Electrical Injuries
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Abstract
The electric burns in contrast with another type of burns are more complex because these produce a high morbility affecting the skin, vital organs like the heart, brain and respiratory muscles. Also, the electrical injuries can produce acute kidney injury by rhabdomyolysis, compartment syndrome and complex wounds. All this means that the electrical injury is a medical challenge for the early identification and the management of its complications. This article makes a review of this theme.
Keywords
Electric injuries, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, compartment syndrome, traumatismos por electricidad, rabdomiólisis, lesión renal aguda, síndromes compartimentales,
References
1. Arnoldo BD, Purdue GF. The diagnosis and management of electrical injuries. Hand Clin. 2009;25:469-79.
2. Arnoldo BD, Purdue GF, Kowalske K et al. Electrical injuries: A 20-year review. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2004;25:479-84.
3. Koumbourlis AC. Electrical injuries. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(11 Suppl):S424-30.
4. Cooper MA. Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Semin Neurol. 1995;15:268-78.
5. Jain S, Bandi V. Electrical and lightning injuries. Crit Care Clin. 1999;15:319-31.
6. Bernstein T. Electrical injury: Electrical engineer’s perspective and an historical review. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1994;720:1-10.
7. Layton TR, McMurty JM, McClain EJ et al. Multiple spine fractures from electric injury. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1984;5:373-5.
8. Lee RC. Injury by electrical forces: Pathophysiology, manifestations and therapy. Curr Probl Surg. 1997;34(9):681-764.
9. Zimmerman JL, Shen MC. Rhabdomyolysis. CHEST. 2013;144(3):1058-65.
10. Yiannis SC, Gesthimani M, Apostolos I et al. The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: complications and treatment. Eur J Intern Med. 2008;19:568-74.
11. Heyman SN, Rosen S, Fuchs S et al. Myoglobinuric acute renal failure in rat: A role for medullary hypoperfusion, hypoxia and tubular obstruction. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:1066-74.
12. Thadhani R, Pascual M, Bonventre JV. Acute renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1448-60.
13. Zager RA, Gamelin LM. Pathogenic mechanisms in experimental hemoglobinuric acute renal failure. Am J Physiol. 1989;256(3Pt 2):F446-55.
14. Knochel JP. Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Annu Rev Med. 1982;33: 435-43.
15. Baxter CR, Shires T. Physiological response to crystalloid resuscitation of severe burns. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1968;150:874-94.
16. Eneas JF, Schoenfeld PY, Humphreys MH. The effect of infusion of mannitolsodium bicarbonate on the clinical course of myoglobinuria. Arch Intern Med. 1979;139(7):801-5.
17. Ron D, Taitelman U, Michaelson M et al.
Prevention of acute renal failure in traumatic rhabdomyolysis. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144(2):277-80.
18. Brown CV, Rhee P, Chan L et al. Preventing renal failure in patients with rhabdomyolysis: Do bicarbonate and mannitol make a difference? J Trauma. 2004;56(6):1191-96.
19. Homsi E, Barreiro MF, Orlando JM, Higa EM. Prophylaxis of acute renal failure in patients with rhabdomyolysis. Ren Fail. 1997;19(2):283-8.
20. Arnoldo BD, Klein M, Gibran NS. Practice guidelines for the management of electrical injuries. J Burn Care Res. 2006 Jul-Aug;27(4):439-47.
21. Das KM. Electrocardiographic changes following electrical shock. Ind J Pediatr. 1974;41:192-4.
22. Chandra NC, Siu CO, Munster AM. Clinical predictors of myocardial damage after high voltage electrical injury. Crit Care Med. 1990;18:293-7.
23. Housinger TA, Green L, Shahanigan S, Saffle JR, Warden GD. A prospective study of myocardial damage in electrical injuries. J Trauma. 1985;25:122.
24. Bailey B, Gaudreault P, Thiviege RL. Experience with guidelines for cardiac monitoring after electrical injury in children. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:671-5.
25. Zubair M, Bessner GE. Pediatric electrical burns: Management strategies. Burns. 1997;23:413-20.
26. Purdue GF, Hunt JL. Electrocardiographic monitoring after electrical injury: Necessity of luxury. J Trauma. 1986;26:166.
