Keywords
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
Electronic cigarette
Adolescent
Public Health
Mental Health
Electronic cigarette
Adolescent
Public Health
Mental Health
How to Cite
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Threat to the Neurodevelopment of Adolescents?. (2019). Universitas Medica, 60(4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed60-4.sean
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Google Scholar
Abstract
Introduction: Electronic cigarettes were introduced in the market in 2003. Since then they have become a device broadly used worldwide with an important commercial activity. Unfortunately, they have an equivalent or even greater risk for multiple harmful health outcomes when compared with conventional cigarettes. Nevertheless, these devices are perceived less harmful or addictive, and are more socially accepted. Additionally, most users belong to the teenage population, which is characterized by greater vulnerability due to the ongoing neurodevelopment process. Objective: Conduct a thematic review of the electronic cigarettes, their regulatory policies, consumption patterns and described associations with mental health. Methodology: A search for secondary studies was conducted in PubMed and SciELO databases using MeSH, DeCS and free terms. Review results were performed according to the aimed topics for evaluation. Finally, 54 articles were obtained after the screening process. Discussion: The influence of nicotine on adolescent brain development is well described, just as their consumption trend and the regulatory measures that have been implemented. The high risk for mental health in adolescents that represent electronic cigarettes, added to poor regulations in our country, generates the need to strengthen prevention and intervention systems for nicotine consumption, as well as stringent commercial policies against its sale modalities.
Referencias
1. Grana R, Benowitz N, Glantz SA. E-Cigarettes a scientific review. Circulation. 2014;129:1972-86.
2. Monraz-Pérez S, Regalado-Pineda J, Pérez-Padilla R. El cigarrillo electrónico: Peligro u oportunidad. Neumol Cir Torax. 2015;74(2):82-6.
3. Orellana-Barrios MA, Payne D, Mulkey Z, Nugent K. Electronic cigarettes—a narrative review for clinicians. Am J Med. 2015 Jul;128(7):674-81.
4. Biyani S, Derkay CS. E-cigarettes: An update on considerations for the otolaryngologist. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Mar;94(2017):14-6.
5. Jenssen BP, Wilson KM. Tobacco control and treatment for the pediatric clinician: practice, policy, and research updates. Acad Pediatr. 2017 Apr;17(3):233-42.
6. Dinakar C, O’Connor GT. The Health effects of electronic cigarettes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 6;375(14):1372-81.
7. Walley SC, Wilson KM, Winickoff JP, Groner J. A public health crisis: electronic cigarettes, vape, and JUUL. Pediatrics. 2019 Jun;143(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2741
8. St. Helen G, Eaton DL. Public health consequences of e-cigarette Use. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Jul;178(7):984.
9. Litt MD, Duffy V, Oncken C. Cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette vaping patterns as a function of e-cigarette flavourings. Tob Control [Internet]. 2016 Nov [citado 2019 Mar 19];25(Suppl 2):ii67-72. Disponible en: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053223
10. Breland A, Soule E, Lopez A, Ramoa C, El-Hellani A, Eissenberg T. Electronic cigarettes: what are they and what do they do? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017 Apr;1394(1):5-30.
11. Etter J-F, Bullen C, Flouris AD, Laugesen M, Eissenberg T. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: a research agenda. Tob Control [Internet]. 2011 May 1 [citado 2019 May 23];20(3):243-8. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415064
12. Zulkifli A, Abidin EZ, Abidin NZ, Amer Nordin AS, Praveena SM, Syed Ismail SN, et al. Electronic cigarettes: a systematic review of available studies on health risk assessment. Rev Environ Health. 2018 Mar;33(1):43-52.
13. Harrell PT, Simmons VN, Correa JB, Padhya TA, Brandon TH. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (“e-cigarettes”): review of safety and smoking cessation efficacy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Sep;151(3):381-93.
14. Mitchko J, Lewis S, Marynak KL, Shannon C, Burnette D, King BA. E-cigarettes and young people: communicating an emerging public health risk. Am J Heal Promot. 2019 Mar 14;089011711983551.
15. Vallone DM, Bennett M, Xiao H, Pitzer L, Hair EC. Prevalence and correlates of JUUL use among a national sample of youth and young adults. Tob Control. 2018 Oct 29;tobaccocontrol-2018-054693.
