Diagnóstico semiológico del síndrome de disfunción de la articulación sacroiliaca
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ene 12, 2014
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Resumen
El dolor en la región lumbar es una de las causas más frecuentes de incapacidad laboral. Su causa etiológica se determina solo en un 30 % de los casos, por limitaciones en el análisis clínico y en el conocimiento de otras causas diferentes de dolor, distintas a la hernia discal lumbar. La articulación sacroiliaca es una estructura determinante en el mantenimiento del equilibrio biomecánico axial. Es una estructura expuesta a múltiples alteraciones tanto estructurales como funcionales que modifican sus componentes y generan dolor en la región lumbar. Es una estructura de transición entre la columna vertebral y la pelvis, así como entre la pelvis y las extremidades inferiores. Esta revisión busca aclarar conceptos básicos y clínicos relacionados con la alteración de la articulación sacroiliaca. Igualmente, plantea la creación de una tabla de criterios diagnósticos básicos para su utilización rápida en la práctica médica. Posteriores estudios prospectivos permitirán evaluar su utilidad estadística.
Keywords
dolor, dolor de espalda, ciática, articulación sacroiliaca, lumbago, Pain, low back pain, sciatica, sacroiliac joint,
References
1. Weksler N, Velan GJ, Semionov M, et al. The role of sacroiliac joint dysfunction in the genesis of low back pain: the obvious is not always right. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007;127:885-8.
2. Bogduk N. Low back pain. In: Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2005. p. 183-216.
3. Laslett M, Oberg B, Aprill CN et al. Zygapophysial joint blocks in chronic low back pain: a test of Revel´s model as a screening test. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004;5:43.
4. Sembrano JN, Polly DW. How often is low back pain not coming from the back? Spine. 2008;34(1):E27-32.
5. Schwarzer AS, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine. 1995;20(1):31-7.
6. Maige JY, Planchon CA. Sacroiliac joint pain after lumbar fusion: a study with anesthetic blocks. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(1):8-15.
7. Dreyfudd P, Dreyer S, Cole A, et al. Sacroiliac joint pain. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004;12:255-65.
8. Bernard TN, Cassidi JD. The sacroiliac syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. In: Frymoyer JW, editor. The adult spine: principals and practice. New York: Raven; 1991. p. 2107-30.
9. Yamashita T, Minaki Y, Oota I, et al. Mechanosensitive afferent units in the lumbar intervertebral disc and adjacent muscle. Spine. 1993;18:2252-6.
10. Minaki Y, Yamashita T, Ishii S. An electrophysiological study on the mechanoreceptors in the lumbar spine and adjacent tissues. Neurol Orthop. 1996;20:23-35.
11. Ebraheim Na, Lu J, Biyani A, et al. The relationship of lumbosacral plexus to the sacrum and the sacroiliac joint. Am J Orthop. 1997;26:105-10.
12. Brunner C, Kissling R, Jacob HA. The effects of morphology and histopathologic findings on the mobility of the sacroiliac joint. Spine. 1991;16:1111-7.
13. Vrahas M, hern TC, Diangelo D, et al. Ligamentous contributions to pelvic stability. Orthopedics. 1995;18:271-4.
14. O´Seha FD, Boyle E, Salonen DC, et al. Inflammatory and degenerative sacroiliac joint in a primary back pain cohort. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62(4):447-54.
15. Chou LH, Slipman CW, Bhagia SM, et al. Inciting events initiating injectionproven sacroiliac joint syndrome. Pain Med. 2004;5:26-32.
16. Pohlemann T, Tscherne H, Baumgartel F, et al. Pelvic fractures: epidemiology, therapy and long-term outcome. Overview of the multicenter study of the Pelvis Study Group [in German]. Unfallchirrg. 1996;99:160-7.
17. Vanelderen P, Szadek K, Cohen SP, et al. Evidence based medicine: sacroiliac joint pain. Pain Pract. 2012;10(5):470-8.
18. Dreyfuss P, Michaelsen M, Pauza K, et al. The value of medical history and physical examination in diagnosing sacroiliac joint pain. Spine. 1996;21:2594-2602.
