Palabras clave
Segregación escolar
estatus socioeconómico
población indígena
inmigrante
América Latina
educación básica
estatus socioeconómico
población indígena
inmigrante
América Latina
educación básica
Cómo citar
Murillo, F. J., & Martínez-Garrido, C. (2017). Estimación de la magnitud de la segregación escolar en América Latina. Magis, Revista Internacional De Investigación En Educación, 9(19), 11-30. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.m9-19.emse
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Resumen
Esta investigación busca estimar la magnitud del efecto de la segregación escolar socioeconómica, étnico-cultural y por procedencia inmigrante/nativo de los países de América Latina. Para ello, se realiza una explotación especial de la base de datos del Tercer estudio regional comparativo y explicativo, TERCE, del Laboratorio Latinoamericano de Evaluación de la Calidad de la Educación, LLECE (2013), de la Oficina Regional de Educación para América Latina y el Caribe de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, OREALC/UNESCO, para estimar el índice de disimilitud a una muestra de 105.847 estudiantes de educación primaria en 5.733 escuelas de 15 países. Los resultados indican que la segregación escolar es muy alta en el conjunto de países de América Latina. La segregación escolar promedio por nivel socioeconómico es de 0,56, de carácter étnico es de 0,92, y por procedencia inmigrante/nativo de 0,80.
Agirdag, Orhan; Avermaet, Piet van & Houtte, Mieke van (2013). School Segregation and Math Achievement: A Mixed-Method Study on the Role of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies. Teachers College Record , 115 (3), 1-50. Disponible en: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download? doi=10.1.1.706.5666&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Alegre-Canosa, Miguel Ángel (2010). Casi-mercados, segregación escolar y desigualdad educativa: una trilogía con final abierto. Educação & Sociedade, 31 (113), 1157-1178. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/es/v31n113/06.pdf
Allen, Rebecca & Vignoles, Anna (2006). What Should an Index of School Segregation Measure? London: London School of Economics, Centre for the Economics of Education, CEE. Disponible en: http://cee.lse.ac.uk/ceedps/ceedp60.pdf
Bell, Wendell (1954). A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological Segregation. Social Forces, 32 (4), 357-364. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245000687_A_Probability_Model_for_the_Measurement_of_Ecological_Segregation
Bellei, Cristián (2013). El estudio de la segregación socioeconómica y académica de la educación chilena. Estudios Pedagógicos, 39 (1), 325-345. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/estped/v39n1/art19.pdf
Benito-Pérez, Ricard; Alegre-Canosa, Miguel Ángel & González-Balletbò, Isaac (2014). School Segregation and its Effects on Educational Equality and Efficiency in 16 OECD Comprehensive School Systems. Comparative Education Review, 58 (1), 104-134.
Cheng, Shou Chen & Gorard, Stephen (2010). Segregation by Poverty in Secondary Schools in England 2005-2009: A Research Note. Journal of Education Policy, 25 (3), 415-418.
Coleman, James S.; Campbell, Ernest Q.; Hobson, Carol J.; McPartland, James; Mood, Alexander M.; Weinfeld, Frederic D. & York, Robert L. (1966). Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Disponible en: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED012275.pdf
Coleman, James S.; Kelly, Sara D. & Moore, John A. (1975). Trends in School Segregation, 1968-73. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. Disponible en: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED117252.pdf
Delvaux, Bernard (2005). Ségrégation scolaire dans un contexte de libre choix et de ségrégation résidentielle. En Marc Demeuse, Ariane Baye, MarieHélène Straeten, Julien Nicaise & Anne Matoul (eds.). Vers une école juste et efficace: 26 contributions sur les systèmes d’enseignement et de formation: une approche internationale, 275-296. Bruxelles: De Boeck Université.
