Etiología genética del labio y paladar fisurado e hipodoncia ¿Entidades que comparten un mismo gen?/Genetic etiology of the cleft lip and palate and hypodontia. Entities who share a common gene?
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Resumen
Numerosos estudios han reportado lapresencia de anomalías dentales en asociación con varias formas de fisura labial, palatina o ambas. Estas anomalías consisten en variaciones de tamaño,número y posición de los dientes desarrollados. La más comúnmente encontrada es la agenesia dental. Los porcentajes de dientes ausentes incluyen tanto dientes del maxilar como de la mandíbula, tanto en el área dentro de la fisura como en el área fuera de ella. La idea de que los mismos factores etiológicos que causan la formación dela fisura afectan el desarrollo de la dentición es soportada por varios autores.Estudios realizados con ratones knockout, para el gen MSX1, mostraron un fenotipo de incluye tanto fisura como hipodoncia simultáneamente, atribuyendo esta ausencia de dientes permanentes en el área molar y premolar del área maxilar a los mismos factores responsables para la fisura. Por lo tanto, varios estudios proponen al gen MSX1 como un gen candidato para estos dos fenotipos.
Numerous studies have reported thepresence of dental anomalies in association with various forms of cleft palate, cleft lip or both. The anomaliesconsist in variations in size, number,and position of the developed teeth. Themost commonly found is the dentalagenesis. The percentage of absentteeth include upper and lower jaw, nearthe cleft area or away from it. The idea that the same ethologic factors whichcause the formation of the cleft affectthe development of the dentition hasbeen supported by various authors.Studies taken place with knockout ratsfor the MSX1 gene demonstrated afenotype with not only included cleft but also hipodontia simultaneously,attributing this absence of permanent teeth in the molar and premolar area ofthe upper jaw to the same factors responsible for the cleft. As to now,various studies propose the MSX1 asa candidate gene for these two fenotypes.
Keywords
References
1. Ranta R. Comparison of tooth formation in noncleft and cleft-affected children with and without hypodontia. ASDC J Dent Child 1982; 49:197-9.
2. Ranta R, Stegars T, Ringtala AE. Correlations of hypodontia in children with isolated cleft palate. Cleft Palate J 1983; 20: 163-65.
3. Tsai TP, Huang CS, Huang CC, See LC. Distribution patterns of primary and permanent dentition in children with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Cleft palate Craniofacial J 1998; 35: 154-60.
4. Shapira Y, Lubit E, Kuftinec MM. Hypodontia in children with various types of cleft. Angle Orthod 2000; 70: 16-21.
5. Becker A, Ziberman Y, TsurB. Root length of lateral incisors adjacent to palatally displaced cuspids. Angle Orthod 1984; 54: 218-25.
6. Bohn A. Dental anomalies in hare lip and cleft palate. Acta Odont Scand 1963; 2 1(suppl. 38): 1-109.
7. Kraus BS, Jordan RE, Pruzansky S. Dental abnormalities in the deciduous and permanent dentitions of individuals with cleft lip and palate. J Dent Res 1966; 45: 1736-46.
8. Jordan RE, Kraus BS, Neptune CM. Dental abnormalities associated with cleft lip and/or palate. Cleft Palate 1966; 3: 22-55.
9. Poyry M, Ranta R. Anomalies in the deciduos dentition outside the cleft region in children with oral clefts. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1985; 81: 91-7.
10. Hellquist R, linder-Aronson S, Norling M et al. Dental abnormalities in patients with alveolar clefts, operated upon with or without primary prioosteoplasty. Eur J Orth 1979; 1: 169-80.
11. Bathia SN. Genetics of cleft lip and palate. Br Dent J 1972; 132: 95-103.
12. Eerens K, Vlietinck R, Heidbuchel K, Van Olmen A, Derom C, Willems G, Carels C. Hypodontia and tooth formation in groups of children with cleft, siblings without cleft, and non related controls. Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal 2001; 38, 4.
13. Satokata I, Maas R. MSX1 deficient mice exhibit cleft palate and abnormalities of craniofacial and tooth development. Nat Genet 1994; 6: 348-56.
