Rapid Sequence Intubation in the Emergency Department: An Actualized Review of the Literature
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Sep 29, 2021
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Abstract
The rapid intubation sequence is the method of choice for airway assurance in the emergency department, this procedure in addition to the passage of the orotracheal tube through the glottis consists of different steps which must be done in a thorough and sequential way to ensure the airway in the shortest possible time, with the least number of attempts and ideally without associated complications. Due to the importance of this topic, new recommendations have been given regarding each of the moments of this procedure, starting on indications and contraindications, techniques to the preparation and planning of the approach of the airway such as MACOCHA and HEAVEN mnemotechnics, the early use of vasopressors and crystalloids for patients at risk of hemodynamic deterioration , the use of different techniques for preoxygenation such as non-invasive mechanical ventilation or apneic preoxygenation. In addition, we must individualize each patient when choosing each drug either to premedicate, perform hypnosis or muscle relaxation. Additionally, new techniques such as the use of ultrasonography to corroborate the proper positioning of the orotracheal tube and post-intubation care. All these topics will be addressed in this review
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References
1. Brown CA, Bair AE, Pallin DJ, Walls RM. Techniques, success, and adverse events of emergency department adult intubations. Ann Emerg Med [Internet]. 2015;65(4):363-370.e1. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.10.036
2. Okubo M, Gibo K, Hagiwara Y, Nakayama Y, Hasegawa K. The effectiveness of rapid sequence intubation (RSI) versus non-RSI in emergency department: an analysis of multicenter prospective observational study. Int J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2017;10(1):1–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12245-017-0129-8
3. Groth CM, Acquisto NM, Khadem T. Current practices and safety of medication use during rapid sequence intubation. J Crit Care [Internet]. 2018;45:65–70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.01.017
4. Meng L, Qiu H, Wan L, Ai Y, Xue Z, Guo Q, et al. Intubation and Ventilation amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: Wuhan’s Experience. Anesthesiology. 2020;(Xxx):1317–32.
5. Zuo M, Huang Y, Ma W, Xue Z, Zhang J, Gong Y, et al. Expert Recommendations for Tracheal Intubation in Critically III Patients with Noval Coronavirus Disease 2019. Chinese Med Sci J. 2020;35(2):105–9.
6. W J Stept PS. Rapid Induction Intubation for Prevention of Gastric-Content Aspiration. Anesth Analg. 1970;49(4):633–6.
7. Cook TM, Macdougall-Davis SR. Complications and failure of airway management. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(SUPPL1):68–85.
8. Higgs A, McGrath BA, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. Br J Anaesth [Internet]. 2018;120(2):323–52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021
9. Mace SE. Challenges and Advances in Intubation: Rapid Sequence Intubation. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008;26(4):1043–68.
10. Malhotra S. Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway. Pract Guidel Anesth. 2016;(2):127–127.
11. Wythe S, Wittenberg M, Gilbert-Kawai E. Rapid sequence induction: An old concept with new paradigms. Br J Hosp Med. 2019;80(4):C58–61.
12. Mosier JM, Sakles JC, Law JA, Brown CA, Brindley PG. Tracheal Intubation in the Critically Ill. Where We Came from and Where We Should Go. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;
13. Detsky ME, Jivraj N, Adhikari NK, Friedrich JO, Pinto R, Simel DL, et al. Will this patient be difficult to intubate? the rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2019;321(5):493–503.
14. Ahmed A, Azim A. Difficult tracheal intubation in critically ill. J Intensive Care. 2018;6(1):1–9.
15. Umobong EU, Mayo PH. Critical Care Airway Management. Crit Care Clin [Internet]. 2018;34(3):313–24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2018.03.006
16. Nausheen F, Niknafs NP, MacLean DJ, Olvera DJ, Wolfe AC, Pennington TW, et al. The HEAVEN criteria predict laryngoscopic view and intubation success for both direct and video laryngoscopy: A cohort analysis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2019;27(1):1–9.
17. Davis DP, Olvera DJ. HEAVEN Criteria: Derivation of a New Difficult Airway Prediction Tool. Air Med J [Internet]. 2017;36(4):195–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2017.04.001
18. Russotto V, Myatra SN, Laffey JG. What’s new in airway management of the critically ill. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2019;45(11):1615–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05757-0
19. Park C. Risk factors associated with inpatient cardiac arrest during emergency endotracheal intubation at general wards. Acute Crit Care. 2020;35(3):229–35.