Driessen, Geert (2002). School Composition and Achievement in Primary Education: A Largescale Multilevel Approach. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 28 (4), 347-368. Disponible en: http://www.geertdriessen.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/see02-driessen-schoolcomposition.pdf
Dumay, Xavier & Dupriez, Vincent (2008). Does the School Composition Effect Matter? Evidence from Belgian Data. British Journal of Educational Studies, 56 (4), 440-477. Disponible en https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229698422_Does_the_school_composition_effect_matter_Evidence_from_Belgian_data
Duncan, Otis Dudley & Duncan, Beverly (1955). A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes. American Sociological Review, 20 (2), 210-217. Disponible en: http://personal.psc.isr. umich.edu/yuxie-eb/files/demtech/Duncan_Duncan1955.pdf
Dupriez, Vincent (2010). Methods of Grouping Learners at School. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO. Disponible en: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001876/187616e.pdf
Echenique, Federico & Fryer, Roland G., Jr. (2007). A Measure of Segregation Based on Social Interactions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 (2), 441-485. Texto disponible en: http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/fryer/files/a_measure_of_segregation_based_on_social_interactions.pdf
Elacqua, Gregory M. (2012). The Impact of School Choice and Public Policy on Segregation: Evidence from Chile. International Journal of Educational Development, 32 (3), 444-453.
Felouzis, Georges (2003). La ségrégation ethnique au collège et ses conséquences. Revue Française de Sociologie, 44 (3), 413-447. Disponible en: http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=RFS_443_0413&DocId=205588
Frankenberg, Erica & Lee, Chungmei (2002). Race in American Public Schools: Rapidly Resegregating School Districts. Boston, MA: Harvard Civil Rights Project. Disponible en: https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/race-in-american-publicschools-rapidly-resegregating-school-districts/frankenberg-rapidly-resegregating-2002.pdf
Gasparini, Leonardo C.; Jaume, David; Serio, Montserrat & Vázquez, Emmanuel (2011). La segregación escolar en Argentina. Reconstruyendo la evidencia. Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales, CEDLAS. Disponible en: http://cedlas.econo.unlp.edu.ar/archivos_upload/doc_cedlas123.pdf
Glaeser, Edward L. & Vigdor, Jacob L. (2001). Racial Segregation in the 2000 Census: Promising News. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Disponible en: https://www.brookings.edu/research/racial-segregation-in-the-2000-census-promising-news/ , https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/glaeser.pdf
Gorard, Stephen (2000). Education and Social Justice: the Changing Composition of Schools and its Implications. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Gorard, Stephen (2009). Does the Index of Segregation Matter? The Composition of Secondary Schools in England since 1996. British Educational Research Journal, BERJ, 35 (4), 639-652. Disponible en: http://eprints.bham.ac.uk/303/
Gorard, Stephen; Hordosy, Rita & See, Beng Huat (2013). Narrowing Down the Determinants of between-School Segregation: An Analysis of the Intake to All Schools in England, 1989-2011. Journal of School Choice: International Research and Reform, 7 (2), 182-195.
Gorard, Stephen & Smith, Emma (2004). An International Comparison of Equity in Education Systems. Comparative Education, 40 (1), 15-28.
Hutchens, Robert (2004). One Measure of Segregation. International Economic Review, 45 (2), 555-578.
Ireson, Judith & Hallam, Susan (2001). Ability Grouping in Education. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
James, David R. & Taeuber, Karl E. (1985). Measures of Segregation. En Nancy B. Tuma (ed.). Sociological Methodology, 1-32. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Jenkins, Stephen P.; Micklewright, John & Schnepf, Sylke V. (2008). Social Segregation in Secondary Schools: How Does England Compare with Other Countries? Oxford Review of Education, 34 (1), 21-37.