14. Peters H, Neubuser A, Kratochwil K, Balling R. Pax -9 deficient mice lack pharyngeal pouch derivatives and teeth and exhibit craniofacial and limb abnormalities. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 2735-47.
15. Clayton JM. Congenital dental anomalies occurring in 3,557 children. ASDC J Dent Child 1956; 23: 206-8.
16. Boruchov MJ, Green LJ. Hypodontia in human twins and familias. AM J Orthod 1971; 60: 165-74.
17. Townsend GC, Aldred MJ, Bartold PM. Genetic aspects of dental disorders. Aust Dent J 1998; 43 (4): 269-86.
18. Pemberton TJ, Gee J, Patel PI. Gene discovery for dental anomalies: a primer for the dental professional. J Am Dent Assoc 2006; 137 (6): 743-52.
19. Fraser FC. The genetics of cleft lip and palate. Am J Hum Genet 1970; 22: 336.
20. Fraser GR, Calnan JS. Cleft lip and palate; seasonal incidence, birth weight, birth rank, sex, site, associated malformations and parenteral age. Arch Dis Child 1961; 36: 420.
21. Kjaer I. Prenatal traces of aberrant neurofacial growth. Acta Odontol Scand 1998; 56 (6): 326-30.
22. Vastardis H, Karimbux N, Guthua SW, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. A human MSX1 homeodomain missense mutation causes selective tooth agenesis. Nature Genet 1996; 13: 417-21.
23. Van den Boogaard MJ, Dorland M, Beemer Frits A and Ploos Van Amstel HK. MSX1 mutation is associated with Orofacial clefting and tooth agenesis in humans. Nature Genetics 2000; 24.
24. Fraziers-Bowers SA, Guo DC, Cavender A, Xue L, Evans B, King T et al. Anovel mutation in human PAX9 causes molar oligodontia. J Dent Res 2002; 81: 129-33.
25. Stockton DW, Das P, Goldenberg M, D’Souza RN, Patel PI. Mutation of PAX 9 is associated with oligodontia. Nat Genet 2000; 24: 18-9.
26. Jumlongras D, Bei M, Stimson JM et al. A nonsense mutation in MSX1 causes Witkop Síndrome. Am J Human Genet 2001; 69: 67-74.
27. Lidral AC, Reising BC. The role of MSX1 in human tooth agenesis. J Dent Res 2002; 81: 274-8.
28. Chen Y, Bei M, Woo I et al. MSX1 controls inductive signaling in mammalian tooth morphogenesis. Development 1996; 122: 303-44.
29. Hewitt J, Lorraine C, Ivens A, Williason R. Structure and sequence of the human homeobox gene Hox7. Genomics 1991; 11: 670-8.
30. Jowtt AK, Vainio S. Ferguson MW et al. Ephitelial mesenchymal interactions are required for MSX1 and MSX2 gene expression in developing murine molar tooth. Development 1993; 117: 461-70.
31. Carinci F, Pezzetti F, Scapoli L, Martinelli M, Carinci P, Tognon M. Genetics of nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate: a review of international studies and data regarding the Italian population. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 2002; 37, 1: 33-40.
32. Young Greg MD. Cleft lip and palate. [Online] 28 January 1998.
33. Informe especial. III Estudio Nacional de Salud Bucal: ENSAB III. En SIVIGILA. Informe ejecutivo semanal # 8 de 2000. Oficina de epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud de Colombia.
34. Sassani R, Bartlett SP, et al. Association between alleles of the transforming growth factor alpha locus and the occurrence of cleft lip. Am J Med Genet 1993; 45: 565-9.
35. Jensen BL, Kreiborg S, Dahl E, Fogh-Andersen P. Cleft lip and palate in Denmark, 1976-1981: Epidemiology, variability and early somatic development. J Cleft Palate 1988; 25 (3): 258-69.
36. Melnick, M, Bixlewr, P Fogh-Anderson. Cleft lip +-cleft palate: an overview of the literature and an analysis of Danish cases born between 1941 and 1968. Am J Med Genet 1980; 6: 83-97.