16. Marsot A, Simon N. Nicotine and cotinine levels with electronic cigarette: a review. Int J Toxicol. 2016;35(2):179-85.
17. Fearon IM, Eldridge AC, Gale N, Mcewan M, Stiles MF, Round EK. Nicotine pharmacokinetics of electronic cigarettes: A review of the literature. 2018;
18. Fadus MC, Smith TT, Squeglia LM. The rise of e-cigarettes, pod mod devices, and JUUL among youth: Factors influencing use, health implications, and downstream effects. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 May;201:85-93.
19. Unger M, Unger DW. E-cigarettes/electronic nicotine delivery systems: a word of caution on health and new product development. J Thorac Dis. 2018 Aug;10(Suppl 22):S2588-92.
20. Aicher BO, Frishman WH. Electronic cigarettes: questions in the mist. Cardiol Rev. 2016;24(6):261-7.
21. Yuan M, Cross SJ, Loughlin SE, Leslie FM. Nicotine and the adolescent brain. J Physiol [Internet]. 2015 Aug 15 [citado 2019 May 23];593(16):3397-412. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26018031
22. England LJ, Bunnell RE, Pechacek TF, Tong VT, McAfee TA. Nicotine and the developing human: a neglected element in the electronic cigarette debate. Am J Prev Med. 2015 Aug;49(2):286-93.
23. Giroud C, de Cesare M, Berthet A, Varlet V, Concha-Lozano N, Favrat B. E-Cigarettes: A review of new trends in cannabis use. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Aug;12(8):9988-10008.
24. Chadi N, Hadland SE, Harris SK. Understanding the implications of the “vaping epidemic” among adolescents and young adults: A call for action. Subst Abus. 2019 Mar;1-4.
25. Jenssen BP, Boykan R. Electronic cigarettes and youth in the United States: A call to action (at the local, national and global levels). Child (Basel, Switzerland). 2019 Feb;6(2).
26. Gogliettino AR, Potenza MN, Yip SW. White matter development and tobacco smoking in young adults: A systematic review with recommendations for future research. Drug Alcohol Depend [Internet]. 2016 May [citado 2019 May 2];162:26-33. Disponible en: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871616000909
27. Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2016 Aug [citado 2019 May 23];3(8):760-73. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27475769
28. Philpot RM, Wecker L, Kirstein CL. Repeated ethanol exposure during adolescence alters the developmental trajectory of dopaminergic output from the nucleus accumbens septi. Int J Dev Neurosci [Internet]. 2009 Dec [citado 2019 May 23];27(8):805-15. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19712739
29. Iñiguez SD, Warren BL, Parise EM, Alcantara LF, Schuh B, Maffeo ML, et al. Nicotine exposure during adolescence induces a depression-like state in adulthood. Neuropsychopharmacology [Internet]. 2009 May [citado 2019 May 23];34(6):1609-24. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092782
30. Levine A, Huang Y, Drisaldi B, Griffin EA, Pollak DD, Xu S, et al. Molecular mechanism for a gateway drug: epigenetic changes initiated by nicotine prime gene expression by cocaine. Sci Transl Med [Internet]. 2011 Nov 2 [citado 2019 May 23];3(107):107ra109-107ra109. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049069
31. Grant JE, Lust K, Fridberg DJ, King AC, Chamberlain SR. E-cigarette use (vaping) is associated with illicit drug use, mental health problems, and impulsivity in university students. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2019;31(1):27-35.
32. Perikleous EP, Steiropoulos P, Paraskakis E, Constantinidis TC, Nena E. E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents: An overview of the literature and future perspectives. Front Public Heal. 2018;6:86.
33. Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, Leventhal AM, Unger JB, Gibson LA, et al. Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Aug;171(8):788-97.
34. Bhatnagar A, Whitsel LP, Ribisl KM, Bullen C, Chaloupka F, Piano MR, et al. Electronic cigarettes: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014 Oct;130(16):1418-36.
35. Carroll Chapman SL, Wu L-T. E-cigarette prevalence and correlates of use among adolescents versus adults: a review and comparison. J Psychiatr Res. 2014 Jul;54:43-54.
36. Wang M, Wang J-W, Cao S-S, Wang H-Q, Hu R-Y. Cigarette smoking and electronic cigarettes use: a meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Jan;13(1).
