Causal Explanations in the Qualitative Researches: School Selection in Chile
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Oct 16, 2018
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Blanca Barco
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-1462
Alejandro Carrasco
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1504-5044
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-1462
Alejandro Carrasco
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1504-5044
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Abstract
This paper reflects on how the qualitative researches on education can lead to causal explanations. To do so, this work aims to analyze the concept of causality and its positioning in both the positivist and interpretative paradigms. Next, an in-depth work is developed about the strategies and analyses enabling the production of contextualized and conceptualized mechanisms. In addition, drawing on a qualitative research about school selection, the production of causal explanations and mechanisms will be instantiated through the research outcomes. Finally, concludes on the contribution of the critical realism to the qualitative researches, so as to produce causal explanations.
Keywords
Causal analysis, pedagogical research, schooling optionsAnálisis causal, investigación pedagógica, opciones educativas
References
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Archer, M.; Bhaskar, R.; Collier, A.; Lawson, T. & Norrie, A. (1998). Critical Realism: Essential Readings. New York, Abingdon: Routledge.
Ball, S. J.; Bowe, R. & Gewirtz, S. (1996). School Choice, Social Class and Distinction: the Realization of Social Advantage in Education. Journal of Education Policy, 11 (1), 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093960110105
Bhaskar, R. (1975/2008). A Realist Theory of Science. London, New York: Routledge. Disponible en: https://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Roy_Bhaskar_A_Realist_Theory_of_Science.pdf
Blaikie, N. (2007). Approaches to Social Enquiry: Advancing Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, Vol. 16. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. En J. G. Richardson (ed.). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, 241-258. New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (2002). La distinción: criterio y bases sociales del gusto. México: Taurus.
Bourdieu, P. (2003). Las estructuras sociales de la economía. Buenos Aires: Manantial.
Callon, M. (1986). Some Elements of Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of the Saint Brieuc Bay. En J. Law (ed.). Power, Action, and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge?, 196-233. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books.
Campbell, N. R. (1957). Foundations of Science: The Philosophy of Theory and Experiment. Nueva York: Dover.
Carrasco, A.; Falabella, A. & Tironi, M. (2016). Sociologizar la construcción de preferencias: elección escolar como práctica sociocultural. En J. Corvalán, A. Carrasco & J. E. García-Huidobro (eds.). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad, 81-111. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Carrasco, A.; Gutiérrez, G. & Flores, C. (2017). Failed Regulations and School Composition: Selective Admission Practices in Chilean Primary Schools. Journal of Education Policy, 32 (5), 642-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1312549
Cartwright, N. (1989). Nature’s Capacities and their Measurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Corvalán, J.; Carrasco, A. & García-Huidobro, J. E. (eds.) (2016). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Danermark, B.; Ekström, M.; Jakobsen, L. & Karlsson, J. C. (2002). Explaining Society. Critical Realism in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.
Donmoyer, R. (2012a). Attributing Causality in Qualitative Research: Viable Option or Inappropriate Aspiration? An Introduction to a Collection of Papers. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 651-654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412455012. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412455012
Donmoyer, R. (2012b). Can Qualitative Researchers Answer Policymakers’ What-Works Question? Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 662-673. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412454531. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412454531
Elacqua, G. & Fabrega, R. (2004). El consumidor de la educación: El actor olvidado de la libre elección de escuelas en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Programa de Promoción de la Reforma Educativa de América Latina y el Caribe, PREAL.
Erickson, F. (1989). Métodos cualitativos de investigación sobre la enseñanza. En Merlin C. Wittrock (ed.). La investigación de la enseñanza, II. Métodos cualitativos y de observación, 195-301. Barcelona: Paidós.
Fletcher, A. J. (2017). Applying Critical Realism in Qualitative Research: Methodology Meets Method. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20 (2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1144401
Gage, N. L. (1989). The Paradigm Wars and their Aftermath: A “Historical” Sketch of Research on Teaching Since 1989. Educational Researcher, 18 (7), 4-10.
Geertz, C. (2003). La interpretación de las culturas. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine.
Gómez, D.; Chumacero, R. A. & Paredes, R. D. (2012). School Choice and Information/Elección de escuelas e información. Estudios de Economía, 39 (2), 143-157. Disponible en: http://www.econ.uchile.cl/uploads/publicacion/8993d8b9eee0ec3cf787a4689166b98322b71aa4.pdf
Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth Generation Evaluation. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
Hempel, C. G. & Oppenheim, P. (1948). Studies in the Logic of Explanation. Philosophy of Science, 15 (2), 135-175. Disponible en: http://www.sfu.ca/~jillmc/Hempel%20and%20Oppenheim.pdf
Hesse, M. B. (1966). Models and Analogies in Science. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
Hume, D. (1786/2004). Investigación sobre el entendimiento humano. Madrid: Istmo.
