Keywords
Leadership
qualitative analysis
relational leadership
relational ethics
ethics of care
narrative inquiry
qualitative analysis
relational leadership
relational ethics
ethics of care
narrative inquiry
How to Cite
Smit, B. (2018). Expanding Educational Leadership Theories through Qualitative Relational Methodologies. Magis, Revista Internacional De Investigación En Educación, 11(22), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.m11-22.eelt
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Abstract
Educational leadership is conceptualised through a relational framework and empirically understood through qualitative relational methodologies such as relational ethics, ethics of care and narrative inquiry. Empirical data from narrative interviews revealed that in many cases where the school principals honed values such as care and relational attributes in their daily leadership practices, learners were more likely to respond to such relational and caring practices, which they witnessed and experienced. It appears that relational methodologies can elicit relational leadership styles, which set caring and supportive examples for both teachers and learners, adding much worth to a favourable educational landscape.
Austin, W. J. (2008). Relational Ethics. In Lisa M. Given (ed.). The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Methods, 748-749. Los Angeles: Sage. Available at: http://www.yanchukvladimir.com/docs/Library/Sage%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Qualitative%20Research%20Methods-%202008.pdf
Bergum, V. & Dossetor, J. D. (2005). Relational Ethics: The Full Meaning of Respect. Hagerstown, Maryland: University Publishing Group.
Bernard, H. R.; Wutich, A. & Ryan, G. W. (2017). Analyzing Qualitative Data. Systematic Approaches. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Bush, T. (2011). Theories of Educational Leadership & Management. 4th ed. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Bush, T. (2018). Research on Educational Leadership and Management: Broadening the Base. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46 (3), 359-361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143218758555
Clandinin, D. J. (ed.) (2007). Handbook of Narrative Inquiry. Mapping a Methodology. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Clandinin, D. J. & Caine, V. (2008). Narrative Inquiry. In Lisa M. Given (ed.). The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Methods, 541-544. Los Angeles: Sage. Available at: http://www.yanchukvladimir.com/docs/Library/Sage%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Qualitative%20Research%20Methods-%202008.pdf
Clandinin, D. J.; Caine, V. & Huber, J. (2017). Ethical Considerations Entailed by a Relational Ontology in Narrative Inquiry. In I. Goodson, A. Antikainen, P. Sikes & M. Andrews (eds.). The Routledge International Handbook on Narrative and Life History, 418-430. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Clandinin, D. J. & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Creswell, J. W. & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry Research Design. Choosing among Five Approaches. 4th ed. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Cunliffe, A. L. & Eriksen, M. (2011). Relational Leadership. Human Relations, 64 (11), 1425-1449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726711418388
Denzin, N. K. (2017). A Relational Ethic for Narrative Inquiry, or in the Forest but Lost in the Trees, or a One-Act Play with Many Endings. In I. Goodson, A. Antikainen, P. Sikes & M. Andrews (eds.). The Routledge International Handbook on Narrative and Life History, 605-617. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (eds.) (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Du Plessis, A. E. (2017). Out-of-Field Teaching Practices. What Educational Leaders Need to Know? Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Ellis, C. (2017). Compassionate Research: Interviewing and Storytelling from a Relational Ethics of Care. In I. Goodson, A. Antikainen, P. Sikes & M. Andrews (eds.). The Routledge International Handbook on Narrative and Life History, 431-445. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Fahie, D. (2014). Doing Sensitive Research Sensitively: Ethical and Methodological Issues in Researching Workplace Bullying. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 13 (1), 19-36. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/160940691401300108
Fairhurst, G. & Antonakis, J. (2012). Dialogue: A Research Agenda for Relational Leadership. In M. Uhl-Bien & S. M. Ospina (eds.). Advancing Relational Leadership Research. A Dialogue among Perspectives, 433-459. Charlotte, North Carolina: Information Age Publishers.