37. Kaartinen V, Voncker JW, Shuler C et al. Abnormal lung development and cleft palate in mice lacking TGF-B3 indicates defects of ephitelialmesenchymal interaction. Nature Netet 1995; 11: 415-21.
38. Wyszynski DF, Maestri N et al. Genetics of nonsyndromic oral clefts revisited. J Cleft palate Craniofacial 1996; 33: 406-17.
39. Blanco R, Chakraborty R, Barton SA et al. Evidence of a sex dependent association between the MSX1 locus and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Chilean population. H Biol 2001; 73 (1): 81-9.
40. Vieira AR, Orioli IM, Castilla EE, Cooper ME, Marazita ML, Murray JC. MSX1 and TGFB3 contribute to clefting in South America. J Dent Res 2003; 82 (4): 289-92.
41. Jugessur A, Lie RT, Wilcox AJ, Murray JC, Taylor JA, Saugstad OD, Vindenes HA, Abyholm F. Variants of developmental genes (TGFA, TGFB3, and MSX1) and their associations with orofacial clefts: a case-parent triad analysis. Genet Epidemiol 2003; 24 (3): 230-9.
42. Lidral AC, Murray JC, Buetow KH, Basart AM, Schearer H, Shiang R, Naval A, Layda E, Magee K, Magee W. Studies of the candidate genes TGFB2, MSX1, TGFA, and TGFB3 in the etiology of cleft lip and palate in the Philippines. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1997; 34 (1): 1-6.
43. Marazita ML, Field LL, Cooper ME, Tobias R, Maher BS, Peanchitlertkajorn S, Liu YE. Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in China: assessment of candidate regions. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002; 39 (2): 149-56.
44. Scapoli L, Martinelli M, Pezzetti F, Carinci F, Bodo M, Tognon M, Carinci P. Linkage disequilibrium between GABRB3 gene and nonsyndromic familial cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Hum Genet 2002 Jan;110 (1): 15-20.
45. Beaty TH, Hetmanski JB, Zeiger JS, Fan YT, Liang KY et al. Testing candidate genes for nonsyndromic oral clefts using a case-parent trio design. Genet Epidemiol 2002; 22 (1): 1-11.
46. Romitti PA, Lidral AC, Munger RG, Daack-Hirsch S, Burns TL, Murray JC. Candidate genes for nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate and maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption: evaluation of genotype-environment interactions from a population-based case-control study of orofacial clefts. Teratology 1999;59 (1): 39-50.
47. Mitchell LE, Murray JC, O’Brien S, Christensen K. Evaluation of two putative susceptibility loci for oral clefts in the Danish population. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 15, 153 (10):1007-1.
48. Lidral AC, Romitti PA, Basart AM, Doetschman T, Leysens NJ, Daack-Hirsch S, Semina EV, Johnson LR, Machida J, Burds A, Parnell TJ, Rubenstein JL, Murray JC. Association of MSX1 and TGFB3 with nonsyndromic clefting in humans. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63 (2): 557-68.
49. Murray JC. Face facts: genes, environment, and clefts. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 57: 227-32.
50. Vieira AR, Castillo Taucher S, Aravena T, Astete C, Sanz P, Tastets ME, Monasterio L, Murray JC. Mutational analysis of the muscle segment homeobox gene 1 (MSX1) in Chilean patients with cleft lip/palate. Rev Med Chil 2004; 132 (7): 816-22.
51. Otero L, Gutiérrez S, Chaves M, Vargas C, Bermúdez LE. MSX-1 Polymorphism syndromic Cleft Lip Palate in a Colombian Group. In press.
52. Thyagarajan T, Totey S, Danton MJ, Kulkarni AB. Genetically altered mouse models: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003; 14 (3): 154-74.
53. Syska E, Schmidt R, Schubert J. The time of palatal fusion in mice: a factor of strain susceptibility to teratogens. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2004; 32 (1): 2-4.
54. Kobayashi J, Kimijima Y, Yamada S, Amagasa T, Saito-Ohara F. 4p- syndrome and 9p tetrasomy mosaicism with cleft lip and palate. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2000; 28 (3): 165-70.