Lather, P. (2006). Paradigm Proliferation as a Good Thing to Think with: Teaching Research in Education as a Wild Profusion. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19 (1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390500450144
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S. (1986). Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Disponible en: http://home.ku.edu.tr/~mbaker/CSHS503/LatourLabLif.pdf
Law, J. & Hassard, J. (1999). Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers/The Sociological Review.
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Mackie, J. L. (1974). The Cement of the Universe. A Study of Causation. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design. An Interactive Approach. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 41. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Maxwell, J. A. (2004). Using Qualitative Methods for Causal Explanation. Field Methods, 16 (3), 243-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X04266831. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249629625_Using_Qualitative_Methods_for_Causal_Explanation
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). The Importance of Qualitative Research for Causal Explanation in Education. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 655-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412452856. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412452856
Mohr, L. B. (1982). Explaining Organizational Behavior. Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioral Science Series, Vol. 1. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Parra-Heredia, J. D. (2016). Realismo crítico: una alternativa en el análisis social. Sociedad y Economía, 31, 215-238. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=99647007010
Reay, D. (2000). A Useful Extension of Bourdieu’s Conceptual Framework?: Emotional Capital as a Way of Understanding Mothers’ Involvement in Their Children’s Education? The Sociological Review, 48 (4), 568-585.
Salmon, W. C. (1984). Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sayer, A. (1992). Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Schinkel, W. (2007). Sociological Discourse of the Relational: the Cases of Bourdieu & Latour. The Sociological Review, 55 (4), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00749.x
Scott, D. (2007). Resolving the Quantitative-Qualitative Dilemma: A Critical Realist Approach. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 30 (1), 3-17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17437270701207694
Scott, D. (2014). Ontology, Epistemology, Strategy and Method in Educational Research. A Critical Realist Approach. magis, Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación, 7 (14), 29-38. Disponible en: http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/MAGIS/article/view/11853/pdf_1
Seppänen, P.; Carrasco, A.; Kalalahti, M.; Rinne, R. & Simola, H. (eds.) (2015). Contrasting Dynamics in Education Politics of Extremes: School Choice in Chile and Finland. Comparative and International Education: A Diversity of Voices, Vol. 37. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Suppes, P. (1970). A Probabilistic Theory of Causality. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company.
Tacq, J. (2011). Causality in Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Quality & Quantity, 45 (2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-009-9293-0
Vaughan, D. (2009). Analytic Ethnography. En P. Hedström & P. Bearman (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, 688-711. Oxford University Press.
Wright, G. H. von (1987). Explicación y comprensión. Luis Vega-Reñón (trad.). Madrid: Alianza.
Zanten, A. Van (2009). Choisir son école. Stratégies parentales et médiations locales. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, PUF.
Archer, M.; Bhaskar, R.; Collier, A.; Lawson, T. & Norrie, A. (1998). Critical Realism: Essential Readings. New York, Abingdon: Routledge.
Ball, S. J.; Bowe, R. & Gewirtz, S. (1996). School Choice, Social Class and Distinction: the Realization of Social Advantage in Education. Journal of Education Policy, 11 (1), 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/0268093960110105
Bhaskar, R. (1975/2008). A Realist Theory of Science. London, New York: Routledge. Disponible en: https://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Roy_Bhaskar_A_Realist_Theory_of_Science.pdf
Blaikie, N. (2007). Approaches to Social Enquiry: Advancing Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge Studies in Social Anthropology, Vol. 16. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. En J. G. Richardson (ed.). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, 241-258. New York: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (2002). La distinción: criterio y bases sociales del gusto. México: Taurus.
Bourdieu, P. (2003). Las estructuras sociales de la economía. Buenos Aires: Manantial.
Callon, M. (1986). Some Elements of Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of the Saint Brieuc Bay. En J. Law (ed.). Power, Action, and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge?, 196-233. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books.
Campbell, N. R. (1957). Foundations of Science: The Philosophy of Theory and Experiment. Nueva York: Dover.
Carrasco, A.; Falabella, A. & Tironi, M. (2016). Sociologizar la construcción de preferencias: elección escolar como práctica sociocultural. En J. Corvalán, A. Carrasco & J. E. García-Huidobro (eds.). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad, 81-111. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Carrasco, A.; Gutiérrez, G. & Flores, C. (2017). Failed Regulations and School Composition: Selective Admission Practices in Chilean Primary Schools. Journal of Education Policy, 32 (5), 642-672. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1312549
Cartwright, N. (1989). Nature’s Capacities and their Measurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Corvalán, J.; Carrasco, A. & García-Huidobro, J. E. (eds.) (2016). Mercado escolar y oportunidad educacional: libertad, diversidad y desigualdad. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Ediciones UC.
Danermark, B.; Ekström, M.; Jakobsen, L. & Karlsson, J. C. (2002). Explaining Society. Critical Realism in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.
