Compromiso pulmonar en pacientes con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH)
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Resumen
El virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) continúa siendo un problema de salud pública mundial, a pesar de la introducción de la terapia antirretroviral y la profilaxis frente a patógenos oportunistas. El pulmón es uno de los órganos más afectados por condiciones tanto infecciosas como no infecciosas en el contexto de la enfermedad retroviral; sin embargo, la prevalencia de las enfermedades de las vías respiratorias ha cambiado en las últimas dos décadas, tanto local como globalmente, por lo que se decidió realizar una búsqueda de la literatura más reciente en las bases de datos Medline y SciELO, incluyendo revisiones de tema y estudios originales, con el objetivo de elaborar una descripción actualizada de las principales enfermedades pulmonares descritas en pacientes con VIH, desde los puntos de vista clínico, paraclínico, radiológico y broncoscópico.
HIV, penumonia, bronchoscopy, mortalityVIH, neumonía, tuberculosis, broncoscopia, mortalidad
1. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Guía de práctica clínica (GPC) basada en la evidencia científica para la atención de la infección por VIH/sida en adolescentes (con 13 años de edad o más) y adultos. Bogotá: Ministerio; 2014.
2. Montúfar-Andrade FE, Villa-Franco JP, Montúfar-Pantoja MC, et al. Compromiso pulmonar en pacientes hospitalizados con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe (Medellín, Colombia). Infectio. 2015;83:1-7.
3. Organización Mundial de la Salud. 10 datos sobre el VIH/sida [internet]. 2016. [Citado 17 de mayo del 2017]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/hiv/es/.
4. Organización Mundial de la Salud. VIH/sida: nota descriptiva. 2017 Jul. [Citado 2017 jul]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/es/.
5. Maximous S, Huang L, Morris A. Evaluation and diagnosis of HIV-associated lung disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;37(2):199-213.
6. Triplette M, Crothers K, Attia EF. Non-infectious pulmonary diseases and HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2016;13(3):140-8.
7. Murcia IM, León CI, De la Hoz F, Saravia J. Asociación micobacterias-VIH/sida en pacientes atendidos en un hospital universitario en Bogotá, Colombia. Rev Salud Pública. 2007;9:97-105.
8. Cañas Arboleda A, Calderón Quintero A. Huérfano Castro M. Hallazgos broncoscópicos de pacientes con infección por VIH y neumonía por Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio. Rev Colomb Neumol. 2012;24:24-7.
9. Acevedo J, González J, Sánchez M, Tobón CM. Incidencia de neumonía por Pneumocystis jirovecii en pacientes con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida en el Hospital La María de Medellín (Colombia), entre 2008-2009. Infectio. 2012;16:23-30.
10. Martín Rubio A, Omar Mohamed M, Romero Ferreira M, García Jiménez R, Hernández Burruezo J. Neumonía bacteriana comunitaria en el paciente con infección por el VIH. Med Integr. 2001;38:355-62.
11. Madeddu G, Laura Fiori M, Stella Mura M. Bacterial community-acquired pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010;16(3):201-7.
12. Manno D, Puoti M, Signorini L, et al. Risk factors and clinical characteristics associated with hospitalization for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in HIV-positive patients according to the presence of liver cirrhosis. Infectio. 2009;37(4):334-9.
13. Malinis M, Myers J, Bordon J, et al. Clinical outcomes of HIV-infected patients hospitalized with bacterial community-acquired pneumonia. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14(1):e22-7.
14. Benito N, Moreno A, Miro JM, Torres A. Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: An update in the 21st century. Eur Respir J. 2012:730-45.
15. Brown J, Lipman M. Community-acquired pneumonia in HIV-infected individuals. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16(3):1-9.
16. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(Suppl 2):S27-S72.
17. Christensen D, Feldman C, Rossi P, et al. HIV infection does not influence clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with bacterial community-acquired pneumonia: Results from the CAPO international cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(4):554-6.
18. Rey A, Losada C, Santillan J, et al. Pneumocystis jiroveci infection in patients with and without HIV: A comparison. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2015;32(2):175-80.
19. Kaplan JE, Hanson DL, Jones JL, Dworkin MS. Viral load as an independent risk factor for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. AIDS. 2001;15(14):1831-6.
20. Kanne JP, Yandow DR, Meyer CA. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia: High-resolution CT findings in patients with and without HIV infection. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198(6):W555-61.
21. Carmona EM, Limper AH. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2011;5(1):41-59.
22. Tasaka S. Pneumocystis pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults and adolescents: Current concepts and future directions. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med. 2015;9(Suppl 1):19-28.