Johnson, Rucker C. (2011). Long-Run Impacts of School Desegregation & School Quality on Adult Attainments. National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 16664. Disponible en: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ruckerj/johnson_schooldesegregation_NBERw16664.pdf
Krüger, Natalia (2011). The Segmentation of the Argentine Education System: Evidence from PISA 2009. Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, 11 (3), 41-64. Disponible en: http://www.usc.es/economet/journals2/eers/eers1133.pdf
Krüger, Natalia (2012). Equidad educativa interna y externa en Argentina: un análisis para las últimas décadas (Tesis de doctorado en Economía). Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Disponible en: http://repositoriodigital.uns.edu.ar/bitstream/123456789/2424/1/Tesis%20doctoral%20Kr%C3%BCger.pdf
Krüger, Natalia (2013). Segregación social y desigualdad de logros educativos en Argentina. Education Policy Analysis Archives/Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas, 21 (86), 1-26. Disponible en: http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/download/1352/1418
Laboratorio Latinoamericano de Evaluación de la Calidad de la Educación, LLECE (2013). Tercer estudio regional comparativo y explicativo, TERCE. Santiago: Oficina Regional de Educación para América Latina y el Caribe de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, OREALC/UNESCO. Disponible en: http://www.unesco.org/new/es/santiago/education/education-assessment/thirdregional-comparative-and-explanatory-study-terce/
Logan, John R.; Minca, Elisabeta & Adar, Sinem (2012). The Geography of Inequality: Why Separate Means Unequal in American Public Schools. Sociology of Education, 85, 287-301. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3832260/
Logan, John R. & Oakley, Deirdre (2004). The Continuing Legacy of the Brown Decision: Court Action and School Segregation, 1960-2000. Nueva York: Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. Disponible en: https://s4.ad.brown.edu/Projects/usschools/reports/report2.pdf
Massey, Douglas S. & Denton, Nancy A. (1994). Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation along Five Dimensions. Demography, 26 (3), 373-393.
Murillo-Torrecilla, F. Javier & Martínez-Garrido, Cynthia (2015). La formación de directores y directoras, un factor (más) de inequidad escolar en América Latina. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 69, 241-266. Disponible en: http://rieoei.org/rie69a11.pdf
Murillo-Torrecilla, F. Javier & Román, Marcela (2011). School Infrastructure and Resources Do Matter: Analysis of the Incidence of School Resources on the Performance of Latin American Students. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 22 (1), 29-50.
Orfield, Gary (2001). Schools More Separate: Consequences of a Decade of Resegregation. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Disponible en: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED459217.pdf
Orfield, Gary & Lee, Chungmei (2005). Why Segregation Matters: Poverty and Educational Inequality. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Disponible en: https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integrationand-diversity/why-segregation-matters-povertyand-educational-inequality/orfield-why-segregation-matters-2005.pdf
Orfield, G. & Lee, Chungmei (2007). Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Disponible en: https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/historic-reversals-accelerating-resegregation-and-the-need-for-new-integration-strategies-1/orfield-historic-reversals-accelerating.pdf
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, PNUD (2010). Informe Regional sobre Desarrollo Humano para América Latina y el Caribe 2010. Actuar sobre el futuro: romper la transmisión intergeneracional de la desigualdad. Nueva York: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, PNUD. Disponible en: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/rhdr-2010-rblac.pdf
Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Reardon, Sean F. & Owens, Ann (2013). 60 Years after Brown [Supreme Court’s 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision]: Trends and Consequences of School Segregation. Annual Review of Sociology, 40, 199-218.
Rumberger, Russell W. & Palardy, Gregory J. (2005). Does Segregation Still Matter? The Impact of Student Composition on Academic Achievement in High School. The Teachers College Record, 107 (9), 1999-2045. Disponible en: http://intranet.niacc.edu/pres_copy(1)/ILC/Does%20Segregation%20Still%20Matter%20-The%20Impact%20of%20Student%20Composition%20on%20Academic%20Achievement%20in%20High%20School.pdf
Saporito, Salvatore & Sohoni, Deenesh (2007). Mapping Educational Inequality: Concentrations of Poverty among Poor and Minority Students in Public Schools. Social Forces, 85 (3), 1227-1254.
Stephan, Walter (ed.) (2013). School Desegregation: Past, Present, and Future. Nueva York: Springer.