20. Wardi G, Villar J, Nguyen T, Vyas A, Pokrajac N, Minokadeh A, et al. Factors and outcomes associated with inpatient cardiac arrest following emergent endotracheal intubation. Resuscitation [Internet]. 2017;121:76–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.09.020
21. Corl KA, Dado C, Agarwal A, Azab N, Amass T, Marks SJ, et al. A modified Montpellier protocol for intubating intensive care unit patients is associated with an increase in first-pass intubation success and fewer complications. J Crit Care [Internet]. 2018;44:191–5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.014
22. Scott JA, Heard SO, Zayaruzny M, Walz JM. Airway Management in Critical Illness: An Update. Chest [Internet]. 2020;157(4):877–87. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2019.10.026
23. Smischney NJ, Kashyap R, Khanna AK, Brauer E, Morrow LE, Seisa MO, et al. Risk factors for and prediction of postintubation hypotension in critically ill adults: A multicenter prospective cohort study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020;15(8 August):1–16. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233852
24. Koenig SJ, Lakticova V, Mayo PH. Utility of ultrasonography for detection of gastric fluid during urgent endotracheal intubation. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(4):627–31.
25. Semler MW, Janz DR, Russell DW, Casey JD, Lentz RJ, Zouk AN, et al. A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Ramped Position vs Sniffing Position During Endotracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. Chest. 2017;152(4):712–22.
26. Khandelwal N, Khorsand S, Mitchell SH, Joffe AM. Head-elevated patient positioning decreases complications of emergent tracheal intubation in the ward and intensive care unit. Anesth Analg. 2016;122(4):1101–7.
27. Stoecklein HH, Kelly C, Kaji AH, Fantegrossi A, Carlson M, Fix ML, et al. Multicenter Comparison of Nonsupine Versus Supine Positioning During Intubation in the Emergency Department: A National Emergency Airway Registry (NEAR) Study. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26(10):1144–51.
28. Pourmand A, Robinson C, Dorwart K, O’Connell F. Pre-oxygenation: Implications in emergency airway management. Am J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2017;35(8):1177–83. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.06.006
29. Overbeck MC. Airway Management of Respiratory Failure. Emerg Med Clin North Am [Internet]. 2016;34(1):97–127. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2015.08.007
30. Fong KM, Au SY, Ng GWY. Preoxygenation before intubation in adult patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: A network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):1–12.
31. Doyle AJ, Stolady D, Mariyaselvam M, Wijewardena G, Gent E, Blunt M, et al. Preoxygenation and apneic oxygenation using Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange for emergency intubation. J Crit Care [Internet]. 2016;36:8–12. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.06.011
32. Oliveira J. e Silva L, Cabrera D, Barrionuevo P, Johnson RL, Erwin PJ, Murad MH, et al. Effectiveness of Apneic Oxygenation During Intubation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Emerg Med [Internet]. 2017;70(4):483-494.e11. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.05.001
33. Chanques G, Jaber S. Nasal high-flow preoxygenation for endotracheal intubation in the critically ill patient? Maybe. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2019;45(4):532–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05598-x
34. Topjian AA, Raymond TT, Atkins D, Chan M, Duff JP, Joyner BL, et al. Part 4: Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Vol. 142, Circulation. 2020. 469–523 p.
35. Miller KA, Nagler J. Advances in Emergent Airway Management in Pediatrics. Emerg Med Clin North Am [Internet]. 2019;37(3):473–91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2019.03.006
36. Bucher J, Koyfman A. Intubation of the neurologically injured patient. J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2015;49(6):920–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.06.078
37. Kramer N, Lebowitz D, Walsh M, Ganti L. Rapid Sequence Intubation in Traumatic Brain-injured Adults. Cureus. 2018;10(4).
38. Hassanein A, Zekry J, Moharram H. Effect of lidocaine instillation into endotracheal tube on intraocular pressure during extubation. Ain-Shams J Anaesthesiol. 2016;9(1):23.
39. Adamzik M, Groeben H, Farahani R, Lehmann N, Peters J. Intravenous lidocaine after tracheal intubation mitigates bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(1):168–72.
40. Takahashi J, Goto T, Okamoto H, Hagiwara Y, Watase H, Shiga T, et al. Association of fentanyl use in rapid sequence intubation with post-intubation hypotension. Am J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2018;36(11):2044–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2018.03.026
41. Stollings JL, Diedrich DA, Oyen LJ, Brown DR. Rapid-Sequence Intubation: A Review of the Process and Considerations When Choosing Medications. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(1):62–76.