19. Slipman CW, Jackson HB, Liptez JS, et al. Sacroiliac joint pain referral zone. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:334-8.
20. Szadek KM, van der Wurff P, van Tulder MW, et al. Diagnostic validity of criteria for sacroiliac joint pain: a systematic review. J Pain. 2009;10:354-68.
21. Fortin JD, Dwyer AP, West S, et al. Sacroiliac joint: pain referral maps upon applying a new injection/arthrography technique. Spine. 1994;19:1475-82.
22. Maigne JY, Boulahdour H, Chatellier G. Value of quantitative radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain. Eur Spine J. 1998;7:328-31.
23. Maigne JY, Boulahdour H, Chatellier G. Value of quantitative radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain. Eur Spine J. 1998;7:328-31.
24. Manchikanti I, Pamparti V, Fellows B, et al. The inability of the clinical picture to characterize pain from facet joint. Pain Physician. 2009;3:158-66.
25. McKenzie RA, May S. The lumbar spine: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. 2nd ed. Waikanae: Spinal Publication New Zealand; 2003.
26. Benard TN, Kirkaldy-Willis H. Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1997;217:266-80.
27. Ha K, Lee S, Kim K. Degeneration of sacroiliac joint after instrumented lumbar or lumbosacral fusion. Spine. 2008;33(11):1192-8.
28. Slipman CW, Sterenfeld EB, Chou LH, et al. The value of radionuclide imaging in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome. Spine. 1996;21:2251-4.
29. Bernard TN Jr, Kirkaldy-Willis WH. Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;217:266-80.
30. Schwazer AC, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine. 1995;20:31-7.
31. Vanelderen P, Cohen SP, Szadeck K, et al. Evidence based interventional pain medicine according to clinical diagnoses: 13 sacroiliac joint. Pain Pract. 2011;11:1-2.
32. Ferrante FM, King LF, Roche EA, et al. Radiofrequency sacroiliac joint denervation of sacroiliac syndrome. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001;26:137-42.
33. Cohen SP, Abdi S. Lateral branch blocks as a treatment for sacroiliac joint pain: a pilot study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:113-9.
34. Cosman ER Jr, Gonzalez CD. Bipolar radiofrequency lesion geometry; implications for palisade treatment of sacroiliac joint pain. Pain Pract. 2011;11(1):3-22. 42
35. LAslett M, Aprill CN, McDonald B, Young SB. Diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain: validity of individual provocation test an composites of tests. Man Ther. 2005;10:207-18.
36. Van der Wurff P, Buijs EJ, Groen GJ. A multitest regimen of pain provocation tests as an aid to reduce unnecessary minimally invasive sacroiliac joint procedures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87:10-4.
37. Dreyfuss P, Snyder BD, Park K, Willard F, Carreiro J, Bogduk N. The ability of single site, single depth sacral lateral branch blocks to anesthetize the sacroiliac joint complex. Pain Med. 2008;9:844-50.
38. Cohen SP, Hurley RW, Buckenmaier CC 3rd, Kurihara C, Morlando B, Dragovich A. Randomized placebocontrolled study evaluating lateral branch radiofrequency denervation for sacroiliac joint pain. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:279-88.
39. Szadek KM, Hoogland PV, Zuurmond WW, de Lange JJ, Perez RS. Nociceptive nerve fibers in the sacroiliac joint in humans. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:36-43.
40. Solonen KA. The sacroiliac joint in the light of anatomical, roentgenological and clinical studies. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1957;27:1-127.
41. Dreyfuss P, Henning T, Malladi N, Goldstein B, Bogduk N. The ability of multisite, multi-depth sacral lateral branch blocks to anesthetize the sacroiliac joint complex. Pain Med. 2009;10:679-88.
42. Cohen SP, Strassels SA, Kurihara C, et al. Outcome predictors for sacroiliac joint (lateral branch) radiofrequency denervation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:206-14.
43. McGrath MC, Zhang M. Lateral branches of dorsal sacral nerve plexus and the long posterior sacroiliac ligament. Surg Radiol Anat. 2005;27:327-30.
44. Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20:31-7.