27. Hunt JL, Sato RM, Baxter CR. Acute electric burns. Arch Surg. 1980;115:434-8.
28. Arrowsmith J, Usgaocar RP, Dickson WA. Electrical injury and frequency of cardiac complications. Burns. 1997;23:676-8.
29. Ahrenholz DH, Schubert W, Solem LD. Creatine kinase as a prognostic indicator in electrical injury. Surgery. 1988;104:741-7.
30. Baxter CR. Present concepts in the management of major electrical injury. Surg Clin N Am. 1970;50:1401-18.
31. Guinard JP, Chiolero R, Buchser E, et al. Myocardial injury after electrical burns: Short and long term study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987;21:301-2.
32. Mann R, Gibran N, Engrav L, Heimbach D. Is immediate decompression of high voltage electrical injuries to the upper extremity always necessary? J Trauma. 1996;40(4):584-9.
33. Luce E, Gottlieb SE. “True” high-tension electrical injuries. Ann Plast Surg. 1984;12:321-6.
34. Achauer B, Applebaum R, Vander Kam VM. Electric burn injury to the upper extremity. Br J Plast Surg. 1994;47:331-40.
35. Mann RJ, Wallquist JM. Early fasciotomy in the treatment of high-voltage electrical burns of the extremities. South Med J. 1975;68:1103-8.
36. D’Amato TA, Kaplan JB, Britt LD. High-voltage electrical injury: A role for mandatory exploration of deep muscle compartments. J Natl Med Assoc. 1994;86:535-7.
37. Kopp J, Loos B, Spilker G, Horch RE. Correlation between serum creatinine kinase levels and extent of muscle damage in electrical burns. Burns. 2004;30:680-3.
38. Silverberg B, Banis JC Jr, Verdi GD, Acland RD. Microvascular reconstruction after electrical and deep thermal injury. J Trauma. 1986;26:128-34.
39. Hagan KF, Buncke HJ, Gonzales R. Free latissimus dorsi muscle flap coverage of an electrical burn of the lower extremity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;1:125-8.
40. Niu AKC, Yang C, Lee HC et al. Burns treated with adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a comparative study in humans. J Hyperbaric Med. 1987;2:75-85.
41. Grossman AR. Hyperbaricoxygen in the treatment of burns. Ann Plast Surg. 1978;1:163-71.
42. Villanueva E, Bennett MH, Wasiak J, Lehm JP. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for thermal burns. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;(2):CD004727.
2. Arnoldo BD, Purdue GF, Kowalske K et al. Electrical injuries: A 20-year review. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2004;25:479-84.
3. Koumbourlis AC. Electrical injuries. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(11 Suppl):S424-30.
4. Cooper MA. Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Semin Neurol. 1995;15:268-78.
5. Jain S, Bandi V. Electrical and lightning injuries. Crit Care Clin. 1999;15:319-31.
6. Bernstein T. Electrical injury: Electrical engineer’s perspective and an historical review. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1994;720:1-10.
7. Layton TR, McMurty JM, McClain EJ et al. Multiple spine fractures from electric injury. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1984;5:373-5.
8. Lee RC. Injury by electrical forces: Pathophysiology, manifestations and therapy. Curr Probl Surg. 1997;34(9):681-764.
9. Zimmerman JL, Shen MC. Rhabdomyolysis. CHEST. 2013;144(3):1058-65.
10. Yiannis SC, Gesthimani M, Apostolos I et al. The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: complications and treatment. Eur J Intern Med. 2008;19:568-74.
11. Heyman SN, Rosen S, Fuchs S et al. Myoglobinuric acute renal failure in rat: A role for medullary hypoperfusion, hypoxia and tubular obstruction. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:1066-74.
12. Thadhani R, Pascual M, Bonventre JV. Acute renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1448-60.
13. Zager RA, Gamelin LM. Pathogenic mechanisms in experimental hemoglobinuric acute renal failure. Am J Physiol. 1989;256(3Pt 2):F446-55.
14. Knochel JP. Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Annu Rev Med. 1982;33: 435-43.
15. Baxter CR, Shires T. Physiological response to crystalloid resuscitation of severe burns. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1968;150:874-94.
16. Eneas JF, Schoenfeld PY, Humphreys MH. The effect of infusion of mannitolsodium bicarbonate on the clinical course of myoglobinuria. Arch Intern Med. 1979;139(7):801-5.
