Explicaciones causales en la investigación cualitativa: elección escolar en Chile
Publicado
oct 16, 2018
Almetrics
Dimensions
Google Scholar
Blanca Barco
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-1462
Alejandro Carrasco
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1504-5044
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-1462
Alejandro Carrasco
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1504-5044
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Resumen
Este artículo reflexiona sobre cómo las investigaciones cualitativas en educación pueden generar explicaciones causales. Para ello, se propone analizar el concepto de causalidad y su posicionamiento en los paradigmas positivista e interpretativo. Luego, se profundizará en las estrategias y los análisis que posibilitan la generación de mecanismos contextualizados y conceptualizados. Además, utilizando una investigación cualitativa sobre elección escolar, se ejemplificará la generación de mecanismos y explicaciones causales en sus resultados. Finalmente, este artículo concluye sobre el aporte del realismo crítico en las investigaciones cualitativas, en especial en educación, para generar explicaciones causales.
Keywords
Causal analysis, pedagogical research, schooling optionsAnálisis causal, investigación pedagógica, opciones educativas
References
Antón-Antón, A. (1993). El modelo de cobertura legal de la explicación científica y sus limitaciones. Recerca: Revista de Pensament i Anàlisi, 17 (4), 9-26. Disponible en: http://www.raco.cat/index.php/RecercaPensamentAnalisi/article/view/106324/153034
Archer, M.; Bhaskar, R.; Collier, A.; Lawson, T. & Norrie, A. (1998). Critical Realism: Essential Readings. New York, Abingdon: Routledge.
Ball, S. J.; Bowe, R. & Gewirtz, S. (1996). School Choice, Social Class and Distinction: the Realization of Social Advantage in Education. Journal of Education Policy, 11 (1), 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093960110105
Bhaskar, R. (1975/2008). A Realist Theory of Science. London, New York: Routledge. Disponible en: https://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Roy_Bhaskar_A_Realist_Theory_of_Science.pdf
Blaikie, N. (2007). Approaches to Social Enquiry: Advancing Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, Vol. 16. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. En J. G. Richardson (ed.). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, 241-258. New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (2002). La distinción: criterio y bases sociales del gusto. México: Taurus.
Bourdieu, P. (2003). Las estructuras sociales de la economía. Buenos Aires: Manantial.
Callon, M. (1986). Some Elements of Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of the Saint Brieuc Bay. En J. Law (ed.). Power, Action, and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge?, 196-233. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books.
Campbell, N. R. (1957). Foundations of Science: The Philosophy of Theory and Experiment. Nueva York: Dover.
Carrasco, A.; Falabella, A. & Tironi, M. (2016). Sociologizar la construcción de preferencias: elección escolar como práctica sociocultural. En J. Corvalán, A. Carrasco & J. E. García-Huidobro (eds.). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad, 81-111. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Carrasco, A.; Gutiérrez, G. & Flores, C. (2017). Failed Regulations and School Composition: Selective Admission Practices in Chilean Primary Schools. Journal of Education Policy, 32 (5), 642-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1312549
Cartwright, N. (1989). Nature’s Capacities and their Measurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Corvalán, J.; Carrasco, A. & García-Huidobro, J. E. (eds.) (2016). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Danermark, B.; Ekström, M.; Jakobsen, L. & Karlsson, J. C. (2002). Explaining Society. Critical Realism in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.
Donmoyer, R. (2012a). Attributing Causality in Qualitative Research: Viable Option or Inappropriate Aspiration? An Introduction to a Collection of Papers. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 651-654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412455012. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412455012
Donmoyer, R. (2012b). Can Qualitative Researchers Answer Policymakers’ What-Works Question? Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 662-673. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412454531. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412454531
Elacqua, G. & Fabrega, R. (2004). El consumidor de la educación: El actor olvidado de la libre elección de escuelas en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Programa de Promoción de la Reforma Educativa de América Latina y el Caribe, PREAL.
Erickson, F. (1989). Métodos cualitativos de investigación sobre la enseñanza. En Merlin C. Wittrock (ed.). La investigación de la enseñanza, II. Métodos cualitativos y de observación, 195-301. Barcelona: Paidós.
Fletcher, A. J. (2017). Applying Critical Realism in Qualitative Research: Methodology Meets Method. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20 (2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1144401
Gage, N. L. (1989). The Paradigm Wars and their Aftermath: A “Historical” Sketch of Research on Teaching Since 1989. Educational Researcher, 18 (7), 4-10.
Geertz, C. (2003). La interpretación de las culturas. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine.
Gómez, D.; Chumacero, R. A. & Paredes, R. D. (2012). School Choice and Information/Elección de escuelas e información. Estudios de Economía, 39 (2), 143-157. Disponible en: http://www.econ.uchile.cl/uploads/publicacion/8993d8b9eee0ec3cf787a4689166b98322b71aa4.pdf
Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth Generation Evaluation. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
Hempel, C. G. & Oppenheim, P. (1948). Studies in the Logic of Explanation. Philosophy of Science, 15 (2), 135-175. Disponible en: http://www.sfu.ca/~jillmc/Hempel%20and%20Oppenheim.pdf
Hesse, M. B. (1966). Models and Analogies in Science. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
Hume, D. (1786/2004). Investigación sobre el entendimiento humano. Madrid: Istmo.