23. Boiselle PM, Crans CAJ, Kaplan MA. The changing face of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172(5):1301-9.
24. Walzer PD, Evans HER, Copas AJ, Edwards SG, Grant AD, Miller RF. Early predictors of mortality from Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: 1985-2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(4):625-33.
25. Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Coinfección TB/VIH: Guía clínica. Washington, D.C.: OPS; 2010.
26. Getahun H, Gunneberg C, Granich R, Nunn P. HIV infection-associated tuberculosis: The epidemiology and the response. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50 Suppl 3:1-7.
27. Cortés JA, Hidalgo P, Rey Sánchez DL, Parra Serrano GA, Gutiérrez IF. Tuberculosis en pacientes con infección por VIH en el Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio, 2002-2006. Infectio. 2007;11:16-22.
28. Bruchfeld J, Correia-Neves M, Kallenius G. Tuberculosis and HIV coinfection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5(7):1-10.
29. Lomte N, Bandgar T, Khare S, et al. Bilateral adrenal masses: a single-centre experience. Endocr Connect. 2016;5(2):92-100.
30. Huang Y-C, Tang Y-L, Zhang X-M, Zeng N-L, Li R, Chen T-W. Evaluation of primary adrenal insufficiency secondary to tuberculous adrenalitis with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: Current status. World J Radiol. 2015;7(10):336-42.
31. Upadhyay J, Sudhindra P, Abraham G, Trivedi N. Tuberculosis of the adrenal gland: A case report and review of the literature of infections of the adrenal gland. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:876037.
32. Jacobson KR. Tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(3):ITC17-32.
33. Fernández MJ. Evaluación del rendimiento diagnóstico de la prueba molecular automatizada GenXpert MTB/RIF® para la detección de tuberculosis multirresistente y la presencia de resistencia a la rifampicina. [Comunicación personal].
34. Tadesse M, Aragaw D, Rigouts L, Abebe G. Increased detection of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis by GeneXpert MTB/RIF® assay after bleach concentration. Int J Mycobacteriology. 2016;5(2):211-218.
35. Vittor AY, Garland JM, Gilman RH. Molecular diagnosis of TB in the HIV positive population. Ann Glob Heal. 2014;80(6):476-85.
36. Castañer E, Gallardo X, Maria Mata J, Esteba L. Radiologic approach to the diagnosis of infectious pulmonary diseases in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Eur J Radiol. 2016;51(2):114-29.
37. Pupaibool J, Limper AH. Other HIV-associated pneumonias. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34(2):243-54.
38. Skalski JH, Limper AH. Fungal, viral, and parasitic pneumonias associated with human immunodeficiency virus. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;37(2):257-66.
39. Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS. 2009;23(4):525-
30.
40. Malabonga VM, Basti J, Kamholz SL. Utility of bronchoscopic sampling techniques for cryptococcal disease in AIDS. Chest. 1991;99(2):370-2.
41. McKinsey DS, Spiegel RA, Hutwagner L, et al. Prospective study of histoplasmosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: incidence, risk factors, and pathophysiology. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24(6):1195-1203.
42. Baddley JW, Sankara IR, Rodriquez JM, Pappas PG, Many WJJ. Histoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients in a southern regional medical center: poor prognosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008;62(2):151-6.
43. Hage CA, Ribes JA, Wengenack NL, et al. A multicenter evaluation of tests for diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(5):448-54.
44. Denis B, Lortholary O. Infections fongiques pulmonaires chez les patients séropositifs pour le VIH. Rev Mal Respir. 2013;30(8):682-95.
45. Bhansali A, Das S, Dutta P, et al. Adrenal histoplasmosis: unusual
presentations. J Assoc Physicians India. 2012;60:54-8.
46. Roubsanthisuk W, Sriussadaporn S, Vawesorn N, et al. Primary adrenal
insufficiency caused by disseminated histoplasmosis: report of two cases. Endocr Pract. 2002;8(3):237-41.
47. Cannon MJ, Schmid DS, Hyde TB. Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection. Rev Med Virol. 2010;20(4):202-13.
48. Staitieh B, Guidot DM. Noninfectious pulmonary complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med Sci. 2014;348(6):502-11.
49. Sigel K, Pitts R, Crothers K. Lung Malignancies in HIV Infection. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;37(2):267-76.
50. Hamm PG, Judson MA, Aranda CP. Diagnosis of pulmonary Kaposi’s sarcoma with fiberoptic bronchoscopy and endobronchial biopsy. A report of five cases. Cancer. 1987;59(4):807-10.
