión miocárdica
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mar 4, 2014
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Resumen
La reperfusión es el tratamiento definitivo para salvar miocardio isquémico del infarto. Un determinante principal del tamaño del infarto es la duración de la isquemia. El restablecimiento temprano de flujo sanguíneo al miocardio isquémico reduce los límites del tamaño del infarto y la mortalidad. De manera paradójica, el retorno del flujo sanguíneo al miocardio isquémico puede resultar en lesiones adicionales en el área de riesgo. Esta condición se conoce como lesión por reperfusión, y el daño es más probable que suceda cuando la terapia de reperfusión se retrasa. Incluso cuando la mayoría de los ensayos clínicos diseñados para evaluar agentes para prevenir la lesión por reperfusión han sido decepcionantes, terapias para limitar la lesión por reperfusión siguen siendo un área de investigación activa.
Keywords
Myocardial reperfusion therapies, ischaemic myocardium, reperfusion injury, terapias de reperfusión miocárdica, isquemia miocárdica, lesión por reperfusión,
References
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11. Zweier, J, Talukder, M. The role of oxidants and free radicals in reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;70:181-90.
12. Penna C, Bassino E, Alloatti G. Platelet activating factor: the good and the bad in the ischemic/reperfused heart. Exp Biol Med. 2011;236:390-401.
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2. Ruiz M, García D. Fisiopatología del daño miocárdico por isquemia-reperfusión: nuevas oportunidades terapéuticas en el infarto agudo de miocardio. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009; 62(2):199-209.
3. Jennings RB, Murry CE, Steenbergen C Jr, Reimer KA. Development of cell injury in sustained acute ischemia. Circulation. 1990;82:II2–II12.
4. Xu Y, Huo Y, Toufektsian MC, et al. Activated platelets contribute importantly to myocardial reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;290:H692–H699.
5. Rezkalla SH, Kloner RA. No-reflow phenomenon. Circulation. 2002;105: 656-62.
6. Bialik S, Cryns VL, Drincic A, et al. The mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is activated by serum and glucose deprivation in cardiac myocytes. Circ Res. 1999;85:403-14.
7. Saraste A, Pulkki K, Kallajoki M, et al. Apoptosis in human acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1997;95:320-23.
8. Talukder MA, Zweier JL, Periasamy M. Targeting calcium transport in ischaemic heart disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;84:345-52.
9. Zimmerman ANE, Daems W, Hulsmann WC, et al. Morphological changes of heart muscle caused by successive perfusion with calcium-free and calciumcontaining solutions (calcium paradox). Cardiovasc Res. 1967;1:201–9.
10. Turer A, Hill J. Pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and rationale for therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(3):360-68.
11. Zweier, J, Talukder, M. The role of oxidants and free radicals in reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2006;70:181-90.
12. Penna C, Bassino E, Alloatti G. Platelet activating factor: the good and the bad in the ischemic/reperfused heart. Exp Biol Med. 2011;236:390-401.
13. Schulza R, Kelmb M, Heusch G. Nitric oxide in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2004;61:402-13.
14. Eefting F, Rensing B, Wigman J, et al. Role of apoptosis in reperfusion injury. Cardiovascular Research. 2004;61:414-26.
15. Matsui Y, Takagi H, Qu X, Abdellatif M, Sakoda H, Asano T, Levine B, Sadoshima J. Distinct roles of autophagy in the heart during ischemia and reperfusion: roles of AMP-activated protein kinase and Beclin 1 in mediating autophagy. Circ Res. 2007;100:914-22.
16. Vinten-Johansen J. Involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of lethal myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 2004;61:481-97.
17. Akar FG, Aon MA, Tomaselli GF, O‘Rourke B. The mitochondrial origin of postischemic arrhythmias. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:3527-35.
18. Iliceto S, Galiuto L, Marchese A, et al. Analysis of microvascular integrity, contractile reserve, and myocardial viability after acute myocardial infarction by dobutamine echocardiography and myocardial contrast echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:441-5.
19. Hoffmann R, Haager P, Lepper W, et al. Relation of coronary flow pattern to myocardial blush grade in patients with first acute myocardial infarction. Heart. 2003;89:1147-51.
20. Montalescot G, Barragan P, Wittenberg O, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2001;344: 1895-903.
21. Neumann FJ, Blasini R, Schmitt C, et al. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade on recovery of coronary flow and left ventricular function after the placement of coronary-artery stents in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;98:2695-701.
22. de Lemos JA, Antman EM, Gibson CM, et al. Abciximab improves both epicardial flow and myocardial reperfusion in STelevation myocardial infarction. Observations from the TIMI 14 trial. Circulation. 2000;101: 239-43.
23. Antoniucci D, Rodriguez A, Hempel A, et al. A randomized trial comparing primary infarct artery stenting with or without abciximab in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1879-85.
24. Iliceto S, Galiuto L, Marchese A, et al. Functional role of microvascular integrity in patients with infarct-related artery patency after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:618-24.
25. Ito H, Maruyama A, Iwakura K, et al. Clinical implications of the ‘no reflow’ phenomenon. A predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996;93:223-28.
26. Sabia PJ, Powers ER, Ragosta M, et al. An association between collateral blood flow and myocardial viability in patients with recent myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1825-31.
27. Matsumura K, Jeremy RW, Schaper J, Becker LC. Progression of myocardial necrosis during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. Circulation. 1998;97:795-804.
