Keywords
functional measurement
attitude to women
gender
place
culture
Turkey
How to Cite
Abstract
The present study was aimed at showing that by conjointly using two techniques that are rarely used in combination – regression analysis and functional measurement, it may be possible to rigorously tests models of combination of factors using data obtained in traditional multi-item/multi-scale surveys. The data used for this demonstration were taken from a large survey (N = 3,235) of Turkish students’ attitude to women (ATW). As it included 12 types of predictors (e.g., age, geographic location, score on collectivism scales), stepwise regression analysis was firstly used to select a subset of predictors. Three of them explained the major part of variance: biological gender (sex), level of political conservatism in the area (the place factor), and personal score on the vertical individualism scale (the culture factor). Secondly, continuous conservatism and collectivism scores were categorized into three levels and three factorial plots were created -- one for each level of support for conservatism -- with ATW on the y-axis, vertical collectivism on the x-axis, and biological sex on curves. Divergence of curves observed in all panels supported a multiplicative-type model of combination of the gender and culture factors. As a result, the model of combination of factors suggested was: Negative Attitude to Women = (Gender x Culture) + Place.
Anderson, N. H. (2008). Unified social cognition. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Anderson, N. H. (2016). Information integration theory: Unified psychology based on three mathematıcal laws. Universitas Psychologica, 15(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.1 1144/Javeriana.upsy15-3.iitu
Bhanot, S., & Senn, C. Y. (2007). Attitudes towards violence against women in men of South Asian ancestry: Are acculturation and gender role attitudes important factors? Journal of Family Violence, 22, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-006-9060-0
Bem, S. L. (1981). Bem sex-role inventory: Professional manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Bugay, A., Delevi, R., & Mullet, E. (2019). Attitude to women in Turkey. Current Psychology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00273-2
Delevi, R., & Bugay, A. (2013). Assessing reliability and validity of the 15-item short version of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) among Turkish students. Journal of International Women's Studies, 14(1), 263-272. Retrieved from https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol14/iss1/16
Farley, J., & Fantino, E. (1978). The symmetrical law of effect and the matching relation in choice behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 29(1), 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1978.29-37
Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A. F. M., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Watts, C., on behalf of the WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women Study Team (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: Findings from the WHO Multi-Country Study on women’s health and domestic violence. The Lancet, 368(9543), 1260-1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8
Ikhlas A. A. (1996). Attitudes towards women in the Arabian Gulf region. Women in Management Review, 11(1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649429610109271
Kashima, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Kim, U., Choi, S.-C., Gelfand, M. J., & Yuki, M. (1995). Culture, gender, and self: A perspective from individualism-collectivism research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 925-937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.925
Lee, J., Kim, J., & Lim, H. (2010). Rape myth acceptance among Korean college students: The roles of gender, attitudes toward women, and sexual double standard. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(7), 1200-1223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509340536
Léoni, V., Mullet, E., & Chasseigne, G. (2002). Aging and intuitive physics. Acta Psychologica, 111(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6918(01)00077-4
Mairesse, O., Hofmans, J., Neu, D., de Oliveira, A., Cluydts, R., &Theuns, P. (2010). The algebra of sleepiness: investigating the interaction of homeostatic (S) and circadian (C) processes in sleepiness using linear metrics. Psicólogica, 31, 541-559. Retrieved from https://www.uv.es/psicologica/articulos3FM.10/8Mairesse.pdf
McKee, A. (2007). Positive and negative effects of pornography as attributed by consumers. Australian Journal of Communication, 34(1), 87-104. Retrieved from https://eprints.qut.edu.au/14575/
Mullet, E., & Chasseigne, G. (2018). Assessing information integration processes: A comparison of findings obtained with between-subjects designs versus within-subjects designs. Quality & Quantity, 54(4), 1977-1988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0592-6
Mullet, E., López López, W., Kpanake, L., Mukashema, I., Armange, R., Kamble, S., … Neto, F. (2016). Functional measurement in the field of ethics in politics. Universitas Psychologica, 15(3), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-3.fmf Ozkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2005). Masculinity, femininity, and the
Bem Sex Role Inventory in Turkey. Sex Roles, 52(1-2), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-1197-4
Patel, C. J., & Johns, L. (2009). Gender role attitudes and attitudes to abortion: Are there gender differences? The Social Science Journal, 46(3), 493-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2009.02.006
Pereira, T., Oliveira, A., & Fonseca, I. B. (2016). Brain activation follows adding-type integration laws: Brain and rating responses in an integration task with pairs of emotional faces. Universitas Psychologica, 15(3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-3.bafa
Roberts, B. W., & Helson, R. (1997). Changes in culture, changes in personality: The influence of individualism in a longitudinal study of women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(3), 641-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.641
Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research, 29(3), 240-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939719502900302
Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1973). A short version of the Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS). Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 2(4), 219-220. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03329252
Twenge, J. M. (1997). Attıtudes toward women, 1970-1 995: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(1), 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00099.x
Wasti, S. A., & Erdil, S. E. (2007). Bireycilik ve Toplulukçuluk Değerlerinin Ölçülmesi: Benlik Kurgusu ve INDCOL Ölçeklerinin Türkçe Geçerlemesi [The Turkish version of the Individualism-Collectivism scale]. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7, 39-66.
Whatley, M. A. (2008). The dimensionality of the 15 Item Attitudes Toward Women Scale. Race, Gender & Class, 15(1-2), 265-273. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41675371
Zhang, J., Mandl, H., & Wang, E. (2011). The effect of vertical–horizontal individualism–collectivism on acculturation and the moderating role of gender. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(1), 124-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.09.004
This journal is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License. Thus, this work may be reproduced, distributed, and publicly shared in digital format, as long as the names of the authors and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana are acknowledged. Others are allowed to quote, adapt, transform, auto-archive, republish, and create based on this material, for any purpose (even commercial ones), provided the authorship is duly acknowledged, a link to the original work is provided, and it is specified if changes have been made. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana does not hold the rights of published works and the authors are solely responsible for the contents of their works; they keep the moral, intellectual, privacy, and publicity rights. Approving the intervention of the work (review, copy-editing, translation, layout) and the following outreach, are granted through an use license and not through an assignment of rights. This means the journal and Pontificia Universidad Javeriana cannot be held responsible for any ethical malpractice by the authors. As a consequence of the protection granted by the use license, the journal is not required to publish recantations or modify information already published, unless the errata stems from the editorial management process. Publishing contents in this journal does not generate royalties for contributors.