Resumo
Este artigo explora os caminhos que devem ser seguidos e os desafios que há que enfrentar para fortalecer a educação cívica nas democracias emergentes. Em primeiro lugar, apresenta-se a idéia de empregar temas polêmicos como uma maneira de atingir este objetivo, especialmente quando tais temas trabalham-se em conjunto com o pensamento reflexivo. Depois, apoiados em três estudos recentes, entrelaçam-se as características culturais e contextuais das experiências escolares e apresenta-se una tipologia emergente dirigida a pesquisadores e a encarregados de formular políticas em distintos contextos.
Barr, R. D., Barth, J. L. & Shermis, S. S. (1977). Defining the social studies. Washington: National Council for the Social Studies, NCSS.
Center for Civic Education (1991). Civitas. C. F. Bahmueller (ed.). Calabasas, California: Center for Civic Education.
Chiodo, J. J. & Martin, L. A. (2005). What do students have to say about citizenship? an analysis of the concept of citizenship among secondary education students. Journal of Social Studies Research, 29 (1), 23-31.
Cioflanca, A. (2004). A “grammar of exculpation” in communist historiography: Distortion of the history of the Holocaust under Ceausescu. Romanian Journal of Political Science, 4 (2).
Crossa, V. (2005). Converting the ‘small stories’ into ‘big’ ones: a response to Susan Smith‘s “States, markets and an ethic of care.” Political Geography, 24, 29-34.
Curtis, C. K. & Shaver, J. P. (1980). Slow learners and the study of contemporary problems. Social Education, 44, 302-309.
Dewey, J. (1900). The school and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education. New York: the Free Press.
Dewey, J. (1933). How we think. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath & Company.
Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Dewey, J. (1960). The theory of the moral life. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Engle, S. H. & Ochoa, A. S. (1988). Education for democratic citizenship: Decision making in the social studies. New York: teachers College Press.
Erglis, D. (2005). a few episodes of the Holocaust in Krustpils: a microcosm of the Holocaust in occupied Latvia. In V. Nollendorts & E. Oberlander (eds.). The hidden and forbidden history of Latvia under Nazi and Soviet occupations 1940-1991. Riga, Latvia: Institute of the History of Latvia.
Ettlinger, N. (2004). towards a critical theory of untidy geographies: the spatiality of emotions in consumption and production. Feminist Economics, 10 (3).
Ezergailis, A. (1996). The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941-1944: The missing center. Riga, Latvia: Model Printing House.
Feldmanis, I. (2005). Latvia under the occupation of national socialist ger- many 1941-1945. In V. Nollendorts & E. Oberlander (eds.). The hidden and forbidden history of Latvia under Nazi and Soviet occupations 1940-1991. Riga, Latvia: Institute of the History of Latvia.
Fleming, S. B. (2006). Faith, action, and inaction during the Holocaust. Religion in Eastern Europe, 26 (2).
Fluckiger, J. & Wetig, S. (2003). Empowering teachers to foster students‘ character and citizenship: getting teachers and students to discover big ideas in social studies. The Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin, 69 (2).
Friling, T., Ioanid, R. & Ionescu, M. E. (2005). Final report: International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Bucharest: Polirom.
Goldenson, D. R. (1978). An alternative view about the role of the secondary school in political socialization: a field experimental study of the development of civil liberties attitudes. Theory and Research in Social Education, 6, 44-72.
Griffin, A. F. (1942). teaching in authoritarian and democratic states. In W. C. Parker (ed.) (1996). Educating the democratic mind. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Harwood, A. M. & Hahn, C. L. (1990). Controversial issues in the classroom. Bloomington, Indiana: Eric Clearinghouse for Social Studies Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED327453).
Hess, D. (2008). Controversial issues and democratic discourse. In L. S. Levstik & C. A. Tyson (eds.). Handbook of research in social studies education. New York: Routledge.
Hess, D. & Posselt, J. (2002). How high school students experience and learn from the discussion of controversial public issues. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 17 (4), 283-314.
Hoyt, M. W. (2006). John Dewey‘s legacy to China and the problems in Chinese society. Transnational Curriculum Inquiry, TCI, 3 (1). available from: http://nitinat.library.ubc.ca/ojs.
Hunt, M. P. & Metcalf, L. E. (1968). Teaching High School Social Studies. New York: Harper and Row.
Ioanid, R. (2000). The Holocaust in Romania: The destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.
Kenez, P. (2006). [Review of the book The treatment of the Holocaust in Hungary and Romania during the post-communist era]. Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, 24 (3).
Lasley, T. & Biddle, J. (1996). Teaching students to see beyond themselves. The Educational Forum, 60.
Mcgowan, T., Mcgowan, M. J., & Lombard, R. H. (1994). Empowering young citizens for social action. Social Studies & the Young Learner, 7 (1).
Misco, T. (2004). Understanding Japan through the lens of moral education. The Social Studies, 95 (2).
Misco, T. (2007a). Did I forget about the dispositions? Preparing high school graduates for moral life. The Clearing House, 80 (6).
Misco, T. (2007b). Holocaust curriculum development for Latvian schools: arriving at purposes, aims, and goals through curriculum deliberation. Theory and Research in Social Education, 35 (3), 393-426.
Misco, T. (2007c). Using curriculum deliberation to address controversial issues: teaching the Holocaust in Latvian schools. International Journal of Education Policy and Leadership, 2 (8).
Misco, T. (2007d). the frustrations of reader generalizability and grounded theory: alternative considerations for transferability. Journal of Research Practice, 3 (1). article M10. Retrieved October 4, 2007. Available from: http://jrp.icaap.org/index.php/jrp/article/view/45/77.