Lather, P. (2006). Paradigm Proliferation as a Good Thing to Think with: Teaching Research in Education as a Wild Profusion. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19 (1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390500450144
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S. (1986). Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Disponible en: http://home.ku.edu.tr/~mbaker/CSHS503/LatourLabLif.pdf
Law, J. & Hassard, J. (1999). Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers/The Sociological Review.
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Mackie, J. L. (1974). The Cement of the Universe. A Study of Causation. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design. An Interactive Approach. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 41. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Maxwell, J. A. (2004). Using Qualitative Methods for Causal Explanation. Field Methods, 16 (3), 243-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X04266831. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249629625_Using_Qualitative_Methods_for_Causal_Explanation
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). The Importance of Qualitative Research for Causal Explanation in Education. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 655-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412452856. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412452856
Mohr, L. B. (1982). Explaining Organizational Behavior. Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioral Science Series, Vol. 1. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Parra-Heredia, J. D. (2016). Realismo crítico: una alternativa en el análisis social. Sociedad y Economía, 31, 215-238. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=99647007010
Reay, D. (2000). A Useful Extension of Bourdieu’s Conceptual Framework?: Emotional Capital as a Way of Understanding Mothers’ Involvement in Their Children’s Education? The Sociological Review, 48 (4), 568-585.
Salmon, W. C. (1984). Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sayer, A. (1992). Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Schinkel, W. (2007). Sociological Discourse of the Relational: the Cases of Bourdieu & Latour. The Sociological Review, 55 (4), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00749.x
Scott, D. (2007). Resolving the Quantitative-Qualitative Dilemma: A Critical Realist Approach. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 30 (1), 3-17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17437270701207694
Scott, D. (2014). Ontology, Epistemology, Strategy and Method in Educational Research. A Critical Realist Approach. magis, Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación, 7 (14), 29-38. Disponible en: http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/MAGIS/article/view/11853/pdf_1
Seppänen, P.; Carrasco, A.; Kalalahti, M.; Rinne, R. & Simola, H. (eds.) (2015). Contrasting Dynamics in Education Politics of Extremes: School Choice in Chile and Finland. Comparative and International Education: A Diversity of Voices, Vol. 37. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Suppes, P. (1970). A Probabilistic Theory of Causality. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company.
Tacq, J. (2011). Causality in Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Quality & Quantity, 45 (2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-009-9293-0
Vaughan, D. (2009). Analytic Ethnography. En P. Hedström & P. Bearman (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, 688-711. Oxford University Press.
Wright, G. H. von (1987). Explicación y comprensión. Luis Vega-Reñón (trad.). Madrid: Alianza.
Zanten, A. Van (2009). Choisir son école. Stratégies parentales et médiations locales. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, PUF.
Archer, M.; Bhaskar, R.; Collier, A.; Lawson, T. & Norrie, A. (1998). Critical Realism: Essential Readings. New York, Abingdon: Routledge.
Ball, S. J.; Bowe, R. & Gewirtz, S. (1996). School Choice, Social Class and Distinction: the Realization of Social Advantage in Education. Journal of Education Policy, 11 (1), 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093960110105
Bhaskar, R. (1975/2008). A Realist Theory of Science. London, New York: Routledge. Disponible en: https://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Roy_Bhaskar_A_Realist_Theory_of_Science.pdf
Blaikie, N. (2007). Approaches to Social Enquiry: Advancing Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, Vol. 16. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. En J. G. Richardson (ed.). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, 241-258. New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (2002). La distinción: criterio y bases sociales del gusto. México: Taurus.
Bourdieu, P. (2003). Las estructuras sociales de la economía. Buenos Aires: Manantial.
Callon, M. (1986). Some Elements of Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of the Saint Brieuc Bay. En J. Law (ed.). Power, Action, and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge?, 196-233. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books.
Campbell, N. R. (1957). Foundations of Science: The Philosophy of Theory and Experiment. Nueva York: Dover.
Carrasco, A.; Falabella, A. & Tironi, M. (2016). Sociologizar la construcción de preferencias: elección escolar como práctica sociocultural. En J. Corvalán, A. Carrasco & J. E. García-Huidobro (eds.). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad, 81-111. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Carrasco, A.; Gutiérrez, G. & Flores, C. (2017). Failed Regulations and School Composition: Selective Admission Practices in Chilean Primary Schools. Journal of Education Policy, 32 (5), 642-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1312549
Cartwright, N. (1989). Nature’s Capacities and their Measurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Corvalán, J.; Carrasco, A. & García-Huidobro, J. E. (eds.) (2016). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Danermark, B.; Ekström, M.; Jakobsen, L. & Karlsson, J. C. (2002). Explaining Society. Critical Realism in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.