37. Payne JD, Orellana-Barrios M, Medrano-Juarez R, Buscemi D, Nugent K. Electronic cigarettes in the media. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2016 Jul;29(3):280-3.
38. Hoffman AC, Salgado RV, Dresler C, Faller RW, Bartlett C. Flavour preferences in youth versus adults: a review. Tob Control. 2016 Nov;25(Suppl 2):ii32-9.
39. Smith L, Brar K, Srinivasan K, Enja M, Lippmann S. E-cigarettes: How “safe” are they? J Fam Pract. 2016 Jun;65(6):380-5.
40. Durmowicz EL. The impact of electronic cigarettes on the paediatric population. Tob Control. 2014 May;23 Suppl 2:ii41-6.
41. Zare S, Nemati M, Zheng Y. A systematic review of consumer preference for e-cigarette attributes: Flavor, nicotine strength, and type. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0194145.
42. Johnston LD, Miech RA, O’malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE, Patrick ME. Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use 1975-2017: Overview [Internet]. Michigan; 2018 [citado 2019 May 23]. Disponible en: http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2017.pdf
43. Greenhill R, Dawkins L, Notley C, Finn MD, Turner JJD. Adolescent awareness and use of electronic cigarettes: a review of emerging trends and findings. J Adolesc Health. 2016 Dec;59(6):612-9.
44. Gautier S, Kinouani S, Raherison C. Vapoter favorise-t-il le tabagisme chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes ? Revue de la littérature. Sante Publique (Paris). 2017;29(3):333-40.
45. Breitbarth AK, Morgan J, Jones AL. E-cigarettes-An unintended illicit drug delivery system. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 Nov;192:98-111.
46. Oficina de las Naciones Unidas Contra la Droga y el Delito. III Estudio Epidemiológico Andino sobre Consumo de Drogas en la Población Universitaria, Informe Regional, 2016 [Internet]. Lima; 2017 [citado 2019 Jul 16]. Disponible en: https://www.unodc.org/documents/colombia/2017/Octubre/Informe_Universitario_Regional.pdf
47. Jankowski M, Brozek G, Lawson J, Skoczynski S, Zejda JE. E-smoking: Emerging public health problem? Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2017 May;30(3):329-44.
48. World Bank Group. E-cigarettes: use and taxation wbg global tobacco control program team working note [Internet]. Washington; 2019 [citado 2019 May 23]. Disponible en: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/356561555100066200/pdf/E-Cigarettes-Use-and-Taxation.pdf
49. Rose A, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ, Franck C. Electronic cigarettes: A comparison of national regulatory approaches. Can J Public Health. 2015 Oct;106(6):e450-3.
50. Public Health England. E-cigarettes: an evidence update A report commissioned by Public Health England. Londres; 2015.
51. Unión Europea. Directiva 2014/40/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 3 de abril de 2014 [Internet]. 2014 [citado 2019 Jun 10]. Disponible en: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/tobacco/docs/dir_201440_es.pdf
52. Atwater P, Fradkin N, Medeiros E, Gilroy JH, Halperin A. E-cigarettes and public health: policy options for washington state. Washington; 2015.
53. Barraza LF, Weidenaar KE, Cook LT, Logue AR, Halpern MT. Regulations and policies regarding e-cigarettes. Cancer. 2017 Aug 15;123(16):3007-14.
54. Drope JJ, Cahn Z, Kennedy R, Liber AC, Stoklosa M, Henson R, et al. Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017 Nov;67(6):449-71.
55. Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Alimentos y Medicamentos. Reglamentación cigarrillos electrónicos: consideraciones generales basadas en la evidencia [Internet]. Bogotá; 2016. Disponible en: https://paginaweb.invima.gov.co/images/pdf/anuncios/REVISION-CIGARRILLO-ELECTRONICO_EHOC_10_10_2016_REVI.pdf
56. Pulido Álvarez A, Pinzón Silva DC, Rodríguez NI, Sandoval Salinas C, Pinzón Flórez CE, Díaz Ortega MH, Mejía A, Santacruz JC, Calderón Herrera J. Opciones en Colombia para la regulación del uso de los sistemas electrónicos con o sin dispensación de nicotina y similares: un resumen de evidencias para política (policy brief) [Internet]. Bogotá: Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud; 2018 [citado 2019 Jul 16]. Disponible en: http://www.iets.org.co/Archivos/3/Policy_brief_version_completa.pdf
57. Sociedad Colombiana de Medicina Familiar, Asociación Colombiana de Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax, Asociación Colombiana de Neumología Pediátrica, Asociación Colombiana de Medicina Interna, Sociedad Colombiana de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología, Asociación Colombiana de Patología. Declaración de sociedades científicas colombianas acerca del uso de sistemas (cigarrilllos) electrónicos de administración de nicotina (SEAN) y sistemas similares sin nicotina (SSSN) [Internet]. Bogotá D.C.; 2018. Disponible en: http://socmef.com/socmef/images/pdf/posicion_sociedades_cientificas_sean.pdf
