Resumen
En la dinámica de la gestión de proyectos colaborativos, las organizaciones participantes hacen grandes esfuerzos y aportan recursos técnicos, tecnológicos y humanos para conseguir un producto que difícilmente podrán desarrollar de forma individual. Aunque existen las herramientas para ello, no es común encontrar soporte tecnológico para gestionar el conocimiento generado durante su ejecución. Por lo general, este conocimiento hace parte de la experiencia de los participantes, pero ni se recupera, ni se documenta, ni se aprovecha en las organizaciones y se pierde así un importante activo. En este artículo se propone una técnica en la que se aplica un enfoque de administración de conocimiento a la gestión de proyectos colaborativos y donde el conocimiento se expresa en términos de decisiones. Esto se logra por medio del análisis de las interacciones verbales que se dan entre los participantes en este tipo de proyectos, la identificación y recuperación de decisiones mediante técnicas de Grounded Theory Method (GTM) y la especificación de un conjunto de escenarios concretos de uso. La técnica fue aplicada en MONO, un framework para integración, control y optimización de procesos de producción de contenidos digitales en la que trabajan colaborativamente empresas de la industria creativa. El estudio provee un modelo de anotaciones que, sin ser intrusivo, permite recuperar y estructurar conocimiento expresado como decisiones, lo cual hace viable su reproducción en otros dominios.
[2] S. Wang and R.A. Noe, “Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research,” Hum. Resour. Manage. R., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 115-31, 2010.
[3] M.A.F. Ragab and A. Arisha. “Knowledge management and measurement: A critical review,” J. Knowl. Manage., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 873-901, 2013.
[4] F. Burstein and S. Carlsson, “Decision support through knowledge management,” in Handbook on Decision Support Systems 1, ser. International Handbooks Information System. Berlin: Springer, 2008, pp. 103–120.
[5] F. Lindner and A. Wald, “Success factors of knowledge management in temporary organizations,” Int. J. Project Manage., vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 877–888, 2011.
[6] H. Abdul-Jalal, P. Toulson, and D. Tweed, “Knowledge sharing success for sustaining organizational competitive advantage,” Procedia Econ. Financ., vol. 7, pp. 150-157, 2013.
[7] D. Paul, “Collaborative activities in virtual settings: case studies of telemedicine,” in Proc. of the 38th Annu.Hawaii Int. Conf. on System Sciences, pp. 147a, 2005.
[8] S. Pemsel and A. Wiewiora, “Project management office a knowledge broker in projectbased organisations,” Int. J. Project Manage., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 31–42, 2013.
[9] I. Nonaka, “A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation,” Org. Sci., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 14-37, 1994.
[10] R. Nicolas, “Knowledge management impacts on decision making process,” J. Knowl. Manage., vol. 8, no. 1 pp. 20–31, 2004.
[11] G.D. Bhatt, “Organizing knowledge in the knowledge development cycle,” J. Knowl. Manage., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 15–26, 2000.
[12] V. Ambrosini and C. Bowman, “Tacit knowledge: some suggestions for operationalization,” J. Manage. Stud., vol. 38 no. 6, pp. 811-29, 2001.
[13] J. Castillo, “A note on the concept of tacit knowledge,” J. Manage. Inq., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 46-57, 2002.
[14] G. Pedraza-García, H. Astudillo, and D. Correal, “DVIA: Understanding how software architects make decisions in design meetings,” in Proc. of the 2015 Eur. Conf. on Software Architecture Workshops, ser. ECSAW ’15. New York, NY, USA: ACM, pp. 51:1–51:7, 2015.
[15] T. Nesheim and J. Smith, “Knowledge sharing in projects: does employment arrangement matter?,” Pers. Rev., vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 255–269, 2015.
[16] R.H. Stevens, J. Millage, and S, Clark. “Waves of knowledge management: The flow between explicit and tacit knowledge,” Am. J. Econ. Bus. Adm., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 129-135, 2010.
[17] T.H. Davenport and L. Prusak, “Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know,” Ubiquity, vol. 2000, no. 1, 2000.