Stroub, Kori J. & Richards, Meredith P. (2013). From Resegregation to Reintegration: Trends in the Racial/Ethnic Segregation of Metropolitan Public Schools, 1993-2009. American Educational Research Journal, 50 (3), 497-531.
Valenzuela, Juan Pablo; Bellei, Cristián & Los Ríos, Danae de (2010). Segregación escolar en Chile. En Sergio Martinic & Gregory lacqua (eds.). ¿Fin de ciclo? Cambios en la gobernanza del sistema educativo chileno, 209-229. Santiago: UNESCO. Disponible en: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001905/190544S.pdf
Valenzuela, Juan Pablo; Bellei, Cristián & Los Ríos, Danae de (2014). Socioeconomic School Segregation in a Market-Oriented Educational System. The Case of Chile. Journal of Education Policy, 29 (2), 217-241.
Vázquez, Emmanuel (2012). Segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico. Midiendo el fenómeno y explorando sus determinantes. Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales, CEDLAS. Disponible en: http://cedlas.econo.unlp.edu.ar/download.php?file=archivos_upload/doc_cedlas128.pdf
Watson, Tara (2009). Inequality and the Measurement of Residential Segregation by Income in American Neighborhoods. Review of Income and Wealth, ROIW, 55 (3), 820-844. Disponible en: http://www.roiw.org/2009/2009-25.pdf
Wilson, William Julius (1987). The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
Alegre-Canosa, Miguel Ángel (2010). Casi-mercados, segregación escolar y desigualdad educativa: una trilogía con final abierto. Educação & Sociedade, 31 (113), 1157-1178. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/es/v31n113/06.pdf
Allen, Rebecca & Vignoles, Anna (2006). What Should an Index of School Segregation Measure? London: London School of Economics, Centre for the Economics of Education, CEE. Disponible en: http://cee.lse.ac.uk/ceedps/ceedp60.pdf
Bell, Wendell (1954). A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological Segregation. Social Forces, 32 (4), 357-364. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245000687_A_Probability_Model_for_the_Measurement_of_Ecological_Segregation
Bellei, Cristián (2013). El estudio de la segregación socioeconómica y académica de la educación chilena. Estudios Pedagógicos, 39 (1), 325-345. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/estped/v39n1/art19.pdf
Benito-Pérez, Ricard; Alegre-Canosa, Miguel Ángel & González-Balletbò, Isaac (2014). School Segregation and its Effects on Educational Equality and Efficiency in 16 OECD Comprehensive School Systems. Comparative Education Review, 58 (1), 104-134.
Cheng, Shou Chen & Gorard, Stephen (2010). Segregation by Poverty in Secondary Schools in England 2005-2009: A Research Note. Journal of Education Policy, 25 (3), 415-418.
Coleman, James S.; Campbell, Ernest Q.; Hobson, Carol J.; McPartland, James; Mood, Alexander M.; Weinfeld, Frederic D. & York, Robert L. (1966). Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Disponible en: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED012275.pdf
Coleman, James S.; Kelly, Sara D. & Moore, John A. (1975). Trends in School Segregation, 1968-73. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute. Disponible en: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED117252.pdf
Delvaux, Bernard (2005). Ségrégation scolaire dans un contexte de libre choix et de ségrégation résidentielle. En Marc Demeuse, Ariane Baye, MarieHélène Straeten, Julien Nicaise & Anne Matoul (eds.). Vers une école juste et efficace: 26 contributions sur les systèmes d’enseignement et de formation: une approche internationale, 275-296. Bruxelles: De Boeck Université.