55. Pezzetti F, Scapoli L, Martinelli M, Carinci F, Brunelli G, Carls FP, Palomba F, Gombos F, Carinci P, Tognon M. Linkage analysis of candidate endothelin pathway genes in nonsyndromic familial orofacial cleft. Ann Hum Genet. 2000; 64 (4): 341-7.
56. Thomas T, Kurihara H, Yamagishi H, Kurihara Y, Yazaki Y, Olson EN, Srivastava D. A signaling cascade involving endothelin-1, dHAND and msx1 regulates development of neural-crest-derived branchial arch mesenchyme. Development 1998; 125 (16): 3005-14.
57. Olin WH. Dental anomalies in cleft lip and cleft palate patients. Angle Orthod 1964; 34: 119-23.
58. Ranta R. A comparative study of tooth formation in the permanent dentition of Finnish children with cleft lip and palate. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1972; 68: 58-66.
2. Ranta R, Stegars T, Ringtala AE. Correlations of hypodontia in children with isolated cleft palate. Cleft Palate J 1983; 20: 163-65.
3. Tsai TP, Huang CS, Huang CC, See LC. Distribution patterns of primary and permanent dentition in children with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate. Cleft palate Craniofacial J 1998; 35: 154-60.
4. Shapira Y, Lubit E, Kuftinec MM. Hypodontia in children with various types of cleft. Angle Orthod 2000; 70: 16-21.
5. Becker A, Ziberman Y, TsurB. Root length of lateral incisors adjacent to palatally displaced cuspids. Angle Orthod 1984; 54: 218-25.
6. Bohn A. Dental anomalies in hare lip and cleft palate. Acta Odont Scand 1963; 2 1(suppl. 38): 1-109.
7. Kraus BS, Jordan RE, Pruzansky S. Dental abnormalities in the deciduous and permanent dentitions of individuals with cleft lip and palate. J Dent Res 1966; 45: 1736-46.
8. Jordan RE, Kraus BS, Neptune CM. Dental abnormalities associated with cleft lip and/or palate. Cleft Palate 1966; 3: 22-55.
9. Poyry M, Ranta R. Anomalies in the deciduos dentition outside the cleft region in children with oral clefts. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1985; 81: 91-7.
10. Hellquist R, linder-Aronson S, Norling M et al. Dental abnormalities in patients with alveolar clefts, operated upon with or without primary prioosteoplasty. Eur J Orth 1979; 1: 169-80.
11. Bathia SN. Genetics of cleft lip and palate. Br Dent J 1972; 132: 95-103.
12. Eerens K, Vlietinck R, Heidbuchel K, Van Olmen A, Derom C, Willems G, Carels C. Hypodontia and tooth formation in groups of children with cleft, siblings without cleft, and non related controls. Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal 2001; 38, 4.
13. Satokata I, Maas R. MSX1 deficient mice exhibit cleft palate and abnormalities of craniofacial and tooth development. Nat Genet 1994; 6: 348-56.
14. Peters H, Neubuser A, Kratochwil K, Balling R. Pax -9 deficient mice lack pharyngeal pouch derivatives and teeth and exhibit craniofacial and limb abnormalities. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 2735-47.
15. Clayton JM. Congenital dental anomalies occurring in 3,557 children. ASDC J Dent Child 1956; 23: 206-8.
16. Boruchov MJ, Green LJ. Hypodontia in human twins and familias. AM J Orthod 1971; 60: 165-74.
17. Townsend GC, Aldred MJ, Bartold PM. Genetic aspects of dental disorders. Aust Dent J 1998; 43 (4): 269-86.
18. Pemberton TJ, Gee J, Patel PI. Gene discovery for dental anomalies: a primer for the dental professional. J Am Dent Assoc 2006; 137 (6): 743-52.
19. Fraser FC. The genetics of cleft lip and palate. Am J Hum Genet 1970; 22: 336.
20. Fraser GR, Calnan JS. Cleft lip and palate; seasonal incidence, birth weight, birth rank, sex, site, associated malformations and parenteral age. Arch Dis Child 1961; 36: 420.
21. Kjaer I. Prenatal traces of aberrant neurofacial growth. Acta Odontol Scand 1998; 56 (6): 326-30.
22. Vastardis H, Karimbux N, Guthua SW, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. A human MSX1 homeodomain missense mutation causes selective tooth agenesis. Nature Genet 1996; 13: 417-21.
