Explicaciones causales en la investigación cualitativa: elección escolar en Chile
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Oct 16, 2018
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Blanca Barco
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-1462
Alejandro Carrasco
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1504-5044
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-1462
Alejandro Carrasco
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1504-5044
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Resumo
Este artículo reflexiona sobre cómo las investigaciones cualitativas en educación pueden generar explicaciones causales. Para ello, se propone analizar el concepto de causalidad y su posicionamiento en los paradigmas positivista e interpretativo. Luego, se profundizará en las estrategias y los análisis que posibilitan la generación de mecanismos contextualizados y conceptualizados. Además, utilizando una investigación cualitativa sobre elección escolar, se ejemplificará la generación de mecanismos y explicaciones causales en sus resultados. Finalmente, este artículo concluye sobre el aporte del realismo crítico en las investigaciones cualitativas, en especial en educación, para generar explicaciones causales.
Keywords
References
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Archer, M.; Bhaskar, R.; Collier, A.; Lawson, T. & Norrie, A. (1998). Critical Realism: Essential Readings. New York, Abingdon: Routledge.
Ball, S. J.; Bowe, R. & Gewirtz, S. (1996). School Choice, Social Class and Distinction: the Realization of Social Advantage in Education. Journal of Education Policy, 11 (1), 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093960110105
Bhaskar, R. (1975/2008). A Realist Theory of Science. London, New York: Routledge. Disponible en: https://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Roy_Bhaskar_A_Realist_Theory_of_Science.pdf
Blaikie, N. (2007). Approaches to Social Enquiry: Advancing Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, Vol. 16. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. En J. G. Richardson (ed.). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, 241-258. New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (2002). La distinción: criterio y bases sociales del gusto. México: Taurus.
Bourdieu, P. (2003). Las estructuras sociales de la economía. Buenos Aires: Manantial.
Callon, M. (1986). Some Elements of Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of the Saint Brieuc Bay. En J. Law (ed.). Power, Action, and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge?, 196-233. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books.
Campbell, N. R. (1957). Foundations of Science: The Philosophy of Theory and Experiment. Nueva York: Dover.
Carrasco, A.; Falabella, A. & Tironi, M. (2016). Sociologizar la construcción de preferencias: elección escolar como práctica sociocultural. En J. Corvalán, A. Carrasco & J. E. García-Huidobro (eds.). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad, 81-111. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Carrasco, A.; Gutiérrez, G. & Flores, C. (2017). Failed Regulations and School Composition: Selective Admission Practices in Chilean Primary Schools. Journal of Education Policy, 32 (5), 642-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1312549
Cartwright, N. (1989). Nature’s Capacities and their Measurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Corvalán, J.; Carrasco, A. & García-Huidobro, J. E. (eds.) (2016). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Danermark, B.; Ekström, M.; Jakobsen, L. & Karlsson, J. C. (2002). Explaining Society. Critical Realism in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.
Donmoyer, R. (2012a). Attributing Causality in Qualitative Research: Viable Option or Inappropriate Aspiration? An Introduction to a Collection of Papers. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 651-654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412455012. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412455012
Donmoyer, R. (2012b). Can Qualitative Researchers Answer Policymakers’ What-Works Question? Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 662-673. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412454531. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412454531
Elacqua, G. & Fabrega, R. (2004). El consumidor de la educación: El actor olvidado de la libre elección de escuelas en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Programa de Promoción de la Reforma Educativa de América Latina y el Caribe, PREAL.
Erickson, F. (1989). Métodos cualitativos de investigación sobre la enseñanza. En Merlin C. Wittrock (ed.). La investigación de la enseñanza, II. Métodos cualitativos y de observación, 195-301. Barcelona: Paidós.
Fletcher, A. J. (2017). Applying Critical Realism in Qualitative Research: Methodology Meets Method. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20 (2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1144401
Gage, N. L. (1989). The Paradigm Wars and their Aftermath: A “Historical” Sketch of Research on Teaching Since 1989. Educational Researcher, 18 (7), 4-10.
Geertz, C. (2003). La interpretación de las culturas. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine.
Gómez, D.; Chumacero, R. A. & Paredes, R. D. (2012). School Choice and Information/Elección de escuelas e información. Estudios de Economía, 39 (2), 143-157. Disponible en: http://www.econ.uchile.cl/uploads/publicacion/8993d8b9eee0ec3cf787a4689166b98322b71aa4.pdf
Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth Generation Evaluation. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
Hempel, C. G. & Oppenheim, P. (1948). Studies in the Logic of Explanation. Philosophy of Science, 15 (2), 135-175. Disponible en: http://www.sfu.ca/~jillmc/Hempel%20and%20Oppenheim.pdf
Hesse, M. B. (1966). Models and Analogies in Science. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
Hume, D. (1786/2004). Investigación sobre el entendimiento humano. Madrid: Istmo.
