Periodontal Status and Gingival Sulcus Microbiota in Temporary and Mixed Dentition. Systematic Review
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0026-5047
Yadira Selenne Vela Palomino
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5013-6251
Mario Rafael Romero Sánchez
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0927-2371
María Marcela Colmenares Millán
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3893-6651
Dabeiba Adriana García Robayo
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0770-9138
Ángela Suárez Castillo
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5575-5836
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Background: Microorganisms of dental biofilm coexist in relative harmony. Microenvironment changes can result in an excessive growth of pathogenic microorganisms associated with chronic inflammatory processes such as gingivitis and periodontitis. The microbiota of the gingival sulcus can vary substantially depending on physiological characteristics of children and adolescents. Purpose: To analyze the evidence on bacterial composition in 3-to-12-year-old children old and its association with the gingival and periodontal status. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using the PubMed, SciELO, LiLACS, ProQuest, EBSCO, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. Titles, abstracts, and full articles were read. Quality and validity of studies were determined through the Consort and Strobe checklists. The articles were classified regarding level of evidence and the grades of recommendation through the SIGN. Results: Microbial profiles of supra and subgingival biofilm in children are similar in more than 80 %, with predominance of Actinomyces spp. and Streptococcus spp., mainly S. sanguinis. Early colonization of supra and subgingival microbiota was related with the presence of gingivitis in older children. Evidence about general health condition, sociodemographic situation, bacterial interaction, microbial composition, and periodontal state was limited and inconclusive. Conclusion: There is not enough scientific evidence to confirm the relationship between bacterial composition and gingival and periodontal status in children aged 3-12 years. However, it is suggested that, as age increases, the presence of periodontal pathogens related to periodontal disease is likely.
bacteria, biofilm, child, dental plaque, dentistry, gingival, microbiome, microorganisms, mixed dentition, oral microbiology, oral microbiota, pathogens, pediatric dentistry, periodontal, periodontics, primary dentition, subgingival, supragingivalbacterias, biopelícula dental, dentición mixta, dentición primaria, gingival, microbiología oral, microbioma, microbiota oral, microorganismos, niño/a, odontología, odontopediatría, patógenos, periodoncia, periodontal, placa dental, subgingival, supragingivalbactérias, biofilme dentário, dentição mista, dentição decídua, gengival, microbiologia oral, microbioma, microbiota oral, microorganismos, menino/a, odontologia, odontopediatria, patógenos, periodontia, periodontal, placa dentária, subgengival, supragengival
2. Cruz Quintana SM, Diaz Sjostrom P, Arias Socarrás D, Mazón Baldeón GM. Microbiota de los ecosistemas de la cavidad bucal. Rev Cub Estomatol. 2017 Ene; 54(1): 84-89.
3. Crossner CG, Carlsson J, Sjödin B, Tarnvik A, Unell L, Venge P, Wranne L. Periodontitis in the primary dentition associated with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans infection and leukocyte dysfunction. A 3 1/2 year follow-up. J Clin Periodontol. 1990 Apr; 17(4): 264-7. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051x.1990.tb00023.x
4. Botero JE, Rösing CK, Duque A, Jaramillo A, Contreras A. Periodontal disease in children and adolescents of Latin America. Periodontol 2000. 2015; 67(1): 34-57. http://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12072
5. Gamboa F, Garcia DA, Acosta A, Mizrahi D, Paz A, Martinez D, Arévalo A, Aristizábal F, Abba M. Presence and antimicrobial profile of gram-negative facultative anaerobe rods in patients with chronic periodontitis and gingivitis. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2013; 26(1): 24-30.
6. Gamboa F, Acosta A, Garcia DA, Velosa J, Araya N, Ledergerber R. Occurrence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its antibacterial susceptibility to metronidazole and tetracycline in patients with chronic periodontitis. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2014; 27(3): 137-144. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1852-48342014000300007
7. Albandar JM, Rams TE. Risk factors for periodontitis in children and young persons. Periodontol 2000. 2002 Apr; 29(1): 207-22. http://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002. 290110.x
8. Bimstein E, Lustmann J, Soskolne WA. A clinical and histometric study of gingivitis associated with the human deciduous dentition. J Periodontol. 1985 May; 56(5): 293-6. http://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1985.56.5.293
9. Elias-Boneta AR, Ramirez K, Rivas-Tumanyan S, Murillo M, Toro MJ. Prevalence of gingivitis and calculus in 12-year-old Puerto Ricans: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2018 Jan; 18(1): 13. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-017-0471-5
10. Linares Vieyra C, Martínez de Jesús C, González Guevara M, Murrieta Pruneda J. Prevalencia de gingivitis y su relación con factores de riesgo en niños. Salud (i) Ciencia. 2015; 21(2): 142-147.
11. Kinane DF, Hodge PJ. Periodontal disease in children and adolescents: introduction and classification. Periodontol 2000. 2001 Jun; 26(1): 7-15. http://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2001. 2260101.x
12. República de Colombia, Ministerio de Salud, Dirección General de Promoción y Prevención. III Estudio Nacional de Salud Bucal y II Estudio de factores de riesgo de las enfermedades crónicas. Bogotá, Colombia: Ministerio de Salud; 1999. https://www.visitaodontologica.com/ARCHIVOS/ARCHIVOS-NORMAS/Salud%20Publica_P_y_P/II_ESTUDIO_NACIONAL_SALUD_BUCAL.pdf
13. República de Colombia, Ministerio de Salud. IV Estudio Nacional de Salud Bucal ENSAB IV. Situación en salud bucal. Bogotá, Colombia: Ministerio de Salud; 2015. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/VS/PP/ENSAB-IV-Situacion-Bucal-Actual.pdf
14. Romero M, Colmenares M, Benítez A, Baltodano F, Pacheco B. Diferencias histológicas en la encía de niños y adultos jóvenes con gingivitis inducida por biopelícula. Univ Odontol. 2011 Jul-Dic; 30(65): 79-88.
