Características fenotípicas de la hipomineralización incisivo-molar y su comparación con la amelogenesis imperfecta: Aproximación a un diagnóstico diferencial
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ago 3, 2021
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Resumen
Antecedentes: La hipomineralización incisivo-molar (HIM) presenta diversas manifestaciones clínicas que generan confusión en el diagnóstico diferencial con otras alteraciones del esmalte como la amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). Objetivo: Analizar las características dentales, faciales y esqueléticas en personas con HIM y compararlas las de aquellas con AI a fin de identificar diferencias diagnósticas entre estos dos defectos del esmalte. Métodos: Diseño observacional analítico. Se analizaron 12 personas de 7-10 años de edad con HIM y 10 de 8-49 años con AI. Se evaluó la HIM según los criterios diagnósticos de la Academia Europea de Odontología Pediátrica, los criterios de Mathu Maju (2006) y la clasificación fenotípica de Neeti Mittal (2016), en tanto que los criterios de Witkop (1989)se emplearon para analizar la AI. Se realizaron análisis clínicos, radiográficos, faciales y esqueléticos para establecer el fenotipo de la HIM, información que se registró en una base de datos en Excel® para su posterior análisis estadístico (SPSS 22,0) (p<0,05). Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre HIM y AI. Solo los pacientes con AI presentaron dilaceración, agenesia dental y taurodontismo. Hay similitudes en características faciales como asimetría facial, aumento de la distancia intercantal, disminución del tercio inferior, biproquelia y perfil convexo, y en características oclusales como relación molar, canina y sobremordida horizontal. En relaciones transversales, el micrognatismo fue más frecuente en HIM y en verticales la mordida profunda fue mayor en HIM que en AI. Conclusiones: Las principales diferencias entre HIM y AI se presentaron en las características esqueléticas y alteraciones dentales asociadas.
Keywords
amelogenesis imperfecta, anormalidades dentárias, características dentais, características esqueléticas, características oclusais, ciências biológicas, defeitos do esmalte, genética, hipomineralização, hipomineralização incisivo-molar, odontologiaamelogenesis imperfecta, anomalías dentales, características dentales, características esqueléticas, características oclusales, ciencias biológicas, defectos del esmalte, genética, hipomineralización, hipomineralización incisivo-molar, odontologíaamelogenesis imperfecta, biological sciences, dental abnormalities, dental characteristics, dentistry, genetics, hypomineralization, incisor-molar hypomineralization, skeletal characteristics, occlusal characteristics, enamel defects
References
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3. Bussaneli DG, Restrepo M, Fragelli CMB, Santos-Pinto L, Jeremias F, Cordeiro RCL, Bezamat M, Vieira AR, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Genes regulating immune response and amelogenesis interact in increasing the susceptibility to molar-incisor hypomineralization. Caries Res. 2019; 53(2): 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1159/000491644
4. Vieira AR, Manton DJ. On the variable clinical presentation of molar-incisor hypomineralization. Caries Res. 2019; 53(4): 482-488. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496542
5. Bezamat M, Souza JF, Silva FMF, Corrêa EG, Fatturi AL, Brancher JA, Carvalho FM, Cavallari T, Bertolazo L, Machado-Souza C, Koruyucu M, Bayram M, Racic A, Harrison BM, Sweat YY, Letra A, Studen-Pavlovich D, Seymen F, Amendt B, Werneck RI, Costa MC, Modesto A, Vieira AR. Gene-environment interaction in molar-incisor hypomineralization. PLoS One. 2021 Jan 6; 16(1): e0241898. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241898
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7. Giuca MR, Cappè M, Carli E, Lardani L, Pasini M. Investigation of clinical characteristics and etiological factors in children with molar incisor hypomineralization. Int J Dent. 2018 May 9; 2018: e7584736. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7584736
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9. William V, Messer LB, Burrow MF. Molar incisor hypomineralization: review and recommendations for clinical management. Pediatr Dent. 2006 May-Jun; 28(3): 224-232.
10. Muratbegovic A, Markovic N, Ganibegovic Selimovic M. Molar incisor hypomineralisation in Bosnia and Herzegovina: aetiology and clinical consequences in medium caries activity population. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2007 Dec; 8(4): 189-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262595
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12. Garcia-Margarit M, Catalá-Pizarro M, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM. Epidemiologic study of molar-incisor hypomineralization in 8-year-old Spanish children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2014 Jan; 24(1): 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12020
13. Calderara PC, Gerthoux PM, Mocarelli P, Lukinmaa PL, Tramacere PL, Alaluusua S. The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in a group of Italian school children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2005 Jun; 6(2): 79-83.