Lather, P. (2006). Paradigm Proliferation as a Good Thing to Think with: Teaching Research in Education as a Wild Profusion. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19 (1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390500450144
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S. (1986). Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Disponible en: http://home.ku.edu.tr/~mbaker/CSHS503/LatourLabLif.pdf
Law, J. & Hassard, J. (1999). Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers/The Sociological Review.
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Mackie, J. L. (1974). The Cement of the Universe. A Study of Causation. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design. An Interactive Approach. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 41. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Maxwell, J. A. (2004). Using Qualitative Methods for Causal Explanation. Field Methods, 16 (3), 243-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X04266831. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249629625_Using_Qualitative_Methods_for_Causal_Explanation
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). The Importance of Qualitative Research for Causal Explanation in Education. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 655-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412452856. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412452856
Mohr, L. B. (1982). Explaining Organizational Behavior. Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioral Science Series, Vol. 1. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Parra-Heredia, J. D. (2016). Realismo crítico: una alternativa en el análisis social. Sociedad y Economía, 31, 215-238. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=99647007010
Reay, D. (2000). A Useful Extension of Bourdieu’s Conceptual Framework?: Emotional Capital as a Way of Understanding Mothers’ Involvement in Their Children’s Education? The Sociological Review, 48 (4), 568-585.
Salmon, W. C. (1984). Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sayer, A. (1992). Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Schinkel, W. (2007). Sociological Discourse of the Relational: the Cases of Bourdieu & Latour. The Sociological Review, 55 (4), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00749.x
Scott, D. (2007). Resolving the Quantitative-Qualitative Dilemma: A Critical Realist Approach. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 30 (1), 3-17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17437270701207694
Scott, D. (2014). Ontology, Epistemology, Strategy and Method in Educational Research. A Critical Realist Approach. magis, Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación, 7 (14), 29-38. Disponible en: http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/MAGIS/article/view/11853/pdf_1
Seppänen, P.; Carrasco, A.; Kalalahti, M.; Rinne, R. & Simola, H. (eds.) (2015). Contrasting Dynamics in Education Politics of Extremes: School Choice in Chile and Finland. Comparative and International Education: A Diversity of Voices, Vol. 37. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Suppes, P. (1970). A Probabilistic Theory of Causality. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company.
Tacq, J. (2011). Causality in Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Quality & Quantity, 45 (2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-009-9293-0
Vaughan, D. (2009). Analytic Ethnography. En P. Hedström & P. Bearman (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, 688-711. Oxford University Press.
Wright, G. H. von (1987). Explicación y comprensión. Luis Vega-Reñón (trad.). Madrid: Alianza.
Zanten, A. Van (2009). Choisir son école. Stratégies parentales et médiations locales. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, PUF.
Archer, M.; Bhaskar, R.; Collier, A.; Lawson, T. & Norrie, A. (1998). Critical Realism: Essential Readings. New York, Abingdon: Routledge.
Ball, S. J.; Bowe, R. & Gewirtz, S. (1996). School Choice, Social Class and Distinction: the Realization of Social Advantage in Education. Journal of Education Policy, 11 (1), 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093960110105
Bhaskar, R. (1975/2008). A Realist Theory of Science. London, New York: Routledge. Disponible en: https://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Roy_Bhaskar_A_Realist_Theory_of_Science.pdf
Blaikie, N. (2007). Approaches to Social Enquiry: Advancing Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, Vol. 16. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. En J. G. Richardson (ed.). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, 241-258. New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (2002). La distinción: criterio y bases sociales del gusto. México: Taurus.
Bourdieu, P. (2003). Las estructuras sociales de la economía. Buenos Aires: Manantial.
Callon, M. (1986). Some Elements of Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of the Saint Brieuc Bay. En J. Law (ed.). Power, Action, and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge?, 196-233. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books.
Campbell, N. R. (1957). Foundations of Science: The Philosophy of Theory and Experiment. Nueva York: Dover.
Carrasco, A.; Falabella, A. & Tironi, M. (2016). Sociologizar la construcción de preferencias: elección escolar como práctica sociocultural. En J. Corvalán, A. Carrasco & J. E. García-Huidobro (eds.). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad, 81-111. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Carrasco, A.; Gutiérrez, G. & Flores, C. (2017). Failed Regulations and School Composition: Selective Admission Practices in Chilean Primary Schools. Journal of Education Policy, 32 (5), 642-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1312549
Cartwright, N. (1989). Nature’s Capacities and their Measurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Corvalán, J.; Carrasco, A. & García-Huidobro, J. E. (eds.) (2016). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Danermark, B.; Ekström, M.; Jakobsen, L. & Karlsson, J. C. (2002). Explaining Society. Critical Realism in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.