45. McDougall JJ. Arthritis and pain. Neurogenic origin of joint pain. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:220.
46. Grob KR, Neuhuber WL, Kissling RO. Innervaction of the sacroiliac joint of the human [in German]. Z Rheumatol. 1995;54:117-22.
47. Vilensky JA. O´Connor BL, Fortin JD, et al. Histologic analysis of neural elements in the human sacroiliac joint. Spine. 2002;27:1202-7.
48. Bogduk N. Low back pain. In: Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum. 4th ed. Sydney: Elsevier; 2005. p. 183-216.
49. Carrera GF. Lumbar facet joint injection back pain and sciatica: preliminary results. Radiology J. 1980;137:665-7.
50. Deyo RA, Cherkin D, Conrad D, et al. Cost, controversy, crisis: low back pain and the health of the public. Annu Rev Public Health. 1991;12:141-156.
51. Deville WL, Buntinx F, Bouter LM, et al. Conducting systematic reviews of diagnostic studies: didactic guidelines BMC Med Res Methodol. 2002;2:9.
52. Migne JY, Boulahdour H, Chatellier G. Value of quantitative radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain. Eur Spine J. 1998;7:328-31.
53. Manchikanti L, Pamparti V, Fellows B, et al. Prevalence of lumbar facet joint pain in chronic low back pain. Pain Physician. 1999;2:59-64.
54. Fortin JD, Kissling RO, O´Connor BL, Vilensky JA. Sacroiliac joint innervations and pain. Am J Orthop. 1999;28:687-90.
55. Murata Y, Takahashi K, Ohtori S, Moriya H. Innervation of the sacroiliac joint in rats by calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers and dorsal root ganglion neurons. Clin Anat. 2006;20:82-8.
56. Fortin JD, Washington MJ. Three pathways between the sacroiliac joint and neural structures ANJR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:1429-34.
57. Yin W, Willard F, Carreiro J, Dreyfuss P. Sensory stimulation-guided sacroiliac joint radiofrequency neurotomy: Technique based on neuroanatomy of the dorsal sacral plexus. Spine. 2003;28:2419-25. 58. Fortin JD, Vilensky JA, Merkel GJ. Can the sacroiliac joint cause sciatica? Pain Physician. 2003;6:269-71.
59. Jaovisidha S, Ryu KN, De Maeseneer M, et al. Ventral sacroiliac ligament: Anatomic and pathologic considerations. Invest Radiol. 1996;31:532-41.
60. McLain RF. Mechanoreceptor endings in human cervical facet joints. Spine. 1994;19:495-501.
61. Cohen SP. Sacroiliac joint pain: A comprehensive review of anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1440-53.
62. Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, et al. Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(Suppl 2):S192-300.
63. Young A, April C, Laslett M. Correlation of clinical examination characteristics three sources of chronic low back pain. Spine J. 2003;3:460-5.
64. Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: description of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2nd ed. Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain, IASP Press; 1994.
65. Derby R, Kim BJ, Lee SH, et al. Comparison of discographic findings in asymptomatic subject discs and the negative discs of chronic LBP patients: can discography distinguish asymptomatic discs among morphologically abnormal discs? Spine J. 2005;5:389-894.
66. Laslett M, Oberg B, Aprill CN, et al. Zygapophysial joint blocks in chronic low back pain: a test of Revel´s model as a screening test. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004;5:43.
67. Laslett M, Aprill CN, McDonald B, et al. Diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain: validity of individual provocation tests and composites of tests. Man Ther. 2005;10:207-18.
68. Bechtel R. Physical characteristics of the axial in terosseous ligament of the human sacroiliac joint. Spine J. 2001;1:255-9.
69. Bakland O, Hansen JH. The axial sacroiliac joint. Anat Clin. 1984;6:29-36.
70. Gibson SJ, Farrell MA. Review of age differences in the neurophysiology of nociception and the perceptual experience of pain. Clin J Pain. 2004;20:227-39.
71. Coppers MH, Marani E, Thomeer RT, Groen GJ. Innervation of “painful” lumbar discs. Spine. 1997;22:2342-9.
72. Brown MF, Hukkanen MV, McCarthy ID, et al. Sensory and sympathetic innervation of the vertebral endplate in patients with degenerative disc disease J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79:147-53.
