School Segregation by Socioeconomic Level in Colombia and its Departments
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Jul 23, 2021
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F. Javier Murillo, Dr.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8003-4133
Sandra Carrillo-Luna
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8003-4133
Sandra Carrillo-Luna
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Abstract
This paper aimed to estimate the magnitude of school segregation in Colombia and its departments, both in primary and lower secondary education. An analysis of the 2016 Saber census tests for 5th and 9th grade students was made. The sample was made up of 1,138,885 students, enrolled in 24,401 schools. Results indicated that the magnitude of school segregation was high, both for primary and secondary levels, with a trend towards greater segregation in groups with a higher socioeconomic level, as well as significant differences between departments.
Keywords
Colombia, basic education, socio-economic status, universal education, school segregationColombia, educación básica, estatus socioeconómico, igualdad de oportunidades educativas, segregación escolar
References
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Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2016). Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH) 2016. Autor.
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2019). Bases de datos de educación formal años 2019. Autor.
Duarte, J., Bos, M. S. & Moreno, J. M. (2012). Calidad, igualdad y equidad en la educación colombiana. BID.
Duncan, O. B. & Duncan, B. (1955). A methodological analysis of segregation indexes. American Sociological Review, 20(2), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088328
Dupriez, V. & Dumay, X. (2006). Inequalities in school systems: Effect of school structure or of society structure? Comparative Education, 42(2), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060600628074
García-Villegas, M., Espinosa-Restrepo, J. R., Jiménez-Ángel, F. & Parra-Heredia, J. D. (2013). Separados y desiguales. Educación y clases sociales en Colombia. Centro de Estudios de Derecho, Justicia y Sociedad (Dejusticia).
Glaeser, E. L. y Vigdor, J. L. (2001). Racial segregation: Promising news. En B. Katz & R. E. Lang (Eds.), Redefining Urban & Suburban America: Evidence from Census (pp. 211–234). Brookings Institution.
Gorard, S. (2000). Education and Social Justice. University of Wales Press. Gorard, S. (2009). Does the index of segregation matter? The composition of se- condary schools in England since 1996. British Educational Research Journal, 35(4), 639–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920802642389
Gorard, S. (2014). The link between academies in England, pupil outcomes and local patterns of socio-economic segregation between schools. Research Papers in Education, 29(3), 268–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2014.885726
Gorard, S. & Taylor, C. (2000). A comparison of segregation indices used for assessing the socio-economic composition of schools. Cardiff University-School of Social Sciences / Economic and Social Research Council.
Gorard, S. & Taylor, C. (2002). What is segregation? A comparison of measures in terms of “strong” and “weak” compositional invariance. Sociology, 36(4), 875–895. https://doi.org/10.1177/003803850203600405
Granvik-Saminathen, M., Brolin-Låftman, S., Almquist, Y. B. & Modin, B. (2018). Effective schools, school segregation, and the link with school achievement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 29(3), 464–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2018.1470988
Hutchens, R. (2001). Numerical measures of segregation: Desirable properties and their implications. Mathematical Social Sciences, 42(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-4896(00)00070-6
Hutchens, R. (2004). One measure of segregation. International Economic Review, 45(2), 555–578. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2004.00136.x
Krüger, N. (2019). La segregación por nivel socioeconómico como dimensión de la exclusión educativa: 15 años de evolución en América Latina. Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas, 27(8), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.3577
Lieberson, S. (1981). An asymmetrical approach to segregation. En C. Peach (Ed.), Ethnic segregation in cities (pp. 61–83). Croom-Helm.
Massey, D. S. & Denton, N. A. (1988). The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces, 67(2), 281–315. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579183
Mickelson, R. (2018). A synthesis of social science research on the effects of ethnic, racial and socioeconomic composition of schools in the United States. En X. Bonal & C. Bellei (Eds.), Understanding School Segregation: Patterns, Causes and Consequences of Spatial Inequalities in Education (pp. 123–154). Bloomsbury.