15. Laudenbach JM, Simon Z. Common dental and periodontal diseases: Evaluation and management. Med Clin North Am. 2014 Nov; 98(6): 1239-1260. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.002
16. Costalonga M, Herzberg MC. The oral microbiome and the immunobiology of periodontal disease and caries. Immunol Lett. 2014 Dec; 162(200): 22-38. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2014.08.017
17. Zhang Y, Wang X, Li H, Ni C, Du Z, Yan F. Human oral microbiota and its modulation for oral health. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Mar; 99: 883-93. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.146
18. Bimstein E, Matsson L. Growth and development considerations in the diagnosis of gingivitis and periodontitis in children. Pediatr Dent. 1999 May-Jun; 21(3): 186-91.
19. Papaioannou W, Gizani S, Haffajee AD, Quirynen M, Mamai-Homata E, Papagiannoulis L. The microbiota on different oral surfaces in healthy children. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2009 Jun; 24(3): 183-189. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-302X.2008.00493.x
20. Sjödin B, Arnrup K, Matsson L, Wranne L, Carlsson J, Hanstrom L. Periodontal and systemic findings in children with marginal bone loss in the primary dentition. J Clin Periodontol. 1995 Mar; 22(3): 214-224. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051x.1995.tb00137.x
21. Kamma JJ, Diamanti-Kipioti A, Nakou M, Mitsis FJ. Profile of subgingival microbiota in children with mixed dentition. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2000 Apr; 15(2): 103-111. http://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-302x.2000.150206.x
22. Okada M, Hayashi F, Nagasaka N. PCR detection of 5 putative periodontal pathogens in dental plaque samples from children 2 to 12 years of age. J Clin Periodontol. 2001 Jun; 28(6): 576-582. http://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.2001.028006576.x
23. Colombo APV, Tanner ACR. The role of bacterial biofilms in dental caries and periodontal and peri-implant diseases: a historical perspective. J Dent Res. 2019 Apr; 98(4): 373-385. http://doi.org/10.1177/0022034519830686
24. Lang NP, Bartold PM. Periodontal health. J Clin Periodontol. 2018 Jun; 45(20): S9-S16. http://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12936.
25. Bimstein E, Matsson L, Soskolne AW, Lustmann J. Histologic characteristics of the gingiva associated with the primary and permanent teeth of children. Pediatr Dent. 1994 May-Jun; 16(3): 206-10.
26. Nobre CM, Fernandes-Costa AN, de Melo Soares MS, Pugliesi DM, de Vasconcelos Gurgel BC. Periodontal disease detection in primary and mixed dentitions. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2016 Oct; 17(5): 407-411. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-016-0248-6
27. Morinushi T, Lopatin DE, Van Poperin N, Ueda Y. The relationship between gingivitis and colonization by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in children. J Periodontol. 2000 Mar; 71(3): 403-409. http://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2000.71.3.403
28. Haubek D, Ennibi OK, Poulsen K, Vaeth M, Poulsen S, Kilian M. Risk of aggressive periodontitis in adolescent carriers of the JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans in Morocco: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 2008 Jan; 371(9608): 237-242. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60135-X
29. Darby I, Curtis M. Microbiology of periodontal disease in children and young adults. Periodontol 2000. 2001 Jun; 26(1): 33-53. http://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0757.2001.2260103.x
30. Asikainen S, Chen C, Alaluusua S, Slots J. Can one acquire periodontal bacteria and periodontitis from a family member? J Am Dent Assoc. 1997 Sep; 128(9): 1263-1271. http://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1997.0403
31. Tanaka S, Yoshida M, Murakami Y, Ogiwara T, Shoji M, Kobayashi S, Watanabe S, Machino M, Fujisawa S. The relationship of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella melaninogenica in the supragingival plaque of children, caries and oral malodor. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2008 Spring; 32(3): 195-200. http://doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.32.3.vp65717781561811
32. Bimstein E, Huja PE, Ebersole JL. The potential lifespan impact of gingivitis and periodontitis in children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2013 Winter; 38(2): 95-99. http://doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.38.2.j525742137780336
33. Shi W, Qin M, Chen F, Xia B. Supragingival microbial profiles of permanent and deciduous teeth in children with mixed dentition. PLoS One. 2016; 11(1): e0146938. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146938
34. Bimstein E, Ram D, Irshied J, Naor R, Sela MN. Periodontal diseases, caries, and microbial composition of the subgingival plaque in children: a longitudinal study. ASDC J Dent Child. 2002 May-Aug; 69(2): 133-7, 123.
35. Lamell CW, Griffen AL, McClellan DL, Leys EJ. Acquisition and colonization stability of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Mar; 38(3): 1196-1199.
36. Amano A, Kishima T, Kimura S, Takiguchi M, Ooshima T, Hamada S, et al. Periodontopathic bacteria in children with Down syndrome. J Periodontol. 2000 Feb; 71(2): 249-55. http://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2000.71.2.249
37. Yamazaki-Kubota T, Miyamoto M, Sano Y, Kusumoto M, Yonezu T, Sugita K, Okuda K, Yakushiji M, Ishihara K. Analysis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-8 and MMP-2) activity in gingival crevicular fluid from children with Down's syndrome. J Periodontal Res. 2010 Apr; 45(2): 170-176. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01214.x