51. Chou S-HS, Prabhu SJ, Crothers K, Stern EJ, Godwin JD, Pipavath SN. Thoracic diseases associated with HIV infection in the era of antiretroviral therapy: clinical and imaging findings. Radiographics. 2014;34(4):895-911.
52. Brock M V, Hooker CM, Engels EA, et al. Delayed diagnosis and elevated mortality in an urban population with HIV and lung cancer: implications for patient care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;43(1):47-55.
53. Hessol NA, Martinez-Maza O, Levine AM, et al. Lung cancer incidence and survival among HIV-infected and uninfected women and men. AIDS. 2015;29(10):1183-93.
54. Chaturvedi AK, Pfeiffer RM, Chang L, Goedert JJ, Biggar RJ, Engels EA. Elevated risk of lung cancer among people with AIDS. AIDS. 2007;21(2):207-13.
55. Deeken JF, Tjen-A-Looi A, Rudek MA, et al. The rising challenge of non-AIDS-defining cancers in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(9):1228-35.
56. Frisch M, Biggar RJ, Engels EA, Goedert JJ. Association of cancer with AIDS-related immunosuppression in adults. JAMA. 2001;285(13):1736-45.
57. Molto J, Moran T, Sirera G, Clotet B. Lung cancer in HIV-infected patients in the combination antiretroviral treatment era. Transl lung cancer Res. 2015;4(6):678-88.
58. Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(5):395-409.
59. Sigel K, Wisnivesky J, Shahrir S, et al. Findings in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients undergoing chest computed tomography testing: implications for lung cancer screening. AIDS. 2014;28(7):1007-14.
60. Borie R, Cadranel J, Guihot A, Marcelin AG, Galicier L, Couderc L-J. Pulmonary manifestations of human herpesvirus-8 during HIV infection. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(4):1105-18.
61. Guihot A, Couderc L-J, Rivaud E, et al. Thoracic radiographic and CT findings of multicentric Castleman disease in HIV-infected patients. J Thorac Imaging. 2007;22(2):207-11.
62. Carbone A, Gaidano G. HHV-8-positive body-cavity-based lymphoma: A novel lymphoma entity. Br J Haematol. 1997;97(3):515-22.
63. Boulanger E, Gerard L, Gabarre J, et al. Prognostic factors and outcome of human herpesvirus 8-associated primary effusion lymphoma in patients with AIDS. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(19):4372-80.
64. Boulanger E, Agbalika F, Maarek O, et al. A clinical, molecular and cytogenetic study of 12 cases of human herpesvirus 8 associated primary effusion lymphoma in HIV-infected patients. Hematol J. 2001;2(3):172-9.
65. Calligaro G, Meintjes G, Mendelson M. Pulmonary manifestations of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2011;17(3):180-8.
66. Reyes-Corcho A, Bouza-Jimenez Y. Human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS-associated immune reconstitution syndrome. State of the art. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2010;28(2):110-21.
67. George MP, Kannass M, Huang L, Sciurba FC, Morris A. Respiratory symptoms and airway obstruction in HIV-infected subjects in the HAART era. PLoS One. 2009;4(7):1-14.
68. Gelman M, King MA, Neal DE, Pacht ER, Clanton TL, Diaz PT. Focal air trapping in patients with HIV infection: CT evaluation and correlation with pulmonary function test results. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172(4):1033-8.
69. Gingo MR, George MP, Kessinger CJ, et al. Pulmonary function abnormalities in HIV-infected patients during the current antiretroviral therapy era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(6):790-6.
70. Morris A, George MP, Crothers K, et al. HIV and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: is it worse and why? Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2011;8(3):320-5.
71. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2017 [Internet]. Disponible en: http://goldcopd.org.
72. Scourfield AT, Doffman SR, Miller RF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with HIV: An emerging problem. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2014;75(12):678-84.
73. Speich R, Jenni R, Opravil M, Pfab M, Russi EW. Primary pulmonary hypertension in HIV infection. Chest. 1991;100(5):1268-71.
74. Sitbon O, Lascoux-Combe C, Delfraissy J-F, et al. Prevalence of HIV-related pulmonary arterial hypertension in the current antiretroviral therapy era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(1):108-13.
75. Correale M, Palmiotti GA, Lo Storto MM, et al. HIV-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: from bedside to the future. Eur J Clin Invest. 2015;45(5):515-28.
76. Cool CD, Rai PR, Yeager ME, et al. Expression of human herpesvirus 8 in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(12):1113-22.
77. Lichtenberger JP 3rd, Sharma A, Zachary KC, et al. What a differential a virus makes: a practical approach to thoracic imaging findings in the context of HIV infection--part 2, extrapulmonary findings, chronic lung disease, and immune reconstitution syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198(6):1305-12.