[18] P.J.H. Schoemaker, “Scenario Planning: A tool for strategic thinking,” Sloan Manage. Rev., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 25, 1995.
[19] P.I. Oluikpe, “Knowledge creation and utilization in project teams,” J. Knowl. Manage., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 351–371, 2015.
[20] J. McKenzie, C. Winkelen, and S. Grewal, “Developing organisational decision-making capability: a knowledge manager’s guide,” J. Knowl. Manage., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 403–421, 2011.
[21] K.Y. Wong, L.P. Tan, C.S. Lee, and W.P. Wong. “Knowledge management performance measurement: measures, approaches, trends and future directions Information,” Development, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 239-257, 2015.
[22] MONO Project. MONO Contenidos Digitales, manejo de la integración, control y optimización de contenidos digitales. 2016. Web Site. [Online]. Available: http://wikimono.uniandes.edu.co/.
[23] G. Pedraza-Garcia, G. Beltrán, D. Correal, and O. González, “MONO+KM: Knowledge management in collaborative project development,” in Computing Colombian Conference (10CCC), pp. 141-149, 2015.
[24] M. Todorovíc, D. Petrovíc, M. Mihíc, V. Obradovíc, and S. Bushuyev, “Project success analysis framework: A knowledge-based approach in project management,” Int. J. Project Manage., vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 772–783, 2015.
[25] V. Holzmann, “A meta-analysis of brokering knowledge in project management,” Int. J. Project Manage., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 2–13, 2013.
[26] L. Simon, “Managing creative projects: An empirical synthesis of activities,” Int. J. Project Manage., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 116–126, 2006.
[27] J. Moody and M. Dodgson, “Managing complex collaborative projects: Lessons from the development of a new satellite,” J. Technol. Transfer, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 568–588, 2006.
[29] D. Xinghang, M. Nada, and D. Guillaume, “Knowledge discovery in collaborative design projects,” in 2014 Int. Conf. on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS), pp. 330–336, 2014.
[28] D. Falessi, M. Becker, and G. Cantone. “Design decision rationale: Experiences and steps ahead towards systematic use,” SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes, vol. 31, no. 5, article 2, 2006.
[30] R.M. Utami and D.C. Lantu, “Development competitiveness model for small-medium enterprises among the creative industry in bandung”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 115, no. 21, pp. 305-323, 2014.
[31] J. Zheng and R. Chan, “The impact of creative industry clusters on cultural and creative industry development in Shanghai,” City, Culture and Society, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 9–22, 2014.
[32] I. Rozentale and M. Lavanga, “The universal characteristics of creative industries revisited: The case of Riga,” City, Culture and Society, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 55–64, 2014.
[33] M. Marcella and S. Rowley, “An exploration of the extent to which project management tools and techniques can be applied across creative industries through a study of their application in the fashion industry in the North East of Scotland,” Int. J. Project Manage., vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 735–746, 2015.
[34] I. Moore, “Cultural and creative industries concept - a historical perspective,” Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 110, pp. 738–746, 2014.
[35] R. Compesi, Video Field Production and Editing, 7th ed. Waltham, Massachusetts: Focal Press, 2006.
[36] M. Bakker, R.T. Leenders, S.M. Gabbay, J. Kratzer, and J.M.L. Engelen, “Is trust really social capital? Knowledge sharing in product development projects,” The Learning Organization, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 594–605, 2006.
[37] M. Gephart, V. Marsick, M. Van Buren, and M. Spiro, “Learning organizations come alive,” Train. Dev., vol. 50, pp. 34-4, 1996.
[38] D.M. Ahmed, D. Sundaram, and S. Piramuthu. “Knowledge-based scenario management — Process and support,” Decis. Support Syst., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 507-520, 2010.
[39] P. Bishop, A. Hines, and T. Collins, “The current state of scenario development: An overview of techniques,” Foresight, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 5–25, 2007.
[40] D.M. Ahmed, D. Sundaram, and S. Piramuthu, “Knowledge based scenario management - Process and support,” Decis. Support Syst., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 507–520, 2010.
[41] A. Kankanhalli, A. and B. Tan, “Knowledge management metrics: A review and directions for future research,” Int. J. Knowl. Manage., vol. 1, no. 2, p. 20, 2005.