Donmoyer, R. (2012a). Attributing Causality in Qualitative Research: Viable Option or Inappropriate Aspiration? An Introduction to a Collection of Papers. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 651-654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412455012. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412455012
Donmoyer, R. (2012b). Can Qualitative Researchers Answer Policymakers’ What-Works Question? Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 662-673. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412454531. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412454531
Elacqua, G. & Fabrega, R. (2004). El consumidor de la educación: El actor olvidado de la libre elección de escuelas en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Programa de Promoción de la Reforma Educativa de América Latina y el Caribe, PREAL.
Erickson, F. (1989). Métodos cualitativos de investigación sobre la enseñanza. En Merlin C. Wittrock (ed.). La investigación de la enseñanza, II. Métodos cualitativos y de observación, 195-301. Barcelona: Paidós.
Fletcher, A. J. (2017). Applying Critical Realism in Qualitative Research: Methodology Meets Method. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20 (2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1144401
Gage, N. L. (1989). The Paradigm Wars and their Aftermath: A “Historical” Sketch of Research on Teaching Since 1989. Educational Researcher, 18 (7), 4-10.
Geertz, C. (2003). La interpretación de las culturas. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine.
Gómez, D.; Chumacero, R. A. & Paredes, R. D. (2012). School Choice and Information/Elección de escuelas e información. Estudios de Economía, 39 (2), 143-157. Disponible en: http://www.econ.uchile.cl/uploads/publicacion/8993d8b9eee0ec3cf787a4689166b98322b71aa4.pdf
Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth Generation Evaluation. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
Hempel, C. G. & Oppenheim, P. (1948). Studies in the Logic of Explanation. Philosophy of Science, 15 (2), 135-175. Disponible en: http://www.sfu.ca/~jillmc/Hempel%20and%20Oppenheim.pdf
Hesse, M. B. (1966). Models and Analogies in Science. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
Hume, D. (1786/2004). Investigación sobre el entendimiento humano. Madrid: Istmo.
Lather, P. (2006). Paradigm Proliferation as a Good Thing to Think with: Teaching Research in Education as a Wild Profusion. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19 (1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390500450144
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S. (1986). Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Disponible en: http://home.ku.edu.tr/~mbaker/CSHS503/LatourLabLif.pdf
Law, J. & Hassard, J. (1999). Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers/The Sociological Review.
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Mackie, J. L. (1974). The Cement of the Universe. A Study of Causation. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design. An Interactive Approach. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 41. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Maxwell, J. A. (2004). Using Qualitative Methods for Causal Explanation. Field Methods, 16 (3), 243-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X04266831. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249629625_Using_Qualitative_Methods_for_Causal_Explanation
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). The Importance of Qualitative Research for Causal Explanation in Education. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 655-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412452856. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412452856
Mohr, L. B. (1982). Explaining Organizational Behavior. Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioral Science Series, Vol. 1. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Parra-Heredia, J. D. (2016). Realismo crítico: una alternativa en el análisis social. Sociedad y Economía, 31, 215-238. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=99647007010
Reay, D. (2000). A Useful Extension of Bourdieu’s Conceptual Framework?: Emotional Capital as a Way of Understanding Mothers’ Involvement in Their Children’s Education? The Sociological Review, 48 (4), 568-585.
Salmon, W. C. (1984). Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sayer, A. (1992). Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Schinkel, W. (2007). Sociological Discourse of the Relational: the Cases of Bourdieu & Latour. The Sociological Review, 55 (4), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00749.x
Scott, D. (2007). Resolving the Quantitative-Qualitative Dilemma: A Critical Realist Approach. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 30 (1), 3-17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17437270701207694
Scott, D. (2014). Ontology, Epistemology, Strategy and Method in Educational Research. A Critical Realist Approach. magis, Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación, 7 (14), 29-38. Disponible en: http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/MAGIS/article/view/11853/pdf_1
Seppänen, P.; Carrasco, A.; Kalalahti, M.; Rinne, R. & Simola, H. (eds.) (2015). Contrasting Dynamics in Education Politics of Extremes: School Choice in Chile and Finland. Comparative and International Education: A Diversity of Voices, Vol. 37. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Suppes, P. (1970). A Probabilistic Theory of Causality. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company.
Tacq, J. (2011). Causality in Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Quality & Quantity, 45 (2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-009-9293-0
Vaughan, D. (2009). Analytic Ethnography. En P. Hedström & P. Bearman (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, 688-711. Oxford University Press.
Wright, G. H. von (1987). Explicación y comprensión. Luis Vega-Reñón (trad.). Madrid: Alianza.
Zanten, A. Van (2009). Choisir son école. Stratégies parentales et médiations locales. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, PUF.
Cómo citar
Barco, B., & Carrasco, A. (2018). Explicaciones causales en la investigación cualitativa: elección escolar en Chile. Magis, Revista Internacional De Investigación En Educación, 11(22), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.m11-22.ecic
Sección
Artículos