14. Ng JJ, Eu OC, Nair R, Hong CH. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in Singaporean children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2015 Mar; 25(2): 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12100
15. Biondi AM, Cortese SG, Martínez K, Ortolani AM, Sebelli PM, Ienco M, Paván VH, Mendel N, Bertolino M, Hecht P. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in the city of Buenos Aires. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2011; 24(1): 81-85.
16. da Costa-Silva CM, Jeremias F, de Souza JF, Cordeiro Rde C, Santos-Pinto L, Zuanon AC. Molar incisor hypomineralization: prevalence. severity and clinical consequences in Brazilian children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2010 Nov; 20(6): 426-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263X.2010. 01097.x
17. de Lima M de D, Andrade MJ, Dantas-Neta NB, Andrade NS, Teixeira RJ, de Moura MS, de Deus Moura L de F. Epidemiologic study of molar-incisor hypomineralization in schoolchildren in north-eastern Brazil. Pediatr Dent. 2015 Nov-Dec; 37(7): 513-519.
18. Murrieta Pruneda JF, Torres Vargas J, Sánchez Meza J del C. Frecuencia y severidad de hipomineralización incisivo molar (HIM) en un grupo de niños mexicanos. Rev Nac Odontol (México) 2014; 12(23): 7-14. https://doi.org/10.16925/od.v12i23.1377
19. López Jordi M, del Carmen Álvarez L, Salveraglio I. Prevalencia de la hipomineralización molar-incisiva (MIH) en niños con diferente cobertura asistencial (privada y pública) en Montevideo, Uruguay. Odontoestomatol. 2013; 15(22): 4-15.
20. Espinal G, Manco HA, Aguilar G, Castrillón L, Rendón JE, Marín ML. Retrospective study of dental anomalies and bone alterations of the jawbones in children 5 to 14 years old of the clinics of the Dental School, University of Antioquia. Rev Fac Odontol Univ Antioq. 2009; 21(1): 50-64.
21. Tovar S, Ziga E, Franco A, Jácome S, Ruiz III J. Estudio Nacional en Salud Bucal (ENSAB IV). Bogotá. Colombia: Ministerio de Salud; 2014.
22. Castaño-Lopez L, Mejía-Roldan J, Escobar- Rojas A. Prevalencia y severidad de la hipomineralizacion incisivo-molar (HIM) en pacientes escolarizados de la ciudad de Medellín. Medellin, Colombia: Repositorio Universidad CES; 2015.
23. Witkop CJ, Sauk JJ. Defectos hereditarios del esmalte. En Stewart RE, Prescott GH, editores. Genética facial oral. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1976. pp. 151-226.
24. Witkop CJ. Amelogenesis imperfecta. dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia revisited: problems in classification. J Oral Pathol. 1988 Nov; 17(9-10): 547-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01332.x
25. Aldred MJ, Savarirayan R, Crawford PJ. Amelogenesis imperfecta: a classification and catalogue for the 21st century. Oral Dis. 2003 Jan; 9(1): 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2003.00843.x
26. Crawford PJ, Aldred M, Bloch-Zupan A. Amelogenesis imperfecta. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Apr 4; 2: 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-2-17
27. Bäckman B, Holm AK. Amelogenesis imperfecta: prevalence and incidence in a northern Swedish county. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1986 Feb; 14(1): 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1986.tb01493.x
28. Hashem A, Kelly A, O'Connell B, O'Sullivan M. Impact of moderate and severe hypodontia and amelogenesis imperfecta on quality of life and self-esteem of adult patients. J Dent. 2013 Aug; 41(8): 689-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2013.06.004
29. Bailleul-Forestier I, Molla M, Verloes A, Berdal A. The genetic basis of inherited anomalies of the teeth. Part 1: clinical and molecular aspects of non-syndromic dental disorders. Eur J Med Genet. 2008 Jul-Aug; 51(4): 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.02.009
30. Dashash M, Yeung CA, Jamous I, Blinkhorn A. Interventions for the restorative care of amelogenesis imperfecta in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 6; (6): CD007157. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007157
31. Gotler M, Ratson T. [Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH)--a literature review]. Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim (1993). 2010 Apr; 27(2): 10-18, 60.
32. Salanitri S, Seow WK. Developmental enamel defects in the primary dentition: aetiology and clinical management. Aust Dent J. 2013 Jun; 58(2): 133-40; quiz 266. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12039
33. Kuscu OO, Sandalli N, Dikmen S, Ersoy O, Tatar I, Turkmen I, Caglar E. Association of amoxicillin use and molar incisor hypomineralization in piglets: visual and mineral density evaluation. Arch Oral Biol. 2013 Oct; 58(10): 1422-1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.04.012
34. Abad G, Guerrero S, Gutiérrez S, Méndez P, López E, Suarez A. Características fenotípicas faciales. dentales. esqueléticas e histológicas en familias con amelogénesis imperfecta. [trabajo de grado]. Bogota, Colombia: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; 2017.