1. Grana R, Benowitz N, Glantz SA. E-Cigarettes a scientific review. Circulation. 2014;129:1972-86.
2. Monraz-Pérez S, Regalado-Pineda J, Pérez-Padilla R. El cigarrillo electrónico: Peligro u oportunidad. Neumol Cir Torax. 2015;74(2):82-6.
3. Orellana-Barrios MA, Payne D, Mulkey Z, Nugent K. Electronic cigarettes—a narrative review for clinicians. Am J Med. 2015 Jul;128(7):674-81.
4. Biyani S, Derkay CS. E-cigarettes: An update on considerations for the otolaryngologist. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Mar;94(2017):14-6.
5. Jenssen BP, Wilson KM. Tobacco control and treatment for the pediatric clinician: practice, policy, and research updates. Acad Pediatr. 2017 Apr;17(3):233-42.
6. Dinakar C, O’Connor GT. The Health effects of electronic cigarettes. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 6;375(14):1372-81.
7. Walley SC, Wilson KM, Winickoff JP, Groner J. A public health crisis: electronic cigarettes, vape, and JUUL. Pediatrics. 2019 Jun;143(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2741
8. St. Helen G, Eaton DL. Public health consequences of e-cigarette Use. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Jul;178(7):984.
9. Litt MD, Duffy V, Oncken C. Cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette vaping patterns as a function of e-cigarette flavourings. Tob Control [Internet]. 2016 Nov [citado 2019 Mar 19];25(Suppl 2):ii67-72. Disponible en: http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053223
10. Breland A, Soule E, Lopez A, Ramoa C, El-Hellani A, Eissenberg T. Electronic cigarettes: what are they and what do they do? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017 Apr;1394(1):5-30.
11. Etter J-F, Bullen C, Flouris AD, Laugesen M, Eissenberg T. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: a research agenda. Tob Control [Internet]. 2011 May 1 [citado 2019 May 23];20(3):243-8. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415064
12. Zulkifli A, Abidin EZ, Abidin NZ, Amer Nordin AS, Praveena SM, Syed Ismail SN, et al. Electronic cigarettes: a systematic review of available studies on health risk assessment. Rev Environ Health. 2018 Mar;33(1):43-52.
13. Harrell PT, Simmons VN, Correa JB, Padhya TA, Brandon TH. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (“e-cigarettes”): review of safety and smoking cessation efficacy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Sep;151(3):381-93.
14. Mitchko J, Lewis S, Marynak KL, Shannon C, Burnette D, King BA. E-cigarettes and young people: communicating an emerging public health risk. Am J Heal Promot. 2019 Mar 14;089011711983551.
15. Vallone DM, Bennett M, Xiao H, Pitzer L, Hair EC. Prevalence and correlates of JUUL use among a national sample of youth and young adults. Tob Control. 2018 Oct 29;tobaccocontrol-2018-054693.
16. Marsot A, Simon N. Nicotine and cotinine levels with electronic cigarette: a review. Int J Toxicol. 2016;35(2):179-85.
17. Fearon IM, Eldridge AC, Gale N, Mcewan M, Stiles MF, Round EK. Nicotine pharmacokinetics of electronic cigarettes: A review of the literature. 2018;
18. Fadus MC, Smith TT, Squeglia LM. The rise of e-cigarettes, pod mod devices, and JUUL among youth: Factors influencing use, health implications, and downstream effects. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 May;201:85-93.
19. Unger M, Unger DW. E-cigarettes/electronic nicotine delivery systems: a word of caution on health and new product development. J Thorac Dis. 2018 Aug;10(Suppl 22):S2588-92.