Friese, S. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis with ATLAS.ti. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Gabriel, L. & Casemore, R. (eds.) (2009). Relational Ethics in Practice – Narratives from Counselling and Psychotherapy. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Giles, D. L.; Bills, A. & Otero, G. (2015). Pedagogical Approaches for Developing Relational Sensibilities in Educational Leaders. Reflective Practice, 16 (6), 744-752. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2015.1095725
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Grogan, M. & Shakeshaft, C. (2011). Women and Educational Leadership. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Hallinger, P. & Truong, T. (2016). “Above Must Be Above, and Below Must Be Below”: Enactment of Relational School Leadership in Vietnam. Asia Pacific Education Review, 17 (4), 677-690.
Henning, E.; Rensburg, W. Van & Smit, B. (2004). Finding Your Way in Qualitative Research. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Klenke, K. (2008). Qualitative Research in the Study of Leadership. Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald.
Lambert, L.; Zimmerman, D. P. & Gardner, M. E. (2016). Liberating Leadership Capacity. Pathways to Educational Wisdom. New York: Teachers College Press.
Moore, J.; Engel, J. & Prentice, D. (2014). Relational Ethics in Everyday Practice. Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal, 24 (1), 31-39.
Nicholson, J. & Kurucz, E. (2017). Relational Leadership for Sustainability: Building an Ethical Framework from the Moral Theory of ‘Ethics of Care’. Journal of Business Ethics, June 2017, 1-19. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-017-3593-4
Noddings, N. (2010). Moral Education in an Age of Globalization. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 42 (4), 390-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2008.00487.x
Ospina, S. M. & Uhl-Bien, M. (2012). Exploring the Competing Bases of Legitimacy in Contemporary Leadership Studies. In M. Uhl-Bien & S. M. Ospina (eds.). Advancing Relational Leadership Research: A Dialogue among Perspectives, 1-40. Charlotte: Informational Age.
Pollard, C. L. (2015). What is the Right Thing to do: Use of a Relational Ethic Framework to Guide Clinical Decision-Making. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 8 (2), 362-368. Available at: http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/13_pollard.pdf
Regan, H. B. & Brooks, G. H. (1995). Out of Women’s Experience. Creating Relational Leadership. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press, Inc.
Reitz, M. (2015). Dialogue in Organizations: Developing Relational Leadership. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rodkin, P. C. (2011). White House Report / Bullying – and the Power of Peers. Educational Leadership, 69 (1), 10-16. Available at: http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/sept11/vol69/num01/Bullying%E2%80%94And-the-Power-of-Peers.aspx
Saldaña, J. (2011). Fundamentals of Qualitative Research. Understanding Qualitative Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
Saldaña, J. (2016). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 3rd ed. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Saldaña, J. & Omasta, M. (2018). Qualitative Research. Analyzing Life. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Smit, B. (2014). Teaching ATLAS.ti™ in South Africa: Reflections on Doctoral Preparedness. Journal of Social Sciences, 40 (2), 213-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2014.11893318
Smit, B. (2017). A Narrative Inquiry into Rural School Leadership in South Africa. Qualitative Research in Education, 6 (1), 1-21. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1139490.pdf
Smit, B. & Scherman, V. (2016). A Case for Relational Leadership and an Ethics of Care for Counteracting Bullying at School. South African Journal of Education, 36 (4), 1-9. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1133789.pdf
Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative Quality: Eight “Big Tent” Criteria for Excellent Qualitative Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16 (10), 837-851. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800410383121
Uhl-Bien, M. (2004). Relational Leadership Approaches. In G. R. Goethals, G. J. Sorenson & J. MacGregor Burns (eds.). Encyclopedia of Leadership, 1305-1307. London: Sage Publications.
Uhl-Bien, M. (2006). Relational Leadership Theory: Exploring the Social Processes of Leadership and Organizing. The Leadership Quarterly, 17 (6), 654-676. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com.co/&httpsredir=1&article=1018&context=leadershipfacpub
Uhl-Bien, M. (2011a). Relational Leadership and Gender: From Hierarchy to Relationality. In P. H. Werhane & M. Painter-Morland (eds). Leadership, Gender, and Organization, 65-74. Dordrecht: Springer.