17. Ron D, Taitelman U, Michaelson M et al.
Prevention of acute renal failure in traumatic rhabdomyolysis. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144(2):277-80.
18. Brown CV, Rhee P, Chan L et al. Preventing renal failure in patients with rhabdomyolysis: Do bicarbonate and mannitol make a difference? J Trauma. 2004;56(6):1191-96.
19. Homsi E, Barreiro MF, Orlando JM, Higa EM. Prophylaxis of acute renal failure in patients with rhabdomyolysis. Ren Fail. 1997;19(2):283-8.
20. Arnoldo BD, Klein M, Gibran NS. Practice guidelines for the management of electrical injuries. J Burn Care Res. 2006 Jul-Aug;27(4):439-47.
21. Das KM. Electrocardiographic changes following electrical shock. Ind J Pediatr. 1974;41:192-4.
22. Chandra NC, Siu CO, Munster AM. Clinical predictors of myocardial damage after high voltage electrical injury. Crit Care Med. 1990;18:293-7.
23. Housinger TA, Green L, Shahanigan S, Saffle JR, Warden GD. A prospective study of myocardial damage in electrical injuries. J Trauma. 1985;25:122.
24. Bailey B, Gaudreault P, Thiviege RL. Experience with guidelines for cardiac monitoring after electrical injury in children. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:671-5.
25. Zubair M, Bessner GE. Pediatric electrical burns: Management strategies. Burns. 1997;23:413-20.
26. Purdue GF, Hunt JL. Electrocardiographic monitoring after electrical injury: Necessity of luxury. J Trauma. 1986;26:166.
27. Hunt JL, Sato RM, Baxter CR. Acute electric burns. Arch Surg. 1980;115:434-8.
28. Arrowsmith J, Usgaocar RP, Dickson WA. Electrical injury and frequency of cardiac complications. Burns. 1997;23:676-8.
29. Ahrenholz DH, Schubert W, Solem LD. Creatine kinase as a prognostic indicator in electrical injury. Surgery. 1988;104:741-7.
30. Baxter CR. Present concepts in the management of major electrical injury. Surg Clin N Am. 1970;50:1401-18.
31. Guinard JP, Chiolero R, Buchser E, et al. Myocardial injury after electrical burns: Short and long term study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987;21:301-2.
32. Mann R, Gibran N, Engrav L, Heimbach D. Is immediate decompression of high voltage electrical injuries to the upper extremity always necessary? J Trauma. 1996;40(4):584-9.
33. Luce E, Gottlieb SE. “True” high-tension electrical injuries. Ann Plast Surg. 1984;12:321-6.
34. Achauer B, Applebaum R, Vander Kam VM. Electric burn injury to the upper extremity. Br J Plast Surg. 1994;47:331-40.
35. Mann RJ, Wallquist JM. Early fasciotomy in the treatment of high-voltage electrical burns of the extremities. South Med J. 1975;68:1103-8.
36. D’Amato TA, Kaplan JB, Britt LD. High-voltage electrical injury: A role for mandatory exploration of deep muscle compartments. J Natl Med Assoc. 1994;86:535-7.
37. Kopp J, Loos B, Spilker G, Horch RE. Correlation between serum creatinine kinase levels and extent of muscle damage in electrical burns. Burns. 2004;30:680-3.
38. Silverberg B, Banis JC Jr, Verdi GD, Acland RD. Microvascular reconstruction after electrical and deep thermal injury. J Trauma. 1986;26:128-34.
39. Hagan KF, Buncke HJ, Gonzales R. Free latissimus dorsi muscle flap coverage of an electrical burn of the lower extremity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1982;1:125-8.
40. Niu AKC, Yang C, Lee HC et al. Burns treated with adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a comparative study in humans. J Hyperbaric Med. 1987;2:75-85.
41. Grossman AR. Hyperbaricoxygen in the treatment of burns. Ann Plast Surg. 1978;1:163-71.
42. Villanueva E, Bennett MH, Wasiak J, Lehm JP. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for thermal burns. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004;(2):CD004727.
How to Cite
Leyva, J. C., & Carvajal-Flechas, F. (2014). Electrical Injuries. Universitas Medica, 56(1), 63–74. Retrieved from https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/vnimedica/article/view/16343
Issue
Section
Short Reviews