Driessen, Geert (2002). School Composition and Achievement in Primary Education: A Largescale Multilevel Approach. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 28 (4), 347-368. Disponible en: http://www.geertdriessen.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/see02-driessen-schoolcomposition.pdf
Dumay, Xavier & Dupriez, Vincent (2008). Does the School Composition Effect Matter? Evidence from Belgian Data. British Journal of Educational Studies, 56 (4), 440-477. Disponible en https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229698422_Does_the_school_composition_effect_matter_Evidence_from_Belgian_data
Duncan, Otis Dudley & Duncan, Beverly (1955). A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes. American Sociological Review, 20 (2), 210-217. Disponible en: http://personal.psc.isr. umich.edu/yuxie-eb/files/demtech/Duncan_Duncan1955.pdf
Dupriez, Vincent (2010). Methods of Grouping Learners at School. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO. Disponible en: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001876/187616e.pdf
Echenique, Federico & Fryer, Roland G., Jr. (2007). A Measure of Segregation Based on Social Interactions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 (2), 441-485. Texto disponible en: http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/fryer/files/a_measure_of_segregation_based_on_social_interactions.pdf
Elacqua, Gregory M. (2012). The Impact of School Choice and Public Policy on Segregation: Evidence from Chile. International Journal of Educational Development, 32 (3), 444-453.
Felouzis, Georges (2003). La ségrégation ethnique au collège et ses conséquences. Revue Française de Sociologie, 44 (3), 413-447. Disponible en: http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=RFS_443_0413&DocId=205588
Frankenberg, Erica & Lee, Chungmei (2002). Race in American Public Schools: Rapidly Resegregating School Districts. Boston, MA: Harvard Civil Rights Project. Disponible en: https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/race-in-american-publicschools-rapidly-resegregating-school-districts/frankenberg-rapidly-resegregating-2002.pdf
Gasparini, Leonardo C.; Jaume, David; Serio, Montserrat & Vázquez, Emmanuel (2011). La segregación escolar en Argentina. Reconstruyendo la evidencia. Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales, CEDLAS. Disponible en: http://cedlas.econo.unlp.edu.ar/archivos_upload/doc_cedlas123.pdf
Glaeser, Edward L. & Vigdor, Jacob L. (2001). Racial Segregation in the 2000 Census: Promising News. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Disponible en: https://www.brookings.edu/research/racial-segregation-in-the-2000-census-promising-news/ , https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/glaeser.pdf
Gorard, Stephen (2000). Education and Social Justice: the Changing Composition of Schools and its Implications. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Gorard, Stephen (2009). Does the Index of Segregation Matter? The Composition of Secondary Schools in England since 1996. British Educational Research Journal, BERJ, 35 (4), 639-652. Disponible en: http://eprints.bham.ac.uk/303/
Gorard, Stephen; Hordosy, Rita & See, Beng Huat (2013). Narrowing Down the Determinants of between-School Segregation: An Analysis of the Intake to All Schools in England, 1989-2011. Journal of School Choice: International Research and Reform, 7 (2), 182-195.
Gorard, Stephen & Smith, Emma (2004). An International Comparison of Equity in Education Systems. Comparative Education, 40 (1), 15-28.
Hutchens, Robert (2004). One Measure of Segregation. International Economic Review, 45 (2), 555-578.
Ireson, Judith & Hallam, Susan (2001). Ability Grouping in Education. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
James, David R. & Taeuber, Karl E. (1985). Measures of Segregation. En Nancy B. Tuma (ed.). Sociological Methodology, 1-32. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Jenkins, Stephen P.; Micklewright, John & Schnepf, Sylke V. (2008). Social Segregation in Secondary Schools: How Does England Compare with Other Countries? Oxford Review of Education, 34 (1), 21-37.