35. Weerheijm KL, Duggal M, Mejàre I, Papagiannoulis L, Koch G, Martens LC, Hallonsten AL. Judgement criteria for molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in epidemiologic studies: a summary of the European meeting on MIH held in Athens. 2003. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2003 Sep; 4(3): 110-113.
36. Mathu-Muju K, Wright JT. Diagnosis and treatment of molar incisor hypomineralization. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2006 Nov; 27(11): 604-610; quiz 611.
37. Mittal N. Phenotypes of enamel hypomineralization and molar incisor hypomineralization in permanent dentition: identification. quantification and proposal for classification. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016; 40(5): 367-374. https://doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-40.5.367
38. Padavala S, Sukumaran G. Molar incisor hypomineralization and its prevalence. Contemp Clin Dent. 2018 Sep; 9(Suppl 2): S246-S250. https://doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_161_18
39. Folayan MO, Oyedele TA, Oziegbe E. Time expended on managing molar incisor hypomineralization in a pediatric dental clinic in Nigeria. Braz Oral Res. 2018 Aug 6; 32: e79. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0079
40. Corral-Núñez C, Rodríguez H, Cabello R, Bersezio-Miranda C, Cordeiro R, Fresno-Rivas MC. Impacto de la hipomineralización incisivo molar en la experiencia de caries en escolares de 6-12 años en Santiago, Chile. Rev Clin Period Implantol Rehabil Oral. 2016; 9(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.piro.2016.10.003
41. Bronckers AL, Lyaruu DM, DenBesten PK. The impact of fluoride on ameloblasts and the mechanisms of enamel fluorosis. J Dent Res. 2009 Oct; 88(10): 877-893. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509343280
42. Aoba T, Fejerskov O. Dental fluorosis: chemistry and biology. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002; 13(2): 155-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300206
43. Küchler EC, Dea Bruzamolin C, Ayumi Omori M, Costa MC, Antunes LS, Pecharki GD, Trevilatto PC, Vieira AR, Brancher JA. Polymorphisms in nonamelogenin enamel matrix genes are associated with dental fluorosis. Caries Res. 2018; 52(1-2): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000479826
44. Küchler EC, Tannure PN, Oliveira DS, Charone S, Nelson-Filho P, Silva RA, Costa MC, Antunes LS, Calasans Maia MD, Antunes LA. Polymorphisms in genes involved in enamel development are associated with dental fluorosis. Arch Oral Biol. 2017 Apr; 76: 66-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.01.009
2. Jeremias F, Koruyucu M, Küchler EC, Bayram M, Tuna EB, Deely K, Pierri RA, Souza JF, Fragelli CM, Paschoal MA, Gencay K, Seymen F, Caminaga RM, dos Santos-Pinto L, Vieira AR. Genes expressed in dental enamel development are associated with molar-incisor hypomineralization. Arch Oral Biol. 2013 Oct; 58(10): 1434-1442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.05.005
3. Bussaneli DG, Restrepo M, Fragelli CMB, Santos-Pinto L, Jeremias F, Cordeiro RCL, Bezamat M, Vieira AR, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Genes regulating immune response and amelogenesis interact in increasing the susceptibility to molar-incisor hypomineralization. Caries Res. 2019; 53(2): 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1159/000491644
4. Vieira AR, Manton DJ. On the variable clinical presentation of molar-incisor hypomineralization. Caries Res. 2019; 53(4): 482-488. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496542
5. Bezamat M, Souza JF, Silva FMF, Corrêa EG, Fatturi AL, Brancher JA, Carvalho FM, Cavallari T, Bertolazo L, Machado-Souza C, Koruyucu M, Bayram M, Racic A, Harrison BM, Sweat YY, Letra A, Studen-Pavlovich D, Seymen F, Amendt B, Werneck RI, Costa MC, Modesto A, Vieira AR. Gene-environment interaction in molar-incisor hypomineralization. PLoS One. 2021 Jan 6; 16(1): e0241898. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241898
6. Weerheijm KL. Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH): clinical presentation. aetiology and management. Dent Update. 2004 Jan-Feb; 31(1): 9-12. https://doi.org/10.12968/denu.2004.31.1.9
7. Giuca MR, Cappè M, Carli E, Lardani L, Pasini M. Investigation of clinical characteristics and etiological factors in children with molar incisor hypomineralization. Int J Dent. 2018 May 9; 2018: e7584736. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7584736
8. Grošelj M, Jan J. Molar incisor hypomineralisation and dental caries among children in Slovenia. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2013 Sep; 14(3): 241-245.