Murillo, F. J. (2016). Midiendo la segregación escolar en América Latina. Un análisis metodológico utilizando el TERCE. REICE. Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 14(4), 33–60. https://doi.org/10.15366/reice2016.14.4.002
Murillo, F. J. & Graña, R. (2020). Una panorámica de la segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico en Uruguay. Cuadernos de Investigación Educativa, 11(1), 15-35. https://doi.org/10.18861/cied.2020.11.1.2941
Murillo, F. J. & Martínez-Garrido, C. (2017). Estimación de la magnitud de la segregación escolar en América Latina. magis. Revista Internacional de Investigación Educativa, 9(19), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.m9-19.emse
Murillo, F. J. & Martínez-Garrido, C. (2019). Perfiles de segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico en España y sus comunidades autónomas. Relieve, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.7203/relieve.25.1.12917
Murillo, F. J., Duk, C. & Martínez-Garrido, C. (2018). Evolución de la segregación socioeconómica de las escuelas de América Latina. Estudios Pedagógicos, 44(1), 157–179. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07052018000100157
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2012). Higher Education in Regional and City Development: Antioquia, Colombia. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264179028-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2016). Education in Colombia. Reviews of National Policies for Education. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264250604-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019). PISA 2018. Insights and Interpretations. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/PISA%202018%20Insights%20and%20Interpretations%20FINAL%20PDF.pdf
Palardy, G. J. (2013). High school socioeconomic segregation and student attainment. American Educational Research Journal, 50(4), 714–754. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831213481240
Radinger, T., Echazarra, A., Guerrero, G. & Valenzuela, J. P. (2018). OECD Reviews of School Resources: Colombia 2018. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264303751-en
Valenzuela, J. P., Bellei, C. & Ríos, D. D. L. (2014). Socioeconomic school segregation in a market-oriented educational system. The case of Chile. Journal of Education Policy, 29(2), 217–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2013.806995
Vazquez, E. (2016). Segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico. Midiendo el fenómeno y explorando sus determinantes. Económica, 62, 121–184. https://econpapers.repec.org/article/lapjournl/604.htm
Watson, T. (2009). Inequality and the measurement of residential segregation by income in American neighborhoods. Review of Income and Wealth, 55(3), 820–844. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2009.00346.x
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2016). Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH) 2016. Autor.
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2019). Bases de datos de educación formal años 2019. Autor.
Duarte, J., Bos, M. S. & Moreno, J. M. (2012). Calidad, igualdad y equidad en la educación colombiana. BID.
Duncan, O. B. & Duncan, B. (1955). A methodological analysis of segregation indexes. American Sociological Review, 20(2), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088328
Dupriez, V. & Dumay, X. (2006). Inequalities in school systems: Effect of school structure or of society structure? Comparative Education, 42(2), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060600628074
García-Villegas, M., Espinosa-Restrepo, J. R., Jiménez-Ángel, F. & Parra-Heredia, J. D. (2013). Separados y desiguales. Educación y clases sociales en Colombia. Centro de Estudios de Derecho, Justicia y Sociedad (Dejusticia).
Glaeser, E. L. y Vigdor, J. L. (2001). Racial segregation: Promising news. En B. Katz & R. E. Lang (Eds.), Redefining Urban & Suburban America: Evidence from Census (pp. 211–234). Brookings Institution.
Gorard, S. (2000). Education and Social Justice. University of Wales Press. Gorard, S. (2009). Does the index of segregation matter? The composition of se- condary schools in England since 1996. British Educational Research Journal, 35(4), 639–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920802642389
Gorard, S. (2014). The link between academies in England, pupil outcomes and local patterns of socio-economic segregation between schools. Research Papers in Education, 29(3), 268–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2014.885726
Gorard, S. & Taylor, C. (2000). A comparison of segregation indices used for assessing the socio-economic composition of schools. Cardiff University-School of Social Sciences / Economic and Social Research Council.