Johnson, Rucker C. (2011). Long-Run Impacts of School Desegregation & School Quality on Adult Attainments. National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 16664. Disponible en: http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ruckerj/johnson_schooldesegregation_NBERw16664.pdf
Krüger, Natalia (2011). The Segmentation of the Argentine Education System: Evidence from PISA 2009. Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, 11 (3), 41-64. Disponible en: http://www.usc.es/economet/journals2/eers/eers1133.pdf
Krüger, Natalia (2012). Equidad educativa interna y externa en Argentina: un análisis para las últimas décadas (Tesis de doctorado en Economía). Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Disponible en: http://repositoriodigital.uns.edu.ar/bitstream/123456789/2424/1/Tesis%20doctoral%20Kr%C3%BCger.pdf
Krüger, Natalia (2013). Segregación social y desigualdad de logros educativos en Argentina. Education Policy Analysis Archives/Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas, 21 (86), 1-26. Disponible en: http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/download/1352/1418
Laboratorio Latinoamericano de Evaluación de la Calidad de la Educación, LLECE (2013). Tercer estudio regional comparativo y explicativo, TERCE. Santiago: Oficina Regional de Educación para América Latina y el Caribe de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, OREALC/UNESCO. Disponible en: http://www.unesco.org/new/es/santiago/education/education-assessment/thirdregional-comparative-and-explanatory-study-terce/
Logan, John R.; Minca, Elisabeta & Adar, Sinem (2012). The Geography of Inequality: Why Separate Means Unequal in American Public Schools. Sociology of Education, 85, 287-301. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3832260/
Logan, John R. & Oakley, Deirdre (2004). The Continuing Legacy of the Brown Decision: Court Action and School Segregation, 1960-2000. Nueva York: Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. Disponible en: https://s4.ad.brown.edu/Projects/usschools/reports/report2.pdf
Massey, Douglas S. & Denton, Nancy A. (1994). Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation along Five Dimensions. Demography, 26 (3), 373-393.
Murillo-Torrecilla, F. Javier & Martínez-Garrido, Cynthia (2015). La formación de directores y directoras, un factor (más) de inequidad escolar en América Latina. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 69, 241-266. Disponible en: http://rieoei.org/rie69a11.pdf
Murillo-Torrecilla, F. Javier & Román, Marcela (2011). School Infrastructure and Resources Do Matter: Analysis of the Incidence of School Resources on the Performance of Latin American Students. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 22 (1), 29-50.
Orfield, Gary (2001). Schools More Separate: Consequences of a Decade of Resegregation. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Disponible en: http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED459217.pdf
Orfield, Gary & Lee, Chungmei (2005). Why Segregation Matters: Poverty and Educational Inequality. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Disponible en: https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integrationand-diversity/why-segregation-matters-povertyand-educational-inequality/orfield-why-segregation-matters-2005.pdf
Orfield, G. & Lee, Chungmei (2007). Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Disponible en: https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/research/k-12-education/integration-and-diversity/historic-reversals-accelerating-resegregation-and-the-need-for-new-integration-strategies-1/orfield-historic-reversals-accelerating.pdf
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, PNUD (2010). Informe Regional sobre Desarrollo Humano para América Latina y el Caribe 2010. Actuar sobre el futuro: romper la transmisión intergeneracional de la desigualdad. Nueva York: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, PNUD. Disponible en: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/rhdr-2010-rblac.pdf
Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Reardon, Sean F. & Owens, Ann (2013). 60 Years after Brown [Supreme Court’s 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision]: Trends and Consequences of School Segregation. Annual Review of Sociology, 40, 199-218.
Rumberger, Russell W. & Palardy, Gregory J. (2005). Does Segregation Still Matter? The Impact of Student Composition on Academic Achievement in High School. The Teachers College Record, 107 (9), 1999-2045. Disponible en: http://intranet.niacc.edu/pres_copy(1)/ILC/Does%20Segregation%20Still%20Matter%20-The%20Impact%20of%20Student%20Composition%20on%20Academic%20Achievement%20in%20High%20School.pdf
Saporito, Salvatore & Sohoni, Deenesh (2007). Mapping Educational Inequality: Concentrations of Poverty among Poor and Minority Students in Public Schools. Social Forces, 85 (3), 1227-1254.
Stephan, Walter (ed.) (2013). School Desegregation: Past, Present, and Future. Nueva York: Springer.
Stroub, Kori J. & Richards, Meredith P. (2013). From Resegregation to Reintegration: Trends in the Racial/Ethnic Segregation of Metropolitan Public Schools, 1993-2009. American Educational Research Journal, 50 (3), 497-531.
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