9. William V, Messer LB, Burrow MF. Molar incisor hypomineralization: review and recommendations for clinical management. Pediatr Dent. 2006 May-Jun; 28(3): 224-232.
10. Muratbegovic A, Markovic N, Ganibegovic Selimovic M. Molar incisor hypomineralisation in Bosnia and Herzegovina: aetiology and clinical consequences in medium caries activity population. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2007 Dec; 8(4): 189-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262595
11. Bhaskar SA, Hegde S. Molar-incisor hypomineralization: prevalence. severity and clinical characteristics in 8- to 13-year-old children of Udaipur. India. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2014 Oct-Dec; 32(4): 322-3229. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-4388.140960
12. Garcia-Margarit M, Catalá-Pizarro M, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM. Epidemiologic study of molar-incisor hypomineralization in 8-year-old Spanish children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2014 Jan; 24(1): 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12020
13. Calderara PC, Gerthoux PM, Mocarelli P, Lukinmaa PL, Tramacere PL, Alaluusua S. The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in a group of Italian school children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2005 Jun; 6(2): 79-83.
14. Ng JJ, Eu OC, Nair R, Hong CH. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in Singaporean children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2015 Mar; 25(2): 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12100
15. Biondi AM, Cortese SG, Martínez K, Ortolani AM, Sebelli PM, Ienco M, Paván VH, Mendel N, Bertolino M, Hecht P. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in the city of Buenos Aires. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2011; 24(1): 81-85.
16. da Costa-Silva CM, Jeremias F, de Souza JF, Cordeiro Rde C, Santos-Pinto L, Zuanon AC. Molar incisor hypomineralization: prevalence. severity and clinical consequences in Brazilian children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2010 Nov; 20(6): 426-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263X.2010. 01097.x
17. de Lima M de D, Andrade MJ, Dantas-Neta NB, Andrade NS, Teixeira RJ, de Moura MS, de Deus Moura L de F. Epidemiologic study of molar-incisor hypomineralization in schoolchildren in north-eastern Brazil. Pediatr Dent. 2015 Nov-Dec; 37(7): 513-519.
18. Murrieta Pruneda JF, Torres Vargas J, Sánchez Meza J del C. Frecuencia y severidad de hipomineralización incisivo molar (HIM) en un grupo de niños mexicanos. Rev Nac Odontol (México) 2014; 12(23): 7-14. https://doi.org/10.16925/od.v12i23.1377
19. López Jordi M, del Carmen Álvarez L, Salveraglio I. Prevalencia de la hipomineralización molar-incisiva (MIH) en niños con diferente cobertura asistencial (privada y pública) en Montevideo, Uruguay. Odontoestomatol. 2013; 15(22): 4-15.
20. Espinal G, Manco HA, Aguilar G, Castrillón L, Rendón JE, Marín ML. Retrospective study of dental anomalies and bone alterations of the jawbones in children 5 to 14 years old of the clinics of the Dental School, University of Antioquia. Rev Fac Odontol Univ Antioq. 2009; 21(1): 50-64.
21. Tovar S, Ziga E, Franco A, Jácome S, Ruiz III J. Estudio Nacional en Salud Bucal (ENSAB IV). Bogotá. Colombia: Ministerio de Salud; 2014.
22. Castaño-Lopez L, Mejía-Roldan J, Escobar- Rojas A. Prevalencia y severidad de la hipomineralizacion incisivo-molar (HIM) en pacientes escolarizados de la ciudad de Medellín. Medellin, Colombia: Repositorio Universidad CES; 2015.
23. Witkop CJ, Sauk JJ. Defectos hereditarios del esmalte. En Stewart RE, Prescott GH, editores. Genética facial oral. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1976. pp. 151-226.