20. Aicher BO, Frishman WH. Electronic cigarettes: questions in the mist. Cardiol Rev. 2016;24(6):261-7.
21. Yuan M, Cross SJ, Loughlin SE, Leslie FM. Nicotine and the adolescent brain. J Physiol [Internet]. 2015 Aug 15 [citado 2019 May 23];593(16):3397-412. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26018031
22. England LJ, Bunnell RE, Pechacek TF, Tong VT, McAfee TA. Nicotine and the developing human: a neglected element in the electronic cigarette debate. Am J Prev Med. 2015 Aug;49(2):286-93.
23. Giroud C, de Cesare M, Berthet A, Varlet V, Concha-Lozano N, Favrat B. E-Cigarettes: A review of new trends in cannabis use. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Aug;12(8):9988-10008.
24. Chadi N, Hadland SE, Harris SK. Understanding the implications of the “vaping epidemic” among adolescents and young adults: A call for action. Subst Abus. 2019 Mar;1-4.
25. Jenssen BP, Boykan R. Electronic cigarettes and youth in the United States: A call to action (at the local, national and global levels). Child (Basel, Switzerland). 2019 Feb;6(2).
26. Gogliettino AR, Potenza MN, Yip SW. White matter development and tobacco smoking in young adults: A systematic review with recommendations for future research. Drug Alcohol Depend [Internet]. 2016 May [citado 2019 May 2];162:26-33. Disponible en: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871616000909
27. Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2016 Aug [citado 2019 May 23];3(8):760-73. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27475769
28. Philpot RM, Wecker L, Kirstein CL. Repeated ethanol exposure during adolescence alters the developmental trajectory of dopaminergic output from the nucleus accumbens septi. Int J Dev Neurosci [Internet]. 2009 Dec [citado 2019 May 23];27(8):805-15. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19712739
29. Iñiguez SD, Warren BL, Parise EM, Alcantara LF, Schuh B, Maffeo ML, et al. Nicotine exposure during adolescence induces a depression-like state in adulthood. Neuropsychopharmacology [Internet]. 2009 May [citado 2019 May 23];34(6):1609-24. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092782
30. Levine A, Huang Y, Drisaldi B, Griffin EA, Pollak DD, Xu S, et al. Molecular mechanism for a gateway drug: epigenetic changes initiated by nicotine prime gene expression by cocaine. Sci Transl Med [Internet]. 2011 Nov 2 [citado 2019 May 23];3(107):107ra109-107ra109. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22049069
31. Grant JE, Lust K, Fridberg DJ, King AC, Chamberlain SR. E-cigarette use (vaping) is associated with illicit drug use, mental health problems, and impulsivity in university students. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2019;31(1):27-35.
32. Perikleous EP, Steiropoulos P, Paraskakis E, Constantinidis TC, Nena E. E-Cigarette Use Among Adolescents: An overview of the literature and future perspectives. Front Public Heal. 2018;6:86.
33. Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, Leventhal AM, Unger JB, Gibson LA, et al. Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Aug;171(8):788-97.
34. Bhatnagar A, Whitsel LP, Ribisl KM, Bullen C, Chaloupka F, Piano MR, et al. Electronic cigarettes: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014 Oct;130(16):1418-36.
35. Carroll Chapman SL, Wu L-T. E-cigarette prevalence and correlates of use among adolescents versus adults: a review and comparison. J Psychiatr Res. 2014 Jul;54:43-54.
36. Wang M, Wang J-W, Cao S-S, Wang H-Q, Hu R-Y. Cigarette smoking and electronic cigarettes use: a meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Jan;13(1).
37. Payne JD, Orellana-Barrios M, Medrano-Juarez R, Buscemi D, Nugent K. Electronic cigarettes in the media. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2016 Jul;29(3):280-3.
38. Hoffman AC, Salgado RV, Dresler C, Faller RW, Bartlett C. Flavour preferences in youth versus adults: a review. Tob Control. 2016 Nov;25(Suppl 2):ii32-9.
39. Smith L, Brar K, Srinivasan K, Enja M, Lippmann S. E-cigarettes: How “safe” are they? J Fam Pract. 2016 Jun;65(6):380-5.
40. Durmowicz EL. The impact of electronic cigarettes on the paediatric population. Tob Control. 2014 May;23 Suppl 2:ii41-6.