28. Arai M, Lefer DJ, So T, et al. An anti-CD18 antibody limits infarct size and preserves left ventricular function in dogs with ischemia and 48-hour reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:1278-85.
29. Hearse DJ. Ischemia, reperfusion, and the determinants of tissue injury. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1990;Suppl 4:767-76.
30. Ferrari R, Hearse DJ. Reperfusion Injury: Does It Exist and Does It Have Clinical Relevance? J Thromb Thrombolysis. 1997;4:25-34.
31. Mahaffey KW, Puma JA, Barbagelata NA, et al. Adenosine as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: the Acute Myocardial Infarction Study of Adenosine (AMISTAD) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:1711-20.
32. Kloner RA, Forman MB, Gibbons RJ, et al. Impact of time to therapy and reperfusion modality on the efficacy of adenosine in acute myocardial infarction: the AMISTAD-2 trial. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2400-5.
33. Marzilli M, Orsini E, Marraccini P, Testa R. Beneficial effects of intracoronary adenosine as an adjunct to primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2000;101:2154-9.
34. Kopecky SL, Aviles RJ, Bell MR, et al. A randomized, double-blinded, placebocontrolled, dose-ranging study measuring the effect of an adenosine agonist on infarct size reduction in patients undergoing primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: the ADMIRE (AmP579 Delivery for Myocardial Infarction REduction) study. Am Heart J. 2003;146:146-52.
35. Ishihara M, Sato H, Tateishi H, et al. Attenuation of the no-reflow phenomenon after coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction with intracoronary papaverine. Am Heart J. 1996;132:959-63.
36. Van Gilst, WH, Kingma, JH. Protection of the myocardium against postischemic reperfusion damage: possible role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992;19:S13-9.
37. Piana RN, Wang SY, Friedman M, Sellke FW. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition preserves endothelium-dependent coronary microvascular responses during short-term ischemia-reperfusion. Circulation. 1996;93:544-51.
38. Wang QD, Li XS, Lundberg JM, Pernow J. Protective effects of non-peptide endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan on myocardial ischaemic and reperfusion injury in the pig. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;29:805-12.
39. Grover GJ, Dzwonczyk S, Parham CS. The endothelin-1 receptor antagonist BQ-123 reduces infarct size in a canine model of coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. 1993;27:1613-18.
40. Pernow J, Wang QD. Endothelin in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. 1997;33: 518-26.
41. Galiuto L, DeMaria AN, del Balzo, U, et al. Endothelin A-antagonist reduces no-reflow and infarct size in dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;Special Issue (Suppl):382A.
42. Klein HH, Pich S, Bohle RM, et al. Myocardial protection by Na(+)-H+ exchange inhibition in ischemic, reperfused porcine hearts. Circulation. 1995;92:912-7.
43. Meng HP, Maddaford TG, Pierce GN. Effect of amiloride and selected analogues on postischemic recovery of cardiac contractile function. Am J Physiol. 1993;264:H1831-5.
44. Hendrikx M, Mubagwa K, Verdonck F, et al. New Na(+)-H+ exchange inhibitor HOE 694 improves postischemic function and high-energy phosphate resynthesis and reduces Ca2+ overload in isolated perfused rabbit heart. Circulation. 1994;89:2787-98.
45. Rohmann S, Weygandt H, Minck KO. Preischaemic as well as postischaemic application of a Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor reduces infarct size in pigs. Cardiovasc Res. 1995;30:945-51.
46. Coletta AP, Cleland JG. Clinical trials update: highlights of the scientific sessions of the XXIII Congress of the European Society of Cardiology--WARIS II, ESCAMI, PAFAC, RITZ-1 and TIME. Eur J Heart Fail. 2001;3:747-50.
47. Zeymer U, Suryapranata H, Monassier JP, et al. The Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibitor eniporide as an adjunct to early reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Results of the evaluation of the safety and cardioprotective effects of eniporide in acute myocardial infarction (ESCAMI) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1644-50.
48. Antzelevitch C, Belardinelli L, Zygmunt AC, et al. Electrophysiological effects of ranolazine, a novel antianginal agent with antiarrhythmic properties. Circulation. 2004;110:904-10.
49. Belardinelli L, Shryock JC, Fraser H. Inhibition of the late sodium current as a potential cardioprotective principle: effects of the late sodium current inhibitor ranolazine. Heart. 2006;92 Suppl 4:iv6-14.
50. Hale, SL, Leeka, JA, Kloner, RA. Improved Left Ventricular Function and Reduced Necrosis after Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion in Rabbits Treated with Ranolazine, an Inhibitor of the Late Sodium Channel. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;318:418-23.
51. Sakata Y, Kodama K, Ishikura F, et al. Disappearance of the ‘no-reflow’ phenomenon after adjunctive intracoronary administration of nicorandil in a patient with acute myocardial infarction. Jpn Circ J. 1997;61:455-8.
52. Ito H, Taniyama Y, Iwakura K, et al. Intravenous nicorandil can preserve microvascular integrity and myocardial viability in patients with reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:654-60.
53. Krombach GA, Higgins CB, Chujo M, Saeed M. Gadomer-enhanced MR imaging in the detection of microvascular obstruction: alleviation with nicorandil therapy. Radiology. 2005;236:510-8.
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Cómo citar
Aldana Bitar, J. A., Santacruz Pacheco, D., & Urina Triana, M. E. (2014). Síndrome de lesión por reperfusión miocárdica. Universitas Medica, 55(2), 166–182. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed55-2.slrm
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Artículos de revisión