23. Van den Boogaard MJ, Dorland M, Beemer Frits A and Ploos Van Amstel HK. MSX1 mutation is associated with Orofacial clefting and tooth agenesis in humans. Nature Genetics 2000; 24.
24. Fraziers-Bowers SA, Guo DC, Cavender A, Xue L, Evans B, King T et al. Anovel mutation in human PAX9 causes molar oligodontia. J Dent Res 2002; 81: 129-33.
25. Stockton DW, Das P, Goldenberg M, D’Souza RN, Patel PI. Mutation of PAX 9 is associated with oligodontia. Nat Genet 2000; 24: 18-9.
26. Jumlongras D, Bei M, Stimson JM et al. A nonsense mutation in MSX1 causes Witkop Síndrome. Am J Human Genet 2001; 69: 67-74.
27. Lidral AC, Reising BC. The role of MSX1 in human tooth agenesis. J Dent Res 2002; 81: 274-8.
28. Chen Y, Bei M, Woo I et al. MSX1 controls inductive signaling in mammalian tooth morphogenesis. Development 1996; 122: 303-44.
29. Hewitt J, Lorraine C, Ivens A, Williason R. Structure and sequence of the human homeobox gene Hox7. Genomics 1991; 11: 670-8.
30. Jowtt AK, Vainio S. Ferguson MW et al. Ephitelial mesenchymal interactions are required for MSX1 and MSX2 gene expression in developing murine molar tooth. Development 1993; 117: 461-70.
31. Carinci F, Pezzetti F, Scapoli L, Martinelli M, Carinci P, Tognon M. Genetics of nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate: a review of international studies and data regarding the Italian population. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 2002; 37, 1: 33-40.
32. Young Greg MD. Cleft lip and palate. [Online] 28 January 1998.
33. Informe especial. III Estudio Nacional de Salud Bucal: ENSAB III. En SIVIGILA. Informe ejecutivo semanal # 8 de 2000. Oficina de epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud de Colombia.
34. Sassani R, Bartlett SP, et al. Association between alleles of the transforming growth factor alpha locus and the occurrence of cleft lip. Am J Med Genet 1993; 45: 565-9.
35. Jensen BL, Kreiborg S, Dahl E, Fogh-Andersen P. Cleft lip and palate in Denmark, 1976-1981: Epidemiology, variability and early somatic development. J Cleft Palate 1988; 25 (3): 258-69.
36. Melnick, M, Bixlewr, P Fogh-Anderson. Cleft lip +-cleft palate: an overview of the literature and an analysis of Danish cases born between 1941 and 1968. Am J Med Genet 1980; 6: 83-97.
37. Kaartinen V, Voncker JW, Shuler C et al. Abnormal lung development and cleft palate in mice lacking TGF-B3 indicates defects of ephitelialmesenchymal interaction. Nature Netet 1995; 11: 415-21.
38. Wyszynski DF, Maestri N et al. Genetics of nonsyndromic oral clefts revisited. J Cleft palate Craniofacial 1996; 33: 406-17.
39. Blanco R, Chakraborty R, Barton SA et al. Evidence of a sex dependent association between the MSX1 locus and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Chilean population. H Biol 2001; 73 (1): 81-9.
40. Vieira AR, Orioli IM, Castilla EE, Cooper ME, Marazita ML, Murray JC. MSX1 and TGFB3 contribute to clefting in South America. J Dent Res 2003; 82 (4): 289-92.
41. Jugessur A, Lie RT, Wilcox AJ, Murray JC, Taylor JA, Saugstad OD, Vindenes HA, Abyholm F. Variants of developmental genes (TGFA, TGFB3, and MSX1) and their associations with orofacial clefts: a case-parent triad analysis. Genet Epidemiol 2003; 24 (3): 230-9.
42. Lidral AC, Murray JC, Buetow KH, Basart AM, Schearer H, Shiang R, Naval A, Layda E, Magee K, Magee W. Studies of the candidate genes TGFB2, MSX1, TGFA, and TGFB3 in the etiology of cleft lip and palate in the Philippines. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1997; 34 (1): 1-6.