73. Hansen HC, McKenzie-Brown AM, Cohen SP, et al. Sacroiliac join interventions: A systematic review. Pan Physician. 2007;10:165-84.
74. Laslett M, McDonald B, Aprill CN, et al. Clinical predictors of screening lumbar zygapophysial joint blocks. Development of clinical prediction rules. Spine J. 2006;6:370-9.
75. Bogduk N. The anatomical basis for spinal pain syndromes. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:603-5.
2. Bogduk N. Low back pain. In: Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2005. p. 183-216.
3. Laslett M, Oberg B, Aprill CN et al. Zygapophysial joint blocks in chronic low back pain: a test of Revel´s model as a screening test. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004;5:43.
4. Sembrano JN, Polly DW. How often is low back pain not coming from the back? Spine. 2008;34(1):E27-32.
5. Schwarzer AS, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine. 1995;20(1):31-7.
6. Maige JY, Planchon CA. Sacroiliac joint pain after lumbar fusion: a study with anesthetic blocks. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(1):8-15.
7. Dreyfudd P, Dreyer S, Cole A, et al. Sacroiliac joint pain. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004;12:255-65.
8. Bernard TN, Cassidi JD. The sacroiliac syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. In: Frymoyer JW, editor. The adult spine: principals and practice. New York: Raven; 1991. p. 2107-30.
9. Yamashita T, Minaki Y, Oota I, et al. Mechanosensitive afferent units in the lumbar intervertebral disc and adjacent muscle. Spine. 1993;18:2252-6.
10. Minaki Y, Yamashita T, Ishii S. An electrophysiological study on the mechanoreceptors in the lumbar spine and adjacent tissues. Neurol Orthop. 1996;20:23-35.
11. Ebraheim Na, Lu J, Biyani A, et al. The relationship of lumbosacral plexus to the sacrum and the sacroiliac joint. Am J Orthop. 1997;26:105-10.
12. Brunner C, Kissling R, Jacob HA. The effects of morphology and histopathologic findings on the mobility of the sacroiliac joint. Spine. 1991;16:1111-7.
13. Vrahas M, hern TC, Diangelo D, et al. Ligamentous contributions to pelvic stability. Orthopedics. 1995;18:271-4.
14. O´Seha FD, Boyle E, Salonen DC, et al. Inflammatory and degenerative sacroiliac joint in a primary back pain cohort. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62(4):447-54.
15. Chou LH, Slipman CW, Bhagia SM, et al. Inciting events initiating injectionproven sacroiliac joint syndrome. Pain Med. 2004;5:26-32.
16. Pohlemann T, Tscherne H, Baumgartel F, et al. Pelvic fractures: epidemiology, therapy and long-term outcome. Overview of the multicenter study of the Pelvis Study Group [in German]. Unfallchirrg. 1996;99:160-7.
17. Vanelderen P, Szadek K, Cohen SP, et al. Evidence based medicine: sacroiliac joint pain. Pain Pract. 2012;10(5):470-8.
18. Dreyfuss P, Michaelsen M, Pauza K, et al. The value of medical history and physical examination in diagnosing sacroiliac joint pain. Spine. 1996;21:2594-2602.
19. Slipman CW, Jackson HB, Liptez JS, et al. Sacroiliac joint pain referral zone. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:334-8.
20. Szadek KM, van der Wurff P, van Tulder MW, et al. Diagnostic validity of criteria for sacroiliac joint pain: a systematic review. J Pain. 2009;10:354-68.
21. Fortin JD, Dwyer AP, West S, et al. Sacroiliac joint: pain referral maps upon applying a new injection/arthrography technique. Spine. 1994;19:1475-82.
22. Maigne JY, Boulahdour H, Chatellier G. Value of quantitative radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain. Eur Spine J. 1998;7:328-31.
23. Maigne JY, Boulahdour H, Chatellier G. Value of quantitative radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain. Eur Spine J. 1998;7:328-31.
24. Manchikanti I, Pamparti V, Fellows B, et al. The inability of the clinical picture to characterize pain from facet joint. Pain Physician. 2009;3:158-66.