[42] R. Mitchell and B. Boyle, “Knowledge creation measurement methods,” Int. J. Knowl. Manage., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 67–82, 2010.
[43] E.G. Glaser and A.L. Strauss. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. London: Weidenfeld and Nicplson, 1967.
[44] G. Allan. “A critique of using grounded theory as a research method,” Electron. J. Bus. Res. Method, vol. 2, no. 1, 2003.
[45] T.-F. Chiu, C.-F. Hong, and Y.-T. Chiu, “An experiment model of grounded theory and chance discovery for scenario exploration” in Advances in Intelligent Information and Database Systems, 2010.
[46] A.L. Strauss and J. Corbin, Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for developing Grounded Theory. London: Sage, 1998.
[47] J. Lawrence and U. Tar. “The use of grounded theory technique as a practical tool for qualitative data collection and analysis,” Electron. J. Bus. Res. Method, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 29-40, 2013.
[48] J. Tyree and A. Akerman, “Architecture decisions: demystifying architecture,” IEEE Softw., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 19-27, 2005.
[49] M.Y. Chen, M.J. Huang, and Y.C. Cheng, “Measuring knowledge management performance using a competitive perspective: An empirical study,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 8449-8459, 2009.
[50] MediaWiki, “Main page.” [Online], Available: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/MediaWiki.
[51] Semantic Media Wiki. [Online]. Available: http://semantic-mediawiki.org/.
[52] H.H. Chang, Y.C. Tsai, and Y.H. Chen, “Knowledge characteristics, implementation measures and performance in Taiwan hospital organizations,” Int. J. Bus. Inform., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 23–44, 2009.
[53] R. Erwee, B. Skadiang, and B. Roxas, “Knowledge management culture, strategy and process in Malaysian firms,” Knowl. Manage. Res. Pract., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 89–98, 2012.
[54] K. Charmaz, Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. London: Sage, 2006.
[55] W. Kunz, H.W. J. Rittel, W. Messrs, H. Dehlinger, T. Mann, and J.J. Protzen, “Issues as elements of information systems,” Tech. Rep., 1970.
[56] W. Xiong, H. Lu, C. Fang, and Z. Wang, “Research and implementation of instant collaborative development for 3D animation production,” in 2010 2nd Int. Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications (ISA), pp. 1–4, 2010.
[57] V. Pipek, V. Wulf, and A. Johri, “Bridging artifacts and actors: Expertise sharing in organizational ecosystems,” Comput. Supported Coop. Work, vol. 21, no. 2-3, pp. 261–282, 2012.
[58] M. Terzieva, “Project knowledge management: How organizations learn from experience,” Procedia Technol., vol. 16, pp. 1086–1095, 2014.
[59] J. Abke, C. Gold, N. Kalberer, and M. Kuhn, “Collaborative knowledge transfer via Wiki: A project based learning approach in software engineering,” in 2014 Int. Conf. On Interactive Collaborative Learning (ICL), pp. 283–288, 2014.
[60] C.H. Yang, M.Y. Wu, C.M. Lin, and D.L. Yang, “Implementation of Wiki-based knowledge management systems for small research groups,” 2008 Eighth Int. Conf. on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, vol. 2, pp. 346–349, 2008.
Una vez aceptado un trabajo para publicación la revista podrá disponer de él en toda su extensión, tanto directamente como a través de intermediarios, ya sea de forma impresa o electrónica, para su publicación ya sea en medio impreso o en medio electrónico, en formatos electrónicos de almacenamiento, en sitios de la Internet propios o de cualquier otro editor. Este uso tiene como fin divulgar el trabajo en la comunidad científica y académica nacional e internacional y no persigue fines de lucro. Para ello el autor o los autores le otorgan el permiso correspondiente a la revista para dicha divulgación mediante autorización escrita.
Todos los articulos aceptados para publicación son sometidos a corrección de estilo. Por tanto el autor /los autores autorizan desde ya los cambios sufridos por el artículo en la corrección de estilo.
El autor o los autores conservarán los derechos morales y patrimoniales del artículo.