Uhl-Bien, M. (2011b). Relational Leadership Theory: Exploring the Social Processes of Leadership and Organizing. In Patricia H. Werhane & Mollie Painter-Morland (eds). Leadership, Gender, and Organization, 75-108. Dordrecht: Springer.
Uhl-Bien, M. & Ospina, S. M. (2012). Advancing Relational Leadership Research: A Dialogue among Perspectives. Charlotte: Informational Age.
Vetter, L. P. (2010). Overview: Feminist Theories of leadership. In K. O’Connor: Gender and Women’s Leadership: a Reference Handbook, 3-10. London: Sage Publications.
Bergum, V. & Dossetor, J. D. (2005). Relational Ethics: The Full Meaning of Respect. Hagerstown, Maryland: University Publishing Group.
Bernard, H. R.; Wutich, A. & Ryan, G. W. (2017). Analyzing Qualitative Data. Systematic Approaches. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Bush, T. (2011). Theories of Educational Leadership & Management. 4th ed. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Bush, T. (2018). Research on Educational Leadership and Management: Broadening the Base. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46 (3), 359-361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143218758555
Clandinin, D. J. (ed.) (2007). Handbook of Narrative Inquiry. Mapping a Methodology. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Clandinin, D. J. & Caine, V. (2008). Narrative Inquiry. In Lisa M. Given (ed.). The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Methods, 541-544. Los Angeles: Sage. Available at: http://www.yanchukvladimir.com/docs/Library/Sage%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Qualitative%20Research%20Methods-%202008.pdf
Clandinin, D. J.; Caine, V. & Huber, J. (2017). Ethical Considerations Entailed by a Relational Ontology in Narrative Inquiry. In I. Goodson, A. Antikainen, P. Sikes & M. Andrews (eds.). The Routledge International Handbook on Narrative and Life History, 418-430. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Clandinin, D. J. & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Creswell, J. W. & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry Research Design. Choosing among Five Approaches. 4th ed. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Cunliffe, A. L. & Eriksen, M. (2011). Relational Leadership. Human Relations, 64 (11), 1425-1449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726711418388
Denzin, N. K. (2017). A Relational Ethic for Narrative Inquiry, or in the Forest but Lost in the Trees, or a One-Act Play with Many Endings. In I. Goodson, A. Antikainen, P. Sikes & M. Andrews (eds.). The Routledge International Handbook on Narrative and Life History, 605-617. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (eds.) (2005). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Du Plessis, A. E. (2017). Out-of-Field Teaching Practices. What Educational Leaders Need to Know? Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Ellis, C. (2017). Compassionate Research: Interviewing and Storytelling from a Relational Ethics of Care. In I. Goodson, A. Antikainen, P. Sikes & M. Andrews (eds.). The Routledge International Handbook on Narrative and Life History, 431-445. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Fahie, D. (2014). Doing Sensitive Research Sensitively: Ethical and Methodological Issues in Researching Workplace Bullying. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 13 (1), 19-36. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/160940691401300108
Fairhurst, G. & Antonakis, J. (2012). Dialogue: A Research Agenda for Relational Leadership. In M. Uhl-Bien & S. M. Ospina (eds.). Advancing Relational Leadership Research. A Dialogue among Perspectives, 433-459. Charlotte, North Carolina: Information Age Publishers.
Friese, S. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis with ATLAS.ti. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Gabriel, L. & Casemore, R. (eds.) (2009). Relational Ethics in Practice – Narratives from Counselling and Psychotherapy. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Giles, D. L.; Bills, A. & Otero, G. (2015). Pedagogical Approaches for Developing Relational Sensibilities in Educational Leaders. Reflective Practice, 16 (6), 744-752. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2015.1095725
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Grogan, M. & Shakeshaft, C. (2011). Women and Educational Leadership. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Hallinger, P. & Truong, T. (2016). “Above Must Be Above, and Below Must Be Below”: Enactment of Relational School Leadership in Vietnam. Asia Pacific Education Review, 17 (4), 677-690.
Henning, E.; Rensburg, W. Van & Smit, B. (2004). Finding Your Way in Qualitative Research. Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Klenke, K. (2008). Qualitative Research in the Study of Leadership. Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald.