Misco, T. (2008). “We did also save people”: a study of Holocaust education in Romania after decades of historical silence. Theory and Re- search in Social Education, 36 (2).
Misco, T. & Hamot, G. E. (2007). Post Soviet moral education: the case of Kyrgyzstan. International Education, 36 (2).
Misco, T. & Patterson, N. C. (2007). A study of pre-service teachers‘ conceptualizations of academic freedom and controversial issues. Theory and Research in Social Education, 35 (4), 520-50.
Moraru, A., Popa, R., Toba, M. & Voicu, O. (2003). Intoleranta discriminare extremism. Romania 2003 [Intolerance discrimination extremism. Romania 2003]. Bucharest: Institutul Pentru Politici Publice.
National Council for the Social Studies, NCSS. (1994). Expectations for Excellence: Curriculum Standards for the Social Studies. Washington, D.C.: NCSS.
Oisteanu, A. (2005). The Holocaust remembrance day in Romania. Studia Hebraica, 5, 17-22.
Parker, W. C. (2003). The deliberative approach to education for democracy: Problems and possibilities. In J. J. Patrick, g. E. Hamot & R. S. Leming (eds.). Civic learning in teacher education. Bloomington, Indiana: Eric Clearinghouse.
Patrick, J. J., & Vontz, T. S. (2001). Components of education for democratic citizenship in the preparation of social studies teachers. In J. J. Patrick & R. S. Leming (eds.). Principles and practices of democracy in the education of social studies teachers, Bloomington, Indiana: Eric Clearinghouse.
Pippidi, A. (2004). Anti-Semitism in Romania after 1989: Facts and interpretations. In R. L. Braham (ed.). The treatment of the Holocaust in Hungary and Romania during the post-communist era (pp. 137-166). New York: Columbia University Press.
Remy, R. C. (1972). High school seniors attitudes toward their civics and government instruction. Social Education, 36, 590-597.
Ross, E. W. & Marker, P. M. (2005). (If social studies is wrong) I don’t want to be right. Theory and Research in Social Education, 33 (1).
Rotman, L. (2003). Memory of the Holocaust in communist Romania: From minimization to oblivion (F. Waldman, trans.). In. M. E. Ionescu & L. Rotman (eds.). The Holocaust and Romania (pp. 205-216). Bucharest: Bucharest University.
Shafir, M. (2003a). The Holocaust-gulag post-communist “competition”: an insurmountable obstacle to mutual reconciliation? (F. Waldman, trans.). In. M. E. Ionescu & L. Rotman (eds.). The Holocaust and Romania (pp. 205-216). Bucharest: Bucharest University.
Shafir, M. (2003b). The ‘comparative trivialization’ of the Holocaust. Washington, D.C.: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
Shafir, M. (2004). Between denial and ‘comparative trivialization’: Holocaust negationism in post-communist east central Europe. In R. L. Braham (ed.). The treatment of the Holocaust in Hungary and Romania during the post-communist era (pp. 43-136). New York: Columbia University Press.
Stranga, A. (2005). The Holocaust in occupied Latvia: 1941-1945. In V. Nollendorts & E. Oberlander (eds.). The hidden and forbidden history of Latvia under Nazi and Soviet occupations 1940-1991. Riga, Latvia: Institute of the History of Latvia.
Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research. (2004). Liaison projects: Baseline study of Romania. London: author.
Torney-Purta, J., Lehmann, R., Oswald, H. & Schulz, W. (2002). Citizenship and education in twenty-eight countries. Amsterdam: International association for the Evaluation of Education achievement. available from: http://www.wam.umd.edu/~iea.
Viksne, R. (2005). Members of the arajs commando in Soviet court files: Social position, education, reasons for volunteering, penalty. In V. Nollendorts & E. Oberlander (eds.). The hidden and forbidden history of Latvia under Nazi and Soviet occupations 1940-1991. Riga, Latvia: Institute of the History of Latvia.
Weinbaum, L. (2006). The banality of history and memory: Romanian society and the Holocaust. Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism, 45.
Wertsman, V. F. (2004). The Holocaust in Romania and the denial of history. Multicultural Review, 13 (4), 120-121.
Zisere, B. (2005). The memory of the Shoah in the post-Soviet Latvia. East European Jewish Affairs, 35 (2), 155-165.
Zuroff, E. (2006, July 5). When remembrance fails. The Jerusalem Post, p. 15.
A revista magis, Revista Internacional de Pesquisa em Educação by Pontificia Universidad Javeriana encontra-se registada sob a licencia Creative Commons Versão 4.0 Internacional. Portanto, esta obra pode se reproduzir, distribuir e comunicar publicamente em formato digital, sempre que dado o crédito apropriado para os autores e a Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Permite-se citar, adaptar, remixar, transformar, autoarquivar, republicar e criar a partir do material, para qualquer fim, mesmo que comercial, sempre que indicado apropriadamente o nome do criador, provido um link para a obra original e indicado se mudanças foram feitas. A Pontificia Universidad Javeriana não retém os direitos sobre as obras publicadas e os conteúdos são responsabilidade exclusiva dos autores, os quais conservam seus direitos morais, intelectuais, de privacidade e publicidade.
O aval sobre a intervenção da obra (revisão, correção, edição, tradução, formatação) e a subsequente difusão disponibiliza-se através de licença de uso e não através de transmissão de direitos, o que representa que a revista e a Pontificia Universidad Javeriana são isentas de qualquer responsabilidade que puder se derivar de uma prática ética pobre por parte dos autores. Em consequência da proteção fornecida pela licença de uso, a revista não fica na obrigação de publicar retratações ou alterar informações já publicadas, a não ser que a errata seja decorrente do processo de gestão editorial. A publicação de conteúdos nesta revista não representa royalties para os contribuintes.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License