25. McKenzie RA, May S. The lumbar spine: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. 2nd ed. Waikanae: Spinal Publication New Zealand; 2003.
26. Benard TN, Kirkaldy-Willis H. Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1997;217:266-80.
27. Ha K, Lee S, Kim K. Degeneration of sacroiliac joint after instrumented lumbar or lumbosacral fusion. Spine. 2008;33(11):1192-8.
28. Slipman CW, Sterenfeld EB, Chou LH, et al. The value of radionuclide imaging in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome. Spine. 1996;21:2251-4.
29. Bernard TN Jr, Kirkaldy-Willis WH. Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;217:266-80.
30. Schwazer AC, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine. 1995;20:31-7.
31. Vanelderen P, Cohen SP, Szadeck K, et al. Evidence based interventional pain medicine according to clinical diagnoses: 13 sacroiliac joint. Pain Pract. 2011;11:1-2.
32. Ferrante FM, King LF, Roche EA, et al. Radiofrequency sacroiliac joint denervation of sacroiliac syndrome. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2001;26:137-42.
33. Cohen SP, Abdi S. Lateral branch blocks as a treatment for sacroiliac joint pain: a pilot study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:113-9.
34. Cosman ER Jr, Gonzalez CD. Bipolar radiofrequency lesion geometry; implications for palisade treatment of sacroiliac joint pain. Pain Pract. 2011;11(1):3-22. 42
35. LAslett M, Aprill CN, McDonald B, Young SB. Diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain: validity of individual provocation test an composites of tests. Man Ther. 2005;10:207-18.
36. Van der Wurff P, Buijs EJ, Groen GJ. A multitest regimen of pain provocation tests as an aid to reduce unnecessary minimally invasive sacroiliac joint procedures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87:10-4.
37. Dreyfuss P, Snyder BD, Park K, Willard F, Carreiro J, Bogduk N. The ability of single site, single depth sacral lateral branch blocks to anesthetize the sacroiliac joint complex. Pain Med. 2008;9:844-50.
38. Cohen SP, Hurley RW, Buckenmaier CC 3rd, Kurihara C, Morlando B, Dragovich A. Randomized placebocontrolled study evaluating lateral branch radiofrequency denervation for sacroiliac joint pain. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:279-88.
39. Szadek KM, Hoogland PV, Zuurmond WW, de Lange JJ, Perez RS. Nociceptive nerve fibers in the sacroiliac joint in humans. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:36-43.
40. Solonen KA. The sacroiliac joint in the light of anatomical, roentgenological and clinical studies. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1957;27:1-127.
41. Dreyfuss P, Henning T, Malladi N, Goldstein B, Bogduk N. The ability of multisite, multi-depth sacral lateral branch blocks to anesthetize the sacroiliac joint complex. Pain Med. 2009;10:679-88.
42. Cohen SP, Strassels SA, Kurihara C, et al. Outcome predictors for sacroiliac joint (lateral branch) radiofrequency denervation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:206-14.
43. McGrath MC, Zhang M. Lateral branches of dorsal sacral nerve plexus and the long posterior sacroiliac ligament. Surg Radiol Anat. 2005;27:327-30.
44. Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain. Spine 1995;20:31-7.
45. McDougall JJ. Arthritis and pain. Neurogenic origin of joint pain. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:220.
46. Grob KR, Neuhuber WL, Kissling RO. Innervaction of the sacroiliac joint of the human [in German]. Z Rheumatol. 1995;54:117-22.
47. Vilensky JA. O´Connor BL, Fortin JD, et al. Histologic analysis of neural elements in the human sacroiliac joint. Spine. 2002;27:1202-7.
48. Bogduk N. Low back pain. In: Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum. 4th ed. Sydney: Elsevier; 2005. p. 183-216.
49. Carrera GF. Lumbar facet joint injection back pain and sciatica: preliminary results. Radiology J. 1980;137:665-7.
50. Deyo RA, Cherkin D, Conrad D, et al. Cost, controversy, crisis: low back pain and the health of the public. Annu Rev Public Health. 1991;12:141-156.