Donmoyer, R. (2012a). Attributing Causality in Qualitative Research: Viable Option or Inappropriate Aspiration? An Introduction to a Collection of Papers. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 651-654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412455012. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412455012
Donmoyer, R. (2012b). Can Qualitative Researchers Answer Policymakers’ What-Works Question? Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 662-673. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412454531. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412454531
Elacqua, G. & Fabrega, R. (2004). El consumidor de la educación: El actor olvidado de la libre elección de escuelas en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Programa de Promoción de la Reforma Educativa de América Latina y el Caribe, PREAL.
Erickson, F. (1989). Métodos cualitativos de investigación sobre la enseñanza. En Merlin C. Wittrock (ed.). La investigación de la enseñanza, II. Métodos cualitativos y de observación, 195-301. Barcelona: Paidós.
Fletcher, A. J. (2017). Applying Critical Realism in Qualitative Research: Methodology Meets Method. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20 (2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1144401
Gage, N. L. (1989). The Paradigm Wars and their Aftermath: A “Historical” Sketch of Research on Teaching Since 1989. Educational Researcher, 18 (7), 4-10.
Geertz, C. (2003). La interpretación de las culturas. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine.
Gómez, D.; Chumacero, R. A. & Paredes, R. D. (2012). School Choice and Information/Elección de escuelas e información. Estudios de Economía, 39 (2), 143-157. Disponible en: http://www.econ.uchile.cl/uploads/publicacion/8993d8b9eee0ec3cf787a4689166b98322b71aa4.pdf
Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth Generation Evaluation. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
Hempel, C. G. & Oppenheim, P. (1948). Studies in the Logic of Explanation. Philosophy of Science, 15 (2), 135-175. Disponible en: http://www.sfu.ca/~jillmc/Hempel%20and%20Oppenheim.pdf
Hesse, M. B. (1966). Models and Analogies in Science. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
Hume, D. (1786/2004). Investigación sobre el entendimiento humano. Madrid: Istmo.
Lather, P. (2006). Paradigm Proliferation as a Good Thing to Think with: Teaching Research in Education as a Wild Profusion. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19 (1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390500450144
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S. (1986). Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Disponible en: http://home.ku.edu.tr/~mbaker/CSHS503/LatourLabLif.pdf
Law, J. & Hassard, J. (1999). Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers/The Sociological Review.
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Mackie, J. L. (1974). The Cement of the Universe. A Study of Causation. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design. An Interactive Approach. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 41. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Maxwell, J. A. (2004). Using Qualitative Methods for Causal Explanation. Field Methods, 16 (3), 243-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X04266831. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249629625_Using_Qualitative_Methods_for_Causal_Explanation
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). The Importance of Qualitative Research for Causal Explanation in Education. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 655-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412452856. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412452856
Mohr, L. B. (1982). Explaining Organizational Behavior. Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioral Science Series, Vol. 1. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Parra-Heredia, J. D. (2016). Realismo crítico: una alternativa en el análisis social. Sociedad y Economía, 31, 215-238. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=99647007010
Reay, D. (2000). A Useful Extension of Bourdieu’s Conceptual Framework?: Emotional Capital as a Way of Understanding Mothers’ Involvement in Their Children’s Education? The Sociological Review, 48 (4), 568-585.
Salmon, W. C. (1984). Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sayer, A. (1992). Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Schinkel, W. (2007). Sociological Discourse of the Relational: the Cases of Bourdieu & Latour. The Sociological Review, 55 (4), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00749.x
Scott, D. (2007). Resolving the Quantitative-Qualitative Dilemma: A Critical Realist Approach. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 30 (1), 3-17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17437270701207694
Scott, D. (2014). Ontology, Epistemology, Strategy and Method in Educational Research. A Critical Realist Approach. magis, Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación, 7 (14), 29-38. Disponible en: http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/MAGIS/article/view/11853/pdf_1
Seppänen, P.; Carrasco, A.; Kalalahti, M.; Rinne, R. & Simola, H. (eds.) (2015). Contrasting Dynamics in Education Politics of Extremes: School Choice in Chile and Finland. Comparative and International Education: A Diversity of Voices, Vol. 37. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Suppes, P. (1970). A Probabilistic Theory of Causality. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company.
Tacq, J. (2011). Causality in Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Quality & Quantity, 45 (2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-009-9293-0
Vaughan, D. (2009). Analytic Ethnography. En P. Hedström & P. Bearman (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, 688-711. Oxford University Press.
Wright, G. H. von (1987). Explicación y comprensión. Luis Vega-Reñón (trad.). Madrid: Alianza.
Zanten, A. Van (2009). Choisir son école. Stratégies parentales et médiations locales. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, PUF.
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Barco, B., & Carrasco, A. (2018). Explicaciones causales en la investigación cualitativa: elección escolar en Chile. Revista Internacional De Pesquisa Em Educacao, 11(22), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.m11-22.ecic
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