41. Zare S, Nemati M, Zheng Y. A systematic review of consumer preference for e-cigarette attributes: Flavor, nicotine strength, and type. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0194145.
42. Johnston LD, Miech RA, O’malley PM, Bachman JG, Schulenberg JE, Patrick ME. Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use 1975-2017: Overview [Internet]. Michigan; 2018 [citado 2019 May 23]. Disponible en: http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2017.pdf
43. Greenhill R, Dawkins L, Notley C, Finn MD, Turner JJD. Adolescent awareness and use of electronic cigarettes: a review of emerging trends and findings. J Adolesc Health. 2016 Dec;59(6):612-9.
44. Gautier S, Kinouani S, Raherison C. Vapoter favorise-t-il le tabagisme chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes ? Revue de la littérature. Sante Publique (Paris). 2017;29(3):333-40.
45. Breitbarth AK, Morgan J, Jones AL. E-cigarettes-An unintended illicit drug delivery system. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018 Nov;192:98-111.
46. Oficina de las Naciones Unidas Contra la Droga y el Delito. III Estudio Epidemiológico Andino sobre Consumo de Drogas en la Población Universitaria, Informe Regional, 2016 [Internet]. Lima; 2017 [citado 2019 Jul 16]. Disponible en: https://www.unodc.org/documents/colombia/2017/Octubre/Informe_Universitario_Regional.pdf
47. Jankowski M, Brozek G, Lawson J, Skoczynski S, Zejda JE. E-smoking: Emerging public health problem? Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2017 May;30(3):329-44.
48. World Bank Group. E-cigarettes: use and taxation wbg global tobacco control program team working note [Internet]. Washington; 2019 [citado 2019 May 23]. Disponible en: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/356561555100066200/pdf/E-Cigarettes-Use-and-Taxation.pdf
49. Rose A, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ, Franck C. Electronic cigarettes: A comparison of national regulatory approaches. Can J Public Health. 2015 Oct;106(6):e450-3.
50. Public Health England. E-cigarettes: an evidence update A report commissioned by Public Health England. Londres; 2015.
51. Unión Europea. Directiva 2014/40/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 3 de abril de 2014 [Internet]. 2014 [citado 2019 Jun 10]. Disponible en: https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/tobacco/docs/dir_201440_es.pdf
52. Atwater P, Fradkin N, Medeiros E, Gilroy JH, Halperin A. E-cigarettes and public health: policy options for washington state. Washington; 2015.
53. Barraza LF, Weidenaar KE, Cook LT, Logue AR, Halpern MT. Regulations and policies regarding e-cigarettes. Cancer. 2017 Aug 15;123(16):3007-14.
54. Drope JJ, Cahn Z, Kennedy R, Liber AC, Stoklosa M, Henson R, et al. Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017 Nov;67(6):449-71.
55. Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Alimentos y Medicamentos. Reglamentación cigarrillos electrónicos: consideraciones generales basadas en la evidencia [Internet]. Bogotá; 2016. Disponible en: https://paginaweb.invima.gov.co/images/pdf/anuncios/REVISION-CIGARRILLO-ELECTRONICO_EHOC_10_10_2016_REVI.pdf
56. Pulido Álvarez A, Pinzón Silva DC, Rodríguez NI, Sandoval Salinas C, Pinzón Flórez CE, Díaz Ortega MH, Mejía A, Santacruz JC, Calderón Herrera J. Opciones en Colombia para la regulación del uso de los sistemas electrónicos con o sin dispensación de nicotina y similares: un resumen de evidencias para política (policy brief) [Internet]. Bogotá: Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud; 2018 [citado 2019 Jul 16]. Disponible en: http://www.iets.org.co/Archivos/3/Policy_brief_version_completa.pdf
57. Sociedad Colombiana de Medicina Familiar, Asociación Colombiana de Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax, Asociación Colombiana de Neumología Pediátrica, Asociación Colombiana de Medicina Interna, Sociedad Colombiana de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, Asociación Colombiana de Hematología y Oncología, Asociación Colombiana de Patología. Declaración de sociedades científicas colombianas acerca del uso de sistemas (cigarrilllos) electrónicos de administración de nicotina (SEAN) y sistemas similares sin nicotina (SSSN) [Internet]. Bogotá D.C.; 2018. Disponible en: http://socmef.com/socmef/images/pdf/posicion_sociedades_cientificas_sean.pdf
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