43. Marazita ML, Field LL, Cooper ME, Tobias R, Maher BS, Peanchitlertkajorn S, Liu YE. Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in China: assessment of candidate regions. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2002; 39 (2): 149-56.
44. Scapoli L, Martinelli M, Pezzetti F, Carinci F, Bodo M, Tognon M, Carinci P. Linkage disequilibrium between GABRB3 gene and nonsyndromic familial cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Hum Genet 2002 Jan;110 (1): 15-20.
45. Beaty TH, Hetmanski JB, Zeiger JS, Fan YT, Liang KY et al. Testing candidate genes for nonsyndromic oral clefts using a case-parent trio design. Genet Epidemiol 2002; 22 (1): 1-11.
46. Romitti PA, Lidral AC, Munger RG, Daack-Hirsch S, Burns TL, Murray JC. Candidate genes for nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate and maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption: evaluation of genotype-environment interactions from a population-based case-control study of orofacial clefts. Teratology 1999;59 (1): 39-50.
47. Mitchell LE, Murray JC, O’Brien S, Christensen K. Evaluation of two putative susceptibility loci for oral clefts in the Danish population. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 15, 153 (10):1007-1.
48. Lidral AC, Romitti PA, Basart AM, Doetschman T, Leysens NJ, Daack-Hirsch S, Semina EV, Johnson LR, Machida J, Burds A, Parnell TJ, Rubenstein JL, Murray JC. Association of MSX1 and TGFB3 with nonsyndromic clefting in humans. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63 (2): 557-68.
49. Murray JC. Face facts: genes, environment, and clefts. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 57: 227-32.
50. Vieira AR, Castillo Taucher S, Aravena T, Astete C, Sanz P, Tastets ME, Monasterio L, Murray JC. Mutational analysis of the muscle segment homeobox gene 1 (MSX1) in Chilean patients with cleft lip/palate. Rev Med Chil 2004; 132 (7): 816-22.
51. Otero L, Gutiérrez S, Chaves M, Vargas C, Bermúdez LE. MSX-1 Polymorphism syndromic Cleft Lip Palate in a Colombian Group. In press.
52. Thyagarajan T, Totey S, Danton MJ, Kulkarni AB. Genetically altered mouse models: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003; 14 (3): 154-74.
53. Syska E, Schmidt R, Schubert J. The time of palatal fusion in mice: a factor of strain susceptibility to teratogens. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2004; 32 (1): 2-4.
54. Kobayashi J, Kimijima Y, Yamada S, Amagasa T, Saito-Ohara F. 4p- syndrome and 9p tetrasomy mosaicism with cleft lip and palate. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2000; 28 (3): 165-70.
55. Pezzetti F, Scapoli L, Martinelli M, Carinci F, Brunelli G, Carls FP, Palomba F, Gombos F, Carinci P, Tognon M. Linkage analysis of candidate endothelin pathway genes in nonsyndromic familial orofacial cleft. Ann Hum Genet. 2000; 64 (4): 341-7.
56. Thomas T, Kurihara H, Yamagishi H, Kurihara Y, Yazaki Y, Olson EN, Srivastava D. A signaling cascade involving endothelin-1, dHAND and msx1 regulates development of neural-crest-derived branchial arch mesenchyme. Development 1998; 125 (16): 3005-14.
57. Olin WH. Dental anomalies in cleft lip and cleft palate patients. Angle Orthod 1964; 34: 119-23.
58. Ranta R. A comparative study of tooth formation in the permanent dentition of Finnish children with cleft lip and palate. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1972; 68: 58-66.
Cómo citar
Gutiérrez Prieto, S. J., & Otero Mendoza, L. M. (2015). Etiología genética del labio y paladar fisurado e hipodoncia ¿Entidades que comparten un mismo gen?/Genetic etiology of the cleft lip and palate and hypodontia. Entities who share a common gene?. Universitas Odontologica, 25(57), 34–40. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/revUnivOdontologica/article/view/6605
Sección
Ciencias Básicas, Biotecnología y Bioinformática