51. Deville WL, Buntinx F, Bouter LM, et al. Conducting systematic reviews of diagnostic studies: didactic guidelines BMC Med Res Methodol. 2002;2:9.
52. Migne JY, Boulahdour H, Chatellier G. Value of quantitative radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain. Eur Spine J. 1998;7:328-31.
53. Manchikanti L, Pamparti V, Fellows B, et al. Prevalence of lumbar facet joint pain in chronic low back pain. Pain Physician. 1999;2:59-64.
54. Fortin JD, Kissling RO, O´Connor BL, Vilensky JA. Sacroiliac joint innervations and pain. Am J Orthop. 1999;28:687-90.
55. Murata Y, Takahashi K, Ohtori S, Moriya H. Innervation of the sacroiliac joint in rats by calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers and dorsal root ganglion neurons. Clin Anat. 2006;20:82-8.
56. Fortin JD, Washington MJ. Three pathways between the sacroiliac joint and neural structures ANJR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:1429-34.
57. Yin W, Willard F, Carreiro J, Dreyfuss P. Sensory stimulation-guided sacroiliac joint radiofrequency neurotomy: Technique based on neuroanatomy of the dorsal sacral plexus. Spine. 2003;28:2419-25. 58. Fortin JD, Vilensky JA, Merkel GJ. Can the sacroiliac joint cause sciatica? Pain Physician. 2003;6:269-71.
59. Jaovisidha S, Ryu KN, De Maeseneer M, et al. Ventral sacroiliac ligament: Anatomic and pathologic considerations. Invest Radiol. 1996;31:532-41.
60. McLain RF. Mechanoreceptor endings in human cervical facet joints. Spine. 1994;19:495-501.
61. Cohen SP. Sacroiliac joint pain: A comprehensive review of anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1440-53.
62. Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, et al. Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(Suppl 2):S192-300.
63. Young A, April C, Laslett M. Correlation of clinical examination characteristics three sources of chronic low back pain. Spine J. 2003;3:460-5.
64. Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: description of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2nd ed. Seattle: International Association for the Study of Pain, IASP Press; 1994.
65. Derby R, Kim BJ, Lee SH, et al. Comparison of discographic findings in asymptomatic subject discs and the negative discs of chronic LBP patients: can discography distinguish asymptomatic discs among morphologically abnormal discs? Spine J. 2005;5:389-894.
66. Laslett M, Oberg B, Aprill CN, et al. Zygapophysial joint blocks in chronic low back pain: a test of Revel´s model as a screening test. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004;5:43.
67. Laslett M, Aprill CN, McDonald B, et al. Diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain: validity of individual provocation tests and composites of tests. Man Ther. 2005;10:207-18.
68. Bechtel R. Physical characteristics of the axial in terosseous ligament of the human sacroiliac joint. Spine J. 2001;1:255-9.
69. Bakland O, Hansen JH. The axial sacroiliac joint. Anat Clin. 1984;6:29-36.
70. Gibson SJ, Farrell MA. Review of age differences in the neurophysiology of nociception and the perceptual experience of pain. Clin J Pain. 2004;20:227-39.
71. Coppers MH, Marani E, Thomeer RT, Groen GJ. Innervation of “painful” lumbar discs. Spine. 1997;22:2342-9.
72. Brown MF, Hukkanen MV, McCarthy ID, et al. Sensory and sympathetic innervation of the vertebral endplate in patients with degenerative disc disease J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79:147-53.
73. Hansen HC, McKenzie-Brown AM, Cohen SP, et al. Sacroiliac join interventions: A systematic review. Pan Physician. 2007;10:165-84.
74. Laslett M, McDonald B, Aprill CN, et al. Clinical predictors of screening lumbar zygapophysial joint blocks. Development of clinical prediction rules. Spine J. 2006;6:370-9.
75. Bogduk N. The anatomical basis for spinal pain syndromes. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1995;18:603-5.
Cómo citar
Acevedo González, J. C. (2014). Diagnóstico semiológico del síndrome de disfunción de la articulación sacroiliaca. Universitas Medica, 55(1), 35–63. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.umed55-1.dssd
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