Lambert, L.; Zimmerman, D. P. & Gardner, M. E. (2016). Liberating Leadership Capacity. Pathways to Educational Wisdom. New York: Teachers College Press.
Moore, J.; Engel, J. & Prentice, D. (2014). Relational Ethics in Everyday Practice. Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal, 24 (1), 31-39.
Nicholson, J. & Kurucz, E. (2017). Relational Leadership for Sustainability: Building an Ethical Framework from the Moral Theory of ‘Ethics of Care’. Journal of Business Ethics, June 2017, 1-19. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-017-3593-4
Noddings, N. (2010). Moral Education in an Age of Globalization. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 42 (4), 390-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2008.00487.x
Ospina, S. M. & Uhl-Bien, M. (2012). Exploring the Competing Bases of Legitimacy in Contemporary Leadership Studies. In M. Uhl-Bien & S. M. Ospina (eds.). Advancing Relational Leadership Research: A Dialogue among Perspectives, 1-40. Charlotte: Informational Age.
Pollard, C. L. (2015). What is the Right Thing to do: Use of a Relational Ethic Framework to Guide Clinical Decision-Making. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 8 (2), 362-368. Available at: http://www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/13_pollard.pdf
Regan, H. B. & Brooks, G. H. (1995). Out of Women’s Experience. Creating Relational Leadership. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin Press, Inc.
Reitz, M. (2015). Dialogue in Organizations: Developing Relational Leadership. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rodkin, P. C. (2011). White House Report / Bullying – and the Power of Peers. Educational Leadership, 69 (1), 10-16. Available at: http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/sept11/vol69/num01/Bullying%E2%80%94And-the-Power-of-Peers.aspx
Saldaña, J. (2011). Fundamentals of Qualitative Research. Understanding Qualitative Research. New York: Oxford University Press.
Saldaña, J. (2016). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 3rd ed. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Saldaña, J. & Omasta, M. (2018). Qualitative Research. Analyzing Life. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. Los Angeles, California: Sage.
Smit, B. (2014). Teaching ATLAS.ti™ in South Africa: Reflections on Doctoral Preparedness. Journal of Social Sciences, 40 (2), 213-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2014.11893318
Smit, B. (2017). A Narrative Inquiry into Rural School Leadership in South Africa. Qualitative Research in Education, 6 (1), 1-21. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1139490.pdf
Smit, B. & Scherman, V. (2016). A Case for Relational Leadership and an Ethics of Care for Counteracting Bullying at School. South African Journal of Education, 36 (4), 1-9. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1133789.pdf
Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative Quality: Eight “Big Tent” Criteria for Excellent Qualitative Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16 (10), 837-851. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800410383121
Uhl-Bien, M. (2004). Relational Leadership Approaches. In G. R. Goethals, G. J. Sorenson & J. MacGregor Burns (eds.). Encyclopedia of Leadership, 1305-1307. London: Sage Publications.
Uhl-Bien, M. (2006). Relational Leadership Theory: Exploring the Social Processes of Leadership and Organizing. The Leadership Quarterly, 17 (6), 654-676. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com.co/&httpsredir=1&article=1018&context=leadershipfacpub
Uhl-Bien, M. (2011a). Relational Leadership and Gender: From Hierarchy to Relationality. In P. H. Werhane & M. Painter-Morland (eds). Leadership, Gender, and Organization, 65-74. Dordrecht: Springer.
Uhl-Bien, M. (2011b). Relational Leadership Theory: Exploring the Social Processes of Leadership and Organizing. In Patricia H. Werhane & Mollie Painter-Morland (eds). Leadership, Gender, and Organization, 75-108. Dordrecht: Springer.
Uhl-Bien, M. & Ospina, S. M. (2012). Advancing Relational Leadership Research: A Dialogue among Perspectives. Charlotte: Informational Age.
Vetter, L. P. (2010). Overview: Feminist Theories of leadership. In K. O’Connor: Gender and Women’s Leadership: a Reference Handbook, 3-10. London: Sage Publications.
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