24. Witkop CJ. Amelogenesis imperfecta. dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia revisited: problems in classification. J Oral Pathol. 1988 Nov; 17(9-10): 547-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01332.x
25. Aldred MJ, Savarirayan R, Crawford PJ. Amelogenesis imperfecta: a classification and catalogue for the 21st century. Oral Dis. 2003 Jan; 9(1): 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2003.00843.x
26. Crawford PJ, Aldred M, Bloch-Zupan A. Amelogenesis imperfecta. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Apr 4; 2: 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-2-17
27. Bäckman B, Holm AK. Amelogenesis imperfecta: prevalence and incidence in a northern Swedish county. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1986 Feb; 14(1): 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1986.tb01493.x
28. Hashem A, Kelly A, O'Connell B, O'Sullivan M. Impact of moderate and severe hypodontia and amelogenesis imperfecta on quality of life and self-esteem of adult patients. J Dent. 2013 Aug; 41(8): 689-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2013.06.004
29. Bailleul-Forestier I, Molla M, Verloes A, Berdal A. The genetic basis of inherited anomalies of the teeth. Part 1: clinical and molecular aspects of non-syndromic dental disorders. Eur J Med Genet. 2008 Jul-Aug; 51(4): 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.02.009
30. Dashash M, Yeung CA, Jamous I, Blinkhorn A. Interventions for the restorative care of amelogenesis imperfecta in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 6; (6): CD007157. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007157
31. Gotler M, Ratson T. [Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH)--a literature review]. Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim (1993). 2010 Apr; 27(2): 10-18, 60.
32. Salanitri S, Seow WK. Developmental enamel defects in the primary dentition: aetiology and clinical management. Aust Dent J. 2013 Jun; 58(2): 133-40; quiz 266. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12039
33. Kuscu OO, Sandalli N, Dikmen S, Ersoy O, Tatar I, Turkmen I, Caglar E. Association of amoxicillin use and molar incisor hypomineralization in piglets: visual and mineral density evaluation. Arch Oral Biol. 2013 Oct; 58(10): 1422-1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.04.012
34. Abad G, Guerrero S, Gutiérrez S, Méndez P, López E, Suarez A. Características fenotípicas faciales. dentales. esqueléticas e histológicas en familias con amelogénesis imperfecta. [trabajo de grado]. Bogota, Colombia: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; 2017.
35. Weerheijm KL, Duggal M, Mejàre I, Papagiannoulis L, Koch G, Martens LC, Hallonsten AL. Judgement criteria for molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in epidemiologic studies: a summary of the European meeting on MIH held in Athens. 2003. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2003 Sep; 4(3): 110-113.
36. Mathu-Muju K, Wright JT. Diagnosis and treatment of molar incisor hypomineralization. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2006 Nov; 27(11): 604-610; quiz 611.
37. Mittal N. Phenotypes of enamel hypomineralization and molar incisor hypomineralization in permanent dentition: identification. quantification and proposal for classification. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016; 40(5): 367-374. https://doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-40.5.367
38. Padavala S, Sukumaran G. Molar incisor hypomineralization and its prevalence. Contemp Clin Dent. 2018 Sep; 9(Suppl 2): S246-S250. https://doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_161_18
39. Folayan MO, Oyedele TA, Oziegbe E. Time expended on managing molar incisor hypomineralization in a pediatric dental clinic in Nigeria. Braz Oral Res. 2018 Aug 6; 32: e79. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0079
40. Corral-Núñez C, Rodríguez H, Cabello R, Bersezio-Miranda C, Cordeiro R, Fresno-Rivas MC. Impacto de la hipomineralización incisivo molar en la experiencia de caries en escolares de 6-12 años en Santiago, Chile. Rev Clin Period Implantol Rehabil Oral. 2016; 9(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.piro.2016.10.003
41. Bronckers AL, Lyaruu DM, DenBesten PK. The impact of fluoride on ameloblasts and the mechanisms of enamel fluorosis. J Dent Res. 2009 Oct; 88(10): 877-893. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509343280
42. Aoba T, Fejerskov O. Dental fluorosis: chemistry and biology. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002; 13(2): 155-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300206
43. Küchler EC, Dea Bruzamolin C, Ayumi Omori M, Costa MC, Antunes LS, Pecharki GD, Trevilatto PC, Vieira AR, Brancher JA. Polymorphisms in nonamelogenin enamel matrix genes are associated with dental fluorosis. Caries Res. 2018; 52(1-2): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000479826
44. Küchler EC, Tannure PN, Oliveira DS, Charone S, Nelson-Filho P, Silva RA, Costa MC, Antunes LS, Calasans Maia MD, Antunes LA. Polymorphisms in genes involved in enamel development are associated with dental fluorosis. Arch Oral Biol. 2017 Apr; 76: 66-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.01.009
Cómo citar
Casas Araya, M., López Panqueva, E., Suárez Castillo, Ángela, & Gutiérrez Prieto, S. J. (2021). Características fenotípicas de la hipomineralización incisivo-molar y su comparación con la amelogenesis imperfecta: Aproximación a un diagnóstico diferencial. Universitas Odontologica, 40. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.uo40.imhp
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