42. Driver BE, Klein LR, Prekker ME, Cole JB, Satpathy R, Kartha G, et al. Drug Order in Rapid Sequence Intubation. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26(9):1014–21.
43. Wilbur K, Zed PJ. Is propofol an optimal agent for procedural sedation and rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department? Can J Emerg Med. 2001;3(4):302–10.
44. Bruder EA, Ball IM, Ridi S, Pickett W, Hohl C. Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2017(6).
45. Sih K, Campbell SG, Tallon JM, Magee K, Zed PJ. Ketamine in Adult Emergency Medicine: Controversies and Recent Advances. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(12):1525–34.
46. Bakhsh A. Rocuronium Versus Succinylcholine for Rapid Sequence Intubation. Acad Emerg Med. 2020;27(1):66–8.
47. Li G, Cheng L, Wang J. Comparison of rocuronium with succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation in the emergency department: A retrospective study at a single center in China. Med Sci Monit. 2020;27:1–10.
48. Tran DT, Newton EK, Mount VA, Lee JS, Wells GA, Perry JJ. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2015 Oct 29;27(1):66–8. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD002788.pub3
49. Muñoz-Martínez T, Garrido-Santos I, Arévalo-Cerón R, Rojas-Viguera L, Cantera-Fernández T, Pérez-González R, et al. Prevalencia de contraindicaciones a succinilcolina en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Med Intensiva. 2015;39(2):90–6.
50. Thapa S, Brull SJ. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure: An old question revisited. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(1):237–41.
51. Kovacs G, Sowers N. Airway Management in Trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am [Internet]. 2018;36(1):61–84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2017.08.006
52. Martinez Y, Vazques J. Vía aérea en el paciente politraumatizado: utilidad de videolaringoscopía, como una alternativa y solución. Rev Mex Anestesiol [Internet]. 2017;40(2):113–9. Available from: www.medigraphic.org.mx
53. Algie CM, Mahar RK, Mahar PD, Tan HB, Ariyasinghe CP, Wasiak J. Effectiveness and risks of cricoid pressure during rapid sequence intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(4).
54. Chou HC, Tseng WP, Wang CH, Ma MHM, Wang HP, Huang PC, et al. Tracheal rapid ultrasound exam (T.R.U.E.) for confirming endotracheal tube placement during emergency intubation. Resuscitation [Internet]. 2011;82(10):1279–84. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.05.016
55. Chenkin J, McCartney CJL, Jelic T, Romano M, Heslop C, Bandiera G. Defining the learning curve of point-of-care ultrasound for confirming endotracheal tube placement by emergency physicians. Crit Ultrasound J. 2015;7(1).
2. Okubo M, Gibo K, Hagiwara Y, Nakayama Y, Hasegawa K. The effectiveness of rapid sequence intubation (RSI) versus non-RSI in emergency department: an analysis of multicenter prospective observational study. Int J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2017;10(1):1–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12245-017-0129-8
3. Groth CM, Acquisto NM, Khadem T. Current practices and safety of medication use during rapid sequence intubation. J Crit Care [Internet]. 2018;45:65–70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.01.017
4. Meng L, Qiu H, Wan L, Ai Y, Xue Z, Guo Q, et al. Intubation and Ventilation amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: Wuhan’s Experience. Anesthesiology. 2020;(Xxx):1317–32.
5. Zuo M, Huang Y, Ma W, Xue Z, Zhang J, Gong Y, et al. Expert Recommendations for Tracheal Intubation in Critically III Patients with Noval Coronavirus Disease 2019. Chinese Med Sci J. 2020;35(2):105–9.
6. W J Stept PS. Rapid Induction Intubation for Prevention of Gastric-Content Aspiration. Anesth Analg. 1970;49(4):633–6.
7. Cook TM, Macdougall-Davis SR. Complications and failure of airway management. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(SUPPL1):68–85.
8. Higgs A, McGrath BA, Goddard C, Rangasami J, Suntharalingam G, Gale R, et al. Guidelines for the management of tracheal intubation in critically ill adults. Br J Anaesth [Internet]. 2018;120(2):323–52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.021
9. Mace SE. Challenges and Advances in Intubation: Rapid Sequence Intubation. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008;26(4):1043–68.
10. Malhotra S. Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway. Pract Guidel Anesth. 2016;(2):127–127.
11. Wythe S, Wittenberg M, Gilbert-Kawai E. Rapid sequence induction: An old concept with new paradigms. Br J Hosp Med. 2019;80(4):C58–61.