Donmoyer, R. (2012a). Attributing Causality in Qualitative Research: Viable Option or Inappropriate Aspiration? An Introduction to a Collection of Papers. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 651-654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412455012. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412455012
Donmoyer, R. (2012b). Can Qualitative Researchers Answer Policymakers’ What-Works Question? Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 662-673. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412454531. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412454531
Elacqua, G. & Fabrega, R. (2004). El consumidor de la educación: El actor olvidado de la libre elección de escuelas en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Programa de Promoción de la Reforma Educativa de América Latina y el Caribe, PREAL.
Erickson, F. (1989). Métodos cualitativos de investigación sobre la enseñanza. En Merlin C. Wittrock (ed.). La investigación de la enseñanza, II. Métodos cualitativos y de observación, 195-301. Barcelona: Paidós.
Fletcher, A. J. (2017). Applying Critical Realism in Qualitative Research: Methodology Meets Method. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20 (2), 181-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1144401
Gage, N. L. (1989). The Paradigm Wars and their Aftermath: A “Historical” Sketch of Research on Teaching Since 1989. Educational Researcher, 18 (7), 4-10.
Geertz, C. (2003). La interpretación de las culturas. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine.
Gómez, D.; Chumacero, R. A. & Paredes, R. D. (2012). School Choice and Information/Elección de escuelas e información. Estudios de Economía, 39 (2), 143-157. Disponible en: http://www.econ.uchile.cl/uploads/publicacion/8993d8b9eee0ec3cf787a4689166b98322b71aa4.pdf
Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth Generation Evaluation. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.
Hempel, C. G. & Oppenheim, P. (1948). Studies in the Logic of Explanation. Philosophy of Science, 15 (2), 135-175. Disponible en: http://www.sfu.ca/~jillmc/Hempel%20and%20Oppenheim.pdf
Hesse, M. B. (1966). Models and Analogies in Science. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
Hume, D. (1786/2004). Investigación sobre el entendimiento humano. Madrid: Istmo.
Lather, P. (2006). Paradigm Proliferation as a Good Thing to Think with: Teaching Research in Education as a Wild Profusion. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19 (1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518390500450144
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S. (1986). Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Disponible en: http://home.ku.edu.tr/~mbaker/CSHS503/LatourLabLif.pdf
Law, J. & Hassard, J. (1999). Actor Network Theory and After. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers/The Sociological Review.
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Mackie, J. L. (1974). The Cement of the Universe. A Study of Causation. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design. An Interactive Approach. Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 41. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Maxwell, J. A. (2004). Using Qualitative Methods for Causal Explanation. Field Methods, 16 (3), 243-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X04266831. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249629625_Using_Qualitative_Methods_for_Causal_Explanation
Maxwell, J. A. (2012). The Importance of Qualitative Research for Causal Explanation in Education. Qualitative Inquiry, 18 (8), 655-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800412452856. Disponible en: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077800412452856
Mohr, L. B. (1982). Explaining Organizational Behavior. Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioral Science Series, Vol. 1. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Parra-Heredia, J. D. (2016). Realismo crítico: una alternativa en el análisis social. Sociedad y Economía, 31, 215-238. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=99647007010
Reay, D. (2000). A Useful Extension of Bourdieu’s Conceptual Framework?: Emotional Capital as a Way of Understanding Mothers’ Involvement in Their Children’s Education? The Sociological Review, 48 (4), 568-585.
Salmon, W. C. (1984). Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sayer, A. (1992). Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Schinkel, W. (2007). Sociological Discourse of the Relational: the Cases of Bourdieu & Latour. The Sociological Review, 55 (4), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00749.x
Scott, D. (2007). Resolving the Quantitative-Qualitative Dilemma: A Critical Realist Approach. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 30 (1), 3-17. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17437270701207694
Scott, D. (2014). Ontology, Epistemology, Strategy and Method in Educational Research. A Critical Realist Approach. magis, Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación, 7 (14), 29-38. Disponible en: http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/MAGIS/article/view/11853/pdf_1
Seppänen, P.; Carrasco, A.; Kalalahti, M.; Rinne, R. & Simola, H. (eds.) (2015). Contrasting Dynamics in Education Politics of Extremes: School Choice in Chile and Finland. Comparative and International Education: A Diversity of Voices, Vol. 37. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Suppes, P. (1970). A Probabilistic Theory of Causality. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company.
Tacq, J. (2011). Causality in Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Quality & Quantity, 45 (2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-009-9293-0
Vaughan, D. (2009). Analytic Ethnography. En P. Hedström & P. Bearman (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Analytical Sociology, 688-711. Oxford University Press.
Wright, G. H. von (1987). Explicación y comprensión. Luis Vega-Reñón (trad.). Madrid: Alianza.
Zanten, A. Van (2009). Choisir son école. Stratégies parentales et médiations locales. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, PUF.
How to Cite
Barco, B., & Carrasco, A. (2018). Causal Explanations in the Qualitative Researches: School Selection in Chile. Magis, Revista Internacional De Investigación En Educación, 11(22), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.m11-22.ecic
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