Gorard, S. & Taylor, C. (2002). What is segregation? A comparison of measures in terms of “strong” and “weak” compositional invariance. Sociology, 36(4), 875–895. https://doi.org/10.1177/003803850203600405
Granvik-Saminathen, M., Brolin-Låftman, S., Almquist, Y. B. & Modin, B. (2018). Effective schools, school segregation, and the link with school achievement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 29(3), 464–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2018.1470988
Hutchens, R. (2001). Numerical measures of segregation: Desirable properties and their implications. Mathematical Social Sciences, 42(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-4896(00)00070-6
Hutchens, R. (2004). One measure of segregation. International Economic Review, 45(2), 555–578. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2004.00136.x
Krüger, N. (2019). La segregación por nivel socioeconómico como dimensión de la exclusión educativa: 15 años de evolución en América Latina. Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas, 27(8), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.3577
Lieberson, S. (1981). An asymmetrical approach to segregation. En C. Peach (Ed.), Ethnic segregation in cities (pp. 61–83). Croom-Helm.
Massey, D. S. & Denton, N. A. (1988). The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces, 67(2), 281–315. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579183
Mickelson, R. (2018). A synthesis of social science research on the effects of ethnic, racial and socioeconomic composition of schools in the United States. En X. Bonal & C. Bellei (Eds.), Understanding School Segregation: Patterns, Causes and Consequences of Spatial Inequalities in Education (pp. 123–154). Bloomsbury.
Murillo, F. J. (2016). Midiendo la segregación escolar en América Latina. Un análisis metodológico utilizando el TERCE. REICE. Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 14(4), 33–60. https://doi.org/10.15366/reice2016.14.4.002
Murillo, F. J. & Graña, R. (2020). Una panorámica de la segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico en Uruguay. Cuadernos de Investigación Educativa, 11(1), 15-35. https://doi.org/10.18861/cied.2020.11.1.2941
Murillo, F. J. & Martínez-Garrido, C. (2017). Estimación de la magnitud de la segregación escolar en América Latina. magis. Revista Internacional de Investigación Educativa, 9(19), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.m9-19.emse
Murillo, F. J. & Martínez-Garrido, C. (2019). Perfiles de segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico en España y sus comunidades autónomas. Relieve, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.7203/relieve.25.1.12917
Murillo, F. J., Duk, C. & Martínez-Garrido, C. (2018). Evolución de la segregación socioeconómica de las escuelas de América Latina. Estudios Pedagógicos, 44(1), 157–179. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07052018000100157
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2012). Higher Education in Regional and City Development: Antioquia, Colombia. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264179028-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2016). Education in Colombia. Reviews of National Policies for Education. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264250604-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019). PISA 2018. Insights and Interpretations. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/PISA%202018%20Insights%20and%20Interpretations%20FINAL%20PDF.pdf
Palardy, G. J. (2013). High school socioeconomic segregation and student attainment. American Educational Research Journal, 50(4), 714–754. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831213481240
Radinger, T., Echazarra, A., Guerrero, G. & Valenzuela, J. P. (2018). OECD Reviews of School Resources: Colombia 2018. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264303751-en
Valenzuela, J. P., Bellei, C. & Ríos, D. D. L. (2014). Socioeconomic school segregation in a market-oriented educational system. The case of Chile. Journal of Education Policy, 29(2), 217–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2013.806995
Vazquez, E. (2016). Segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico. Midiendo el fenómeno y explorando sus determinantes. Económica, 62, 121–184. https://econpapers.repec.org/article/lapjournl/604.htm
Watson, T. (2009). Inequality and the measurement of residential segregation by income in American neighborhoods. Review of Income and Wealth, 55(3), 820–844. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2009.00346.x
How to Cite
Murillo, F. J., & Carrillo-Luna, S. (2021). School Segregation by Socioeconomic Level in Colombia and its Departments. Magis, Revista Internacional De Investigación En Educación, 14, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.m14.sens
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