12. Mosier JM, Sakles JC, Law JA, Brown CA, Brindley PG. Tracheal Intubation in the Critically Ill. Where We Came from and Where We Should Go. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;
13. Detsky ME, Jivraj N, Adhikari NK, Friedrich JO, Pinto R, Simel DL, et al. Will this patient be difficult to intubate? the rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2019;321(5):493–503.
14. Ahmed A, Azim A. Difficult tracheal intubation in critically ill. J Intensive Care. 2018;6(1):1–9.
15. Umobong EU, Mayo PH. Critical Care Airway Management. Crit Care Clin [Internet]. 2018;34(3):313–24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2018.03.006
16. Nausheen F, Niknafs NP, MacLean DJ, Olvera DJ, Wolfe AC, Pennington TW, et al. The HEAVEN criteria predict laryngoscopic view and intubation success for both direct and video laryngoscopy: A cohort analysis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2019;27(1):1–9.
17. Davis DP, Olvera DJ. HEAVEN Criteria: Derivation of a New Difficult Airway Prediction Tool. Air Med J [Internet]. 2017;36(4):195–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2017.04.001
18. Russotto V, Myatra SN, Laffey JG. What’s new in airway management of the critically ill. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2019;45(11):1615–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05757-0
19. Park C. Risk factors associated with inpatient cardiac arrest during emergency endotracheal intubation at general wards. Acute Crit Care. 2020;35(3):229–35.
20. Wardi G, Villar J, Nguyen T, Vyas A, Pokrajac N, Minokadeh A, et al. Factors and outcomes associated with inpatient cardiac arrest following emergent endotracheal intubation. Resuscitation [Internet]. 2017;121:76–80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.09.020
21. Corl KA, Dado C, Agarwal A, Azab N, Amass T, Marks SJ, et al. A modified Montpellier protocol for intubating intensive care unit patients is associated with an increase in first-pass intubation success and fewer complications. J Crit Care [Internet]. 2018;44:191–5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.014
22. Scott JA, Heard SO, Zayaruzny M, Walz JM. Airway Management in Critical Illness: An Update. Chest [Internet]. 2020;157(4):877–87. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2019.10.026
23. Smischney NJ, Kashyap R, Khanna AK, Brauer E, Morrow LE, Seisa MO, et al. Risk factors for and prediction of postintubation hypotension in critically ill adults: A multicenter prospective cohort study. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020;15(8 August):1–16. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233852
24. Koenig SJ, Lakticova V, Mayo PH. Utility of ultrasonography for detection of gastric fluid during urgent endotracheal intubation. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(4):627–31.
25. Semler MW, Janz DR, Russell DW, Casey JD, Lentz RJ, Zouk AN, et al. A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Ramped Position vs Sniffing Position During Endotracheal Intubation of Critically Ill Adults. Chest. 2017;152(4):712–22.
26. Khandelwal N, Khorsand S, Mitchell SH, Joffe AM. Head-elevated patient positioning decreases complications of emergent tracheal intubation in the ward and intensive care unit. Anesth Analg. 2016;122(4):1101–7.
27. Stoecklein HH, Kelly C, Kaji AH, Fantegrossi A, Carlson M, Fix ML, et al. Multicenter Comparison of Nonsupine Versus Supine Positioning During Intubation in the Emergency Department: A National Emergency Airway Registry (NEAR) Study. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26(10):1144–51.
28. Pourmand A, Robinson C, Dorwart K, O’Connell F. Pre-oxygenation: Implications in emergency airway management. Am J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2017;35(8):1177–83. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.06.006
29. Overbeck MC. Airway Management of Respiratory Failure. Emerg Med Clin North Am [Internet]. 2016;34(1):97–127. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2015.08.007
30. Fong KM, Au SY, Ng GWY. Preoxygenation before intubation in adult patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: A network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):1–12.
31. Doyle AJ, Stolady D, Mariyaselvam M, Wijewardena G, Gent E, Blunt M, et al. Preoxygenation and apneic oxygenation using Transnasal Humidified Rapid-Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange for emergency intubation. J Crit Care [Internet]. 2016;36:8–12. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.06.011
32. Oliveira J. e Silva L, Cabrera D, Barrionuevo P, Johnson RL, Erwin PJ, Murad MH, et al. Effectiveness of Apneic Oxygenation During Intubation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Emerg Med [Internet]. 2017;70(4):483-494.e11. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.05.001
33. Chanques G, Jaber S. Nasal high-flow preoxygenation for endotracheal intubation in the critically ill patient? Maybe. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2019;45(4):532–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05598-x
34. Topjian AA, Raymond TT, Atkins D, Chan M, Duff JP, Joyner BL, et al. Part 4: Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Vol. 142, Circulation. 2020. 469–523 p.
35. Miller KA, Nagler J. Advances in Emergent Airway Management in Pediatrics. Emerg Med Clin North Am [Internet]. 2019;37(3):473–91. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2019.03.006
36. Bucher J, Koyfman A. Intubation of the neurologically injured patient. J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2015;49(6):920–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.06.078
37. Kramer N, Lebowitz D, Walsh M, Ganti L. Rapid Sequence Intubation in Traumatic Brain-injured Adults. Cureus. 2018;10(4).
38. Hassanein A, Zekry J, Moharram H. Effect of lidocaine instillation into endotracheal tube on intraocular pressure during extubation. Ain-Shams J Anaesthesiol. 2016;9(1):23.
39. Adamzik M, Groeben H, Farahani R, Lehmann N, Peters J. Intravenous lidocaine after tracheal intubation mitigates bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(1):168–72.
40. Takahashi J, Goto T, Okamoto H, Hagiwara Y, Watase H, Shiga T, et al. Association of fentanyl use in rapid sequence intubation with post-intubation hypotension. Am J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2018;36(11):2044–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2018.03.026
41. Stollings JL, Diedrich DA, Oyen LJ, Brown DR. Rapid-Sequence Intubation: A Review of the Process and Considerations When Choosing Medications. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(1):62–76.
42. Driver BE, Klein LR, Prekker ME, Cole JB, Satpathy R, Kartha G, et al. Drug Order in Rapid Sequence Intubation. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26(9):1014–21.
43. Wilbur K, Zed PJ. Is propofol an optimal agent for procedural sedation and rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department? Can J Emerg Med. 2001;3(4):302–10.
44. Bruder EA, Ball IM, Ridi S, Pickett W, Hohl C. Single induction dose of etomidate versus other induction agents for endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2017(6).
45. Sih K, Campbell SG, Tallon JM, Magee K, Zed PJ. Ketamine in Adult Emergency Medicine: Controversies and Recent Advances. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(12):1525–34.
46. Bakhsh A. Rocuronium Versus Succinylcholine for Rapid Sequence Intubation. Acad Emerg Med. 2020;27(1):66–8.
47. Li G, Cheng L, Wang J. Comparison of rocuronium with succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation in the emergency department: A retrospective study at a single center in China. Med Sci Monit. 2020;27:1–10.
48. Tran DT, Newton EK, Mount VA, Lee JS, Wells GA, Perry JJ. Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2015 Oct 29;27(1):66–8. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD002788.pub3
49. Muñoz-Martínez T, Garrido-Santos I, Arévalo-Cerón R, Rojas-Viguera L, Cantera-Fernández T, Pérez-González R, et al. Prevalencia de contraindicaciones a succinilcolina en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Med Intensiva. 2015;39(2):90–6.
50. Thapa S, Brull SJ. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure: An old question revisited. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(1):237–41.
51. Kovacs G, Sowers N. Airway Management in Trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am [Internet]. 2018;36(1):61–84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2017.08.006
52. Martinez Y, Vazques J. Vía aérea en el paciente politraumatizado: utilidad de videolaringoscopía, como una alternativa y solución. Rev Mex Anestesiol [Internet]. 2017;40(2):113–9. Available from: www.medigraphic.org.mx
53. Algie CM, Mahar RK, Mahar PD, Tan HB, Ariyasinghe CP, Wasiak J. Effectiveness and risks of cricoid pressure during rapid sequence intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(4).
54. Chou HC, Tseng WP, Wang CH, Ma MHM, Wang HP, Huang PC, et al. Tracheal rapid ultrasound exam (T.R.U.E.) for confirming endotracheal tube placement during emergency intubation. Resuscitation [Internet]. 2011;82(10):1279–84. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.05.016
55. Chenkin J, McCartney CJL, Jelic T, Romano M, Heslop C, Bandiera G. Defining the learning curve of point-of-care ultrasound for confirming endotracheal tube placement by emergency physicians. Crit Ultrasound J. 2015;7(1).
How to Cite
Piñeros Pérez, J. A., Niño, F., Hernandez, N., Granda, C., Moreno, A., Camargo, J. F., & Tovar, C. A. (2021). Rapid Sequence Intubation in the Emergency Department: An Actualized Review of the Literature. Universitas Medica, 62(4). https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed62-4